4/12/19 APES UNIT 6 TEST
By promoting mass transit, biking, and walking, the city of Portland has saved its residents how much in transportation costs? a) $1 million b) $10 billion c) $10 million d) $1 billion e) $100 million
$1 billion
A team of ecologists and economists estimated the yearly ecological services provided by the earth's forests amount to _________. a) $259 billion b) $1.3 trillion c) $4.7 trillion d) $551 billion e) $856 billion
$4.7 trillion
2a-ii) Calculate the weight (in tons) of pig iron that could be produced if all of the estimated global iron ore reserves were used for pig iron production.
(1.2/1.6) x 800 = 600 billion tons of pig iron
2b) Both iron and coal are mined for use in the manufacture of steel. It is estimated that for every ton of steel recycled, 1.25 fewer tons of iron ore and 0.7 fewer tons of coal must be mined. About 80 million tons of steel are recycled each year in North America. Calculate the weight (in tons) of coal that is conserved each year in North America by recycling steel.
0.7 x 80 = 56 million tons of coal
2a-iii) Calculate the weight (in tons) of the current global iron reserves that would be used to make steel if the current trends continue.
0.95 x 800 = 760 billion tons
In less-developed countries, poverty is a way of life for how many people at the present time? a) 2.75 billion b) 1 billion c) 4 billion d) 50 million e) 500 million
1 billion
1b) Discuss two human health effects associated with urban sprawl.
1) Asthma caused by air pollution 2) Injuries caused by automobiles which are being used more and more
3a) Describe two effects that ingesting microbeads has on aquatic organisms.
1) Block the digestive track of fish 2) Harmful health effects on aquatic animals due to the consumption of microbeads laced with toxic chemicals
1e) Highway systems and urban sprawl often threaten wildlife populations. Describe two methods to reduce harmful effects on wildlife populations from highways and urban sprawl.
1) Encourage mass transit which will reduce the amount of emitted air pollutants that harm species. 2) Provide habitats for species
2c) Describe two environmental problems that are associated with abandoned coal mine sites.
1) Habitat destruction 2) Metal runoff
1a) Describe two causes of urban sprawl.
1) Increased use of automobiles 2) Higher taxes in the inner city
1d) Smart growth focuses on ways to encourage sustainable urban development. Describe two steps a municipality could take to encourage smart growth in order to limit urban sprawl.
1) Support mass transit 2) Lower taxes in the city
2a-i) Calculate the weight (in tons) of rock waste produced globally each year when iron ore is converted to pig iron.
1.6-1.4 = 0.4 billion tons of rock waste
Urban rooftop greenhouses use as little as _______ of the water and _________ of the area occupied by conventional farms to produce similar yields. a) 20%; 15% b) 15%; 10% c) 10%; 5% d) 25%; 20% e) 30%; 25%
10%; 5%
Sound can kill when it is at _______. a) 160 dbA b) 120 dbA c) 140 dbA d) 180 dbA e) 100 dbA
180 dbA
When was the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) established? a) 1950 b) 1970 c) 1960 d) 1990 e) 1980
1970
When did Congress restrict the use of lead-based paint in homes? a) 1966 b) 1956 c) 1976 d) 1971 e) 1961
1971
When did the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act give EPA power to manage all toxic wastes? a) 1962 b) 1982 c) 1972 d) 1977 e) 1967
1977
When did the Superfund law establish a fund for cleaning up hazardous waste dumps while holding polluters responsible? a) 1970 b) 1975 c) 1985 d) 1980 e) 1965
1980
Which of the following is considered to be a success? a) many climate change conferences b) 1992 Copenhagen Ozone Protocol c) many international environmental treaties d) 2012 Rio+20 Earth Summit e) 1992 Rio Earth Summit
1992 Copenhagen Ozone Protocol
In 2012, what percentage of its total electricity did Germany generate using wind farms? a) 25% b) 15% c) 10% d) 5% e) 20%
20%
Hazardous waste includes radioactive wasters, which need to be stored safely for as long as ___________. a) 100,000 years b) 1,000,000 years c) 15,000 years d) 240,000 years e) 50,000 years
240,000 years
The United States has about 4.4% of the world's people. What percentage of the world's motor vehicles does the United States have? a) 25% b) 10% c) 15% d) 20% e) 30%
25%
In 2012, there were ______ megacities, cities with more than 10 million inhabitants. a) 6 b) 16 c) 36 d) 46 e) 26
26
Urban populations occupy about ______ of the planet's land area, but consumer about _______ of the earth's resources. a) 3%; 75% b) 20%; 73% c) 4%; 33% d) 44%; 88% e) 40%; 50%
3%; 75%
In 2012, economist Gemot Wagner estimated that the benefits of the U.S. Clean Air Act exceeded the costs of complying with the law by ___________. a) 20 to 1 b) 10 to 1 c) 2 to 1 d) 30 to 1 e) 5 to 1
30 to 1
In the Netherlands, bicycles account for ______ of urban trips. a) 33% b) 25% c) 10% d) 66% e) 50%
33%
Some environmental advocates are motivated by the observation that social change requires active support by what percentage of the population? a) 10% to 15% b) 10% to 20% c) 1% to 2% d) 20% to 25% e) 5% to 10%
5% to 10%
What percentage of the U.S. population strongly supports environmental laws and regulations, and does not want them weakened? a) 33% b) 80% c) 25% d) 50% e) 66%
80%
Permanent damage to the ears begins after prolonged exposure to _______ decibels. a) 105 b) 85 c) 120 d) 142 e) 66
85
What proportion of Grameen Bank loans have been repaid? a) 15% b) 95% c) 75% d) 55% e) 35%
95%
What proportion of Grameen Bank loans have been used by women? a) 17% b) 97% c) 57% d) 37% e) 77%
97%
What proportion of the world's population lives in extreme poverty? a) nearly half b) about one-third c) about one-fifth d) about one-quarter e) less than one-tenth
About one-fifth
3c-iii) Sludge or biosolids produced during the wastewater treatment process can be spread on agricultural fields. Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of this practice.
Advantage: Can be used as fertilizer Disadvantage: Smells terrible
The National Environmental Policy Act requires that _____________. a) all companies with more than 50 employees must have an environmental impact minimization policy and demonstrate its effectiveness b) state and local agencies can bar federal projects if they are believed to adversely impact the environment c) federal projects cannot cause more than minimal harm to the environment d) an environmental impact statement (EIS) must be developed for every major federal project likely to have an effect on environmental quality e) companies with stringent environmental protection policies will receive substantial tax breaks
An environmental impact statement (EIS) must be developed for every major federal project likely to have an effect on environmental quality
1c) Describe the relationship between population density and petroleum use shown in the graph.
As petroleum use decreases, population density increases.
One effect of zoning in cities is that it can ____________. a) reduce automobile use b) reduce air pollution c) control population growth d) be influenced by developers e) encourage high density development along mass transit
Be influenced by developers
What is now likely to draw people to urban areas? a) lack of land to grow food b) better health care c) famine d) war e) declining agricultural jobs
Better health care
In the United States since 1920, many situations have changed because of the move to urban areas. What is one of these changes? a) substandard housing b) increased incidence of infectious diseases c) poorer air quality d) better working conditions e) increased water quality problems
Better working conditions
The central characteristic of a high-throughput economy is that it _____________. a) is extremely durable, although prone to cycles of downturn followed by rapid growth b) boosts economic growth by increasing the flow of matter and energy resources through the economic system c) is sustainable with slow but persistent growth and occasional periods of stagnation d) generates large amounts of wealth throughout the population, resulting in continued growth e) generates large amounts of wealth for a few individuals who receive tax breaks to reinvest in the economy
Boosts economic growth by increasing the flow of matter and energy resources through the economic system
In an integrated waste management approach to solid waste, which action would be given last priority? a) bury b) reuse c) reduce packaging d) recycle e) compost
Bury
Which material should not be dumped in the compost pile? a) vegetable peelings b) leaves c) small twigs d) egg shells e) chicken bones
Chicken bones
Which country has taken the strongest stand against urban sprawl? a) China b) Netherlands c) India d) United States e) Canada
China
3c-ii) Prior to discharge, wastewater is often disinfected. Identify one technique commonly used to disinfect wastewater.
Chlorination
Most environmental lawsuits are ________. a) criminal suits b) administrative suits c) statutory suits d) regulatory suits e) civil suits
Civil suits
What is a civil suit filed by a group, often a public interest, consumer, or environmental group, on behalf of a larger number of citizens, all of whom claim to have experienced similar damages from a product or an action, but who need not be listed and represented individually? a) activist suit b) public interest suit c) joint suit d) massed suit e) class action suit
Class action suit
What is the pattern of development in which houses, town houses, condominiums, and two- to six-story apartments are built on parts of the track and the rest, typically 30-50% of the area, is left as open space for wildlife preserves, parks, and walking and biking paths? a) cluster development b) traditional development c) mixed use zoning d) greenbelting e) urban growth boundaries
Cluster development
For recycling to be successful, three steps must be applied consistently. The three steps, in order of application, are ________. a) collecting recyclables, buying/selling recyclables, and storing recyclables b) buying/selling recyclables, storing recyclables, and converting recyclables c) buying/selling recyclables, converting recyclables, and collecting recyclables d) collecting recyclables, converting recyclables, and storing recyclables e) collecting recyclables, converting recyclables, and buying/selling recyclables
Collecting recyclables, converting recyclables, and buying/selling recyclables
Which is least characteristic of hazardous waste? a) conductivity b) chemical reactivity c) flammability d) toxicity e) corrosivity
Conductivity
What is an economic decision-making tool that involves determining who/what may be affected, projecting outcomes, and then establishing who benefits or who is harmed? a) existence value b) discount value c) cost benefit analysis d) nonuse value e) monetary value
Cost benefit analysis
What is a direct cost of driving a domestic car? a) air and water pollution b) cost to manufacture c) release of greenhouse gases d) disturbing land e) non-renewable resource use
Cost to manufacture
1f) Urban sprawl often results in the loss of productive agricultural land near cities. Describe one practical way to increase food production within urban areas.
Create edible gardens in public areas
Which method is not used to detoxify hazardous and toxic wastes? a) phytoremediation b) nanomagnetism c) chemical treatment d) crushing and grinding e) bioremediation
Crushing and grinding
Making the shift to more sustainable economies will require governments, schools, and industries to... a) decrease spending on scientific and engineering education b) include neoclassical economic concepts in educational curricula c) develop business schools that include sustainable business planning d) greatly decrease spending on research and development e) give all students a basic economic education
Develop business schools that include sustainable business planning
3d-i) Provide one reason why mangrove trees are being removed by humans.
Develop hotel resorts and golf courses along the coast.
Which school of economics views human economic systems as subsystems of the biosphere that depend heavily on the earth's irreplaceable natural resources and ecosystem services? a) ecological b) neoclassical c) classical d) socialistic e) capitalistic
Ecological
A social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed to satisfy people's needs and wants, ideally in the most efficient way possible is a(n) _________. a) network b) market c) capitalistic system d) economy e) socialistic system
Economy
The primary aim of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act is to _______________. a) encourage resource conservation b) require screening of new products for safety and setting standards c) set aside or protect certain species, resources, and ecosystems d) set standards for pollution levels e) require evaluation of the environmental impact of an activity proposed by a federal agency
Encourage resource conservation
What is the body of statements defining what is acceptable environmental behavior for individuals and groups, according to the larger community? a) administrative law b) statutory law c) common law d) civil law e) environmental law
Environmental law
Which of the following could be an agent of change that contributes to more sustainable living? a) environmental literacy b) increased product consumption c) proliferate use of natural capital d) less stringent pollution controls e) diminished dependency on wind energy
Environmental literacy
Which branch of government is responsible for overseeing the agencies that carry out government policies? a) military b) legislative c) judicial d) executive e) administrative
Executive
Which of the following is a nonuse value? a) utilitarian value b) mitigation cost c) willingness-to-pay value d) monetary cost e) existence value
Existence value
Which has been a major factor promoting urban sprawl in the United States? a) Federal and state funding of highways b) Poorly planned transportation systems c) A recent surplus of decayed inner city space d) Foward-looking urban planning e) The Homestead Act giving land away in many areas of the country
Federal and state funding of highways
What is a strategy recommended by environmental economists to help make the transition away from unsustainable economic growth? a) Provide businesses with profits even though unsustainable. b) Continue economic growth for the jobs. c) Provide tax supports to fossil fuel processors. d) Fine tune existing economic systems and tools. e) Substitute ethanol or natural gas for oil.
Fine tune existing economic systems and tools.
Outputs of hazardous waste can be reduced by relying less on _______ and more on ___________. a) preventative strategies; renewable energy b) fossil fuels; nuclear energy c) fossil fuels; renewable energy d) governments; citizens e) citizens; governments
Fossil fuels; renewable energy
The traditional measurement of the annual economic value of all goods and services within a country is called the _________. a) HPI b) GDP c) GNH d) NIH e) GNP
GDP
Which of the following is an environmental indicator? a) NIH b) GNH c) GPI d) HPI e) GDP
GPI
Your text indicates that economic systems take natural capital and produce the following outputs. Which of these is considered to be a positive output? a) Degradation of renewable resources b) Goods and services c) Pollution and waste d) Heat e) Depletion of nonrenewable resources
Goods and services
Levying taxes on each unit of pollution discharged into the air or water is an example of _________. a) regulation b) tradable pollution rights c) subsidies for beneficial actions d) green taxes e) charging user fees
Green taxes
One approach to preserving open space, used in cities such as Toronto and Vancouver, is to surround a city with a(n) ________. a) a series of open malls b) highway c) a area of cropland d) greenbelt e) mass transportation system
Greenbelt
Which environmental NGO worked with a German manufacturer to build a refrigerator that does not use the potent greenhouse gases called HFCs as coolants? a) Natural Resources Defense Council b) Greenpeace c) Friends of the Earth d) The Audubon Society e) The Environmental Defense Fund
Greenpeace
2d) Describe one method that can be used to mitigate either habitat destruction or metal runoff.
Habitat destruction: plant trees
Dry cell batteries and household pesticides are classified as __________. a) toxic solid waste b) hazardous waste c) industrial solid waste d) e-waste e) municipal solid waste
Hazardous waste
3b) Dr. Ewoldsen states that nitrates pose different threats to aquatic ecosystems than microbeads. Describe how nitrate levels can negatively affect water quality in some aquatic ecosystems.
High nitrate levels increase the turbidity of the water and cause algal blooms to form.
E-waste can be recycled to extract _______. a) high quality plastics b) personal identification information c) carbon compounds d) enriched uranium e) organic solids
High quality plastics
Which of the following refers to peoples' physical and mental talents that provide labor, organizational and management skills, and innovation? a) manufactured capital b) development capital c) natural capital d) artificial capital e) human capital
Human capital
What is the effect of Mexico City's warm, sunny climate on its pollution problems? a) faster dispersion of pollutants b) less risk of the spread of infections c) increased smog d) lower levels of air pollutants e) decreased risk of parasites and vermin
Increased smog
Wastes produced by mines, farms, and industry is called _______. a) hazardous waste b) municipal solid waste c) toxic solid waste d) e-waste e) industrial solid waste
Industrial solid waste
The court hearing the case may order the defendant to stop whatever action is causing concern. This is called a(n) ___________. a) preliminary decision b) ruling c) subpoena d) injunction e) appeal
Injunction
One advantage of bioremediation over physical and chemical methods of cleaning up hazardous wasters is that ___________. a) it is cheaper b) the plants create natural habitats for organisms c) it is faster d) it doesn't create any byproducts e) it doesn't require permitting
It is cheaper
What is the most common method of storage of hazardous wasters used in most countries of the world? a) inside plants and warehouses b) land burial c) burial at sea d) above ground tanks e) gassification
Land burial
Part of the environmental wisdom worldview proposes that success involves _____________. a) learning how nature sustains itself and integrating this into our actions b) understanding nature to dominate, change, and manage it c) economic growth, development, better management, and technology d) managing the earth by dominating, changing, and managing the earth for everyone e) managing the earth's systems for ourselves
Learning how nature sustains itself and integrating this into our actions
Policy expert Lester Brown argued that security goals can be most effectively achieved by ____________. a) making environmental security a major focus of diplomacy and government policy b) encouraging investment by foreign countries c) limiting immigration d) providing for effective defense forces e) investing more money in education and healthcare
Making environmental security a major focus of diplomacy and government policy
Which of the following refers to tools and materials such as machinery, materials, and factories? a) human capital b) development capital c) artificial capital d) natural capital e) manufactured capital
Manufactured capital
The point at which the supplier's prices matches what buyers are willing to pay for some quantity of a good or service is called the _____________. a) price line b) market cost c) market price equilibrium point d) demand curve e) supply curve
Market price equilibrium point
Hypercities and megacities are merging into vast urban _________. a) mini-cities b) marked c) megaregions d) neighborhoods e) ultracities
Megaregions
"Fecal snow" has been observed in ___________. a) Sao Paulo b) Rio de Janeiro c) Mumbai d) Mexico City e) Calcutta
Mexico City
The Grameen Bank specializes in providing __________. a) loans to governments to help the poor b) grants to not-for-profit organizations c) financing for ecologically related large projects d) microfinancing at very low interest rates e) loans to corporations that help the poor
Microfinancing at very low interest rates
What is the first phase of urbanization, as experienced in the United States? a) migration forced by economic issues from West to East b) migration from large central cities to smaller cities and suburbs c) migration from cities and suburbs to developed areas outside suburbs d) migration from rural areas to large central cities e) migration from North and East to South and West
Migration from rural areas to large central cities
Innovation-friendly regulation does which of the following? a) Motivate companies to develop green products. b) Decrease international market competitiveness. c) Decrease company profits. d) Eliminate jobs. e) Create a paperwork nightmare.
Motivate companies to develop green products.
Waste that includes paper, food wastes, cans, bottles, yard waste, glass, wood, and similar items is called __________. a) municipal solid waste b) toxic solid waste c) e-waste d) industrial solid waste e) hazardous waste
Municipal solid waste
Which environmental NGO helped U.S. citizens organize massive opposition to a proposed government policy that would have allowed sewer operators to routinely dump virtually untreated sewage into the nation's lakes, rivers, and streams? a) Greenpeace b) The Environmental Defense Fund c) Friends of the Earth d) Natural Resources Defense Council e) The Audubon Society
Natural Resources Defense Council
Which of the following includes services and resources produced by the earth's natural processes? a) artificial capital b) development capital c) natural capital d) human capital e) manufactured capital
Natural capital
Which school of economics views the earth's natural capital as a subset, or part, of a human economic system? a) neoclassical b) classical c) socialistic d) ecological e) capitalistic
Neoclassical
Future reliance on energy technologies such as tar sands, shale oil, and nuclear power, would be a violation of which of the following? a) net energy principle b) humility principle c) prevention principle d) reversibility principle e) precautionary principle
Net energy principle
Which approach proposes that we can solve any environmental, population, or resource problem with more economic growth and development, better management, and better technology? a) no-problem school b) human centered school c) environmental wisdom d) free-market school e) planetary management
No-problem school
The point at which the marginal cost of resource production meets the marginal benefit of resource use is called the ___________. a) optimum level of resource use b) benefit maximization point c) break-even point d) optimum level of resource production e) tipping point
Optimum level of resource use
Plastic is made from ___________. a) leachates produced by bioenzymes b) byproducts of coal mining c) extraction of inorganic solids oil and natural gas d) organic molecules derived from oil and natural gas e) melted silica and grains
Organic molecules derived from oil and natural gas
A drawback to implementing environmental taxes and fees is that it __________. a) helps bring about full-cost pricing b) penalizes low-income groups unless safety nets are provided c) introduces environmentally beneficial technologies d) is easily administered by existing tax agencies e) encourages businesses to develop environmentally beneficial goods
Penalizes low-income groups unless safety nets are provided
In sustainable community development, the "triple bottom line" refers to ___________. a) earth, air, and water b) people, the planet, and profits c) urban, suburban, and rural d) the present, the short-term future, and the long-term future e) health, wealth, and growth
People, the planet, and profits
Which type of method uses natural or genetically engineered plants to absorb, filter, and remove contaminants from soil and water? a) bioremediation b) phytoremediation c) physical methods d) nanomagnets e) chemical methods
Phytoremediation
In the United States, local and national elections are held as often as every two years. An important implication of this is that _______. a) resolution of difficult, high impact problems are the typical focus during and after election b) politicians spend much of their time on re-election and deal only with simple, isolated problems c) development of policies are left in the hands of experts d) solutions to complex problems are often rapidly implemented after election e) program administrators often must operate without direction or oversight during and after election
Politicians spend much of their time on re-election and deal only with simple, isolated problems
Motor vehicle drivers paying for the full cost of the harmful effects of fossil fuel use is the application of the ___________. a) polluter-pays principle b) human rights principle c) precautionary principle d) public access principle e) environmental justice principle
Polluter-pays principle
What is an indirect cost of car ownership? a) dealer mark-up b) pollution from production and use c) gasoline d) maintenance and repair e) raw materials and labor
Pollution from production and use
Consumers of recycled products are most effective when they maximize the amount of _________ waste in the products they buy. a) producer b) post-consumer c) pre-producer d) pre-consumer e) post-producer
Post-consumer
Materials that are recycled into products of the same type are undergoing __________. a) secondary recycling b) industrial recycling c) post-consumer recycling d) open loop recycling e) primary recycling
Primary recycling
What is an argument against the use of full-cost pricing? a) Producers of harmful products would have to charge more. b) Some businesses use political and economic power to retain government assistance. c) This method has consistently failed in the past. d) The difference between market- and full-cost pricing is minimal. e) Environmental costs are minimally important.
Producers of harmful products would have to charge more.
Most local government services (schools, roads, police and fire protection, welfare, and so on) depend on ___________. a) fees and licenses b) sales tax c) property taxes d) gifts e) income taxes
Property taxes
3d-ii) Identify one ecosystem service provided by intact mangrove ecosystems.
Provide different species with a habitat
Markets do well in the production and distribution of private goods, but are not so good at ____________. a) accumulating resources b) developing strategies c) public services d) protecting sources of information e) distribution of resources
Public services
Development of public policy follows a four-stage policy life cycle. Which of the following is the first of those stages? a) control b) implementation c) recognition d) simplification e) formulation
Recognition
Which activity is the least desirable from an environmental standpoint? a) recycling b) refusing c) reducing d) repurposing e) reusing
Recycling
Which activity is the least desirable from an environmental standpoint? a) recycling b) reusing c) refusing d) repurposing e) reducing
Recycling
Of the following methods of dealing with hazardous wastes, the most desirable is __________. a) perpetual storage b) incineration c) deposit in ocean trenches d) recycling and reusing hazardous wastes e) conversion to less hazardous materials
Recycling and reusing hazardous wastes
The primary aim of the National Environmental Policy Act is to ___________. a) set aside or protect certain species, resources, and ecosystems b) require screening of new products for safety and setting standards c) encourage resource conservation d) set standards for pollution levels e) require evaluation of the environmental impact of an activity proposed by a federal agency
Require evaluation of the environmental impact of an activity proposed by a federal agency
The primary aim of the Safe Drinking Water Act is to ____________. a) require screening of new products for safety and setting standards b) set aside or protect certain species, resources, and ecosystems c) encourage resource conservation d) set standards for pollution levels e) require evaluation of the environmental impact of an activity proposed by a federal agency
Require screening of new products for safety and setting standards
The ________ is used in the U.S. to regulate hazardous waste. a) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act b) Clean Water Act c) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Recovery, Compensation, and Liability Act d) Superfund Act e) Solid Waste Disposal Act
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Taking a refillable coffee cup to the office and using it instead of throwaway cups is an example of _________. a) refusing b) reducing c) repurposing d) recycling e) reusing
Reusing
Upcycling is an example of __________. a) reducing b) reusing c) refusing d) redistributing e) regulating
Reusing
A lawsuit filed by a corporation or developer against citizens who publicly criticize a business for an activity is called a(n) _____________. a) frivolous lawsuit b) regulatory suit c) criminal suit d) common law suit e) SLAPP
SLAPP
Which of the following is an important principle of inquiry and debate in science? a) Scientists find it essential to base their arguments on facts as well as intuition and preference. b) Scientists pick and choose facts to support their own claims with little fear or repercussion. c) Scientists use backroom deals and often-changing unwritten rules to exert influence. d) Scientists can never establish absolute proof about anything, but rather, a high degree of certainty. e) Scientists often test rival theories by planting disinformation as a strategic approach.
Scientists can never establish absolute proof about anything, but rather, a high degree of certainty.
3c-i) Identify one way large pieces of plastic are removed from wastewater during primary treatment.
Screens and filters
The primary aim of the Endangered Species Act is to _________. a) set standards for pollution levels b) require evaluation of the environmental impact of an activity proposed by a federal agency c) set aside or protect certain species, resources, and ecosystems d) require screening of new products for safety and setting standards e) encourage resource conservation
Set aside or protect certain species, resources, and ecosystems
The primary aim of the Clean Air Act is to __________. a) require evaluation of the environmental impact of an activity proposed by a federal agency b) encourage resource conservation c) require screening of new products for safety and setting standards d) set aside or protect certain species, resources, and ecosystems e) set standards for pollution levels
Set standards for pollution levels
Which worldview is exemplified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the management of refuges protecting habitats and breeding areas for waterfowl and big game? a) stewardship b) environmental wisdom c) planetary management d) free-market school e) no-problem school
Stewardship
Which worldview proposes that when we use the earth's natural capital, we are borrowing from the earth and from future generations? a) stewardship b) planetary management c) free-market school d) spaceship-earth school e) environmental wisdom
Stewardship
___________ are lined ponds, pits, or lagoons where liquid hazardous wastes are stored. a) Surficial waste installations b) Sludge ponds c) Hazardous waste basins d) Surface impoundments e) Dead zones
Surface impoundments
Which environmental NGO worked with McDonald's to redesign its packaging system to eliminate its plastic hamburger containers? a) The Environmental Defense Fund b) Greenpeace c) The Audubon Society d) Natural Resources Defense Council e) Friends of the Earth
The Environmental Defense Fund
Which of the following is an effect of urbanization? a) Infant mortality rates are higher in urban areas. b) More emissions are produced from the use of mass transportation. c) Birth rates are higher in the overall population. d) The concentration of people helps to preserve biodiversity. e) Recycling is less economically feasible.
The concentration of people helps to preserve biodiversity.
The optimum level of pollution control is reached when ___________. a) marginal costs of pollution control begins to exceed what the public will pay for control b) the marginal cost of pollution control intersects with the marginal cost of pollution c) marginal costs of pollution begins to exceed the marginal costs of pollution control d) technologies become affordable to clean up pollution e) demand for pollution clean-up exceeds the capacity to clean pollution
The marginal cost of pollution control intersects with the marginal cost of pollution
Some economists warn that, even if the population stabilizes, the environmental impact per person is likely to increase. Which is the best explanation for why would that happen? a) The middle class will continue to grow and per person consumption will increase. b) Historic use of natural resources has created a tipping point that will necessitate higher consumption to maintain current living standards. c) Governments will seek to maintain growth by encouraging ecologically risky strategies. d) The working class will be essentially excluded from the economy and will be forced into less advanced methods of production. e) The upper class will increase its consumption to preserve its advantages.
The middle class will continue to grow and per person consumption will increase.
In the United States, most hazardous waste is produced from which industries? a) the military, mining, and the chemical industry b) mining, the chemical industry, and sewage treatment c) the military, mining, and sewage treatment d) hospitals, mining, and the chemical industry e) hospitals, mining, and the military
The military, mining, and the chemical industry
What is a trend in urban population dynamics? a) The proportion of the global population in urban areas is increasing. b) Poverty is becoming decreasingly urbanized, especially in developing countries. c) Infrastructure is beginning to catch up with the need in developing countries. d) Urban growth is much faster in developed countries than developing countries. e) Overall population numbers are decreasing but sizes of urban areas are mushrooming.
The proportion of the global population in urban areas is increasing.
One method of biomimicry, in which the wastes produced by one manufacturer become the raw materials for another manufacturer, is called __________. a) the reusability web b) ecoindustrialism c) waste transference d) a resource exchange web e) the precautionary principle
The reusability web
Which statement best describes the current state of environmental laws in the United States? a) There has been a growing effort to weaken laws designed to protect the environment since 2000. b) There is strong support for strengthening existing laws and implementing new ones. c) Politicians are willing to work across party lines to protect the environment even when they will not do so to address other issues. d) Environmental laws are well accepted by most of the corporations that are regulated by them. e) Because they have failed so often, legislative attempts to halt environmental damage have been abandoned.
There has been a growing effort to weaken laws designed to protect the environment since 2000.
2e) Discuss one reason why surface coal mining is generally less expensive than subsurface mining.
There is an increased likelihood of severe accidents and/or deaths.
What is true of many industry estimates of the costs associated with pollution control regulations? a) They are usually reasonably accurate. b) They are typically quite similar to the governmental estimates. c) They are usually quite similar to the estimates provided by environmental groups. d) They typically underestimate the costs, resulting in the need for government assistance. e) They are almost always more (and often much more) than the actual costs of complying.
They are almost always more (and often much more) than the actual costs of complying.
Why do markets often fail at environmental protection? a) They should bear no responsibility for protecting the environment. b) They are focused on making profits for their investors. c) There is no profit to be made in protecting the environment. d) There is little agreement as to what environmental protection involves. e) They do not assign a monetary value to the benefits provided by natural capital.
They do not assign a monetary value to the benefits provided by natural capital.
Which statement about "bottle bills" is true? a) They tax bottle manufacturers. b) They tax consumers who don't carry reusable containers. c) They discourage theft. d) They require a deposit for every bottle purchased, and refund the deposit when the bottle is returned. e) The have been adopted in over 25 states.
They require a deposit for every bottle purchased, and refund the deposit when the bottle is returned.
The most populous city in the world is __________. a) Tokyo-Yokohama b) New York City c) Mexico City d) Mumbai e) Sao Paulo
Tokyo-Yokohama
Sanitary landfills typically have problems with ________. a) traffic, noise, and dust b) open, uncovered garbage c) rodents and insects d) spread of disease e) odor
Traffic, noise, and dust
Garbologists have discovered that trash in landfills is slow to decompose. Why is this? a) Trash is compacted so tightly that sunlight, water, and air are unable to reach it. b) Trash is constantly mixed and turned over by bulldozers. c) Trash is compacted so tightly that the warm temperatures foster the growth of mold. d) Methods of determining this are faulty; waste in landfills does decompose quickly. e) Measures enacted to prevent landfill pollution slow decomposition.
Trash is compacted so tightly that sunlight, water, and air are unable to reach it.
By 2050, what proportion of the world's population is expected to live in urban areas? a) one-half b) three-quarters c) one-fourth d) one-third e) two-thirds
Two-thirds
What proportion of the world's CO2 emissions come from motor vehicles and industrial facilities in urban areas? a) two-thirds b) one-third c) one-half d) one-tenth e) one-quarter
Two-thirds
Which industrialized nations has refused to sign the International Basel Convention to reduce and/or control movement of hazardous e-waste across international boundaries? a) United States b) European Union c) Japan d) Canada e) South Korea
United States
What is true of water and water supplies associated with urban areas? a) Urban development has destroyed or degraded wetlands. b) Water supplies typically have shallow wells. c) Excess urban water irrigates many agricultural areas. d) Flooding is extremely rare. e) Runoff is well-handled by storm sewer systems.
Urban development has destroyed or degraded wetlands.
Although Portland's population increased by 38% between 1980 and 2011, its urban area expanded by only 2%. This illustrates the use of _________. a) permitting restrictions b) strict zoning laws c) regressive taxes d) urban growth boundaries e) mixed use neighborhoods
Urban growth boundaries
Cities generate large amounts of heat because of factories, cars, lights, air conditioning, and dark roofs. This creates a phenomenon called ___________. a) heat pump b) heat stroke c) urban heat island d) light pollution e) greenhouse effect
Urban heat island
One way to deal with the creation of solid wastes is to reduce the environmental impact without trying to reduce the amount of waste produced. This is called _________. a) secondary pollution prevention b) waste recycling c) waste management d) primary pollution prevention e) waste reduction
Waste management
One way to deal with the creation of solid wasters begins with the question "How can we avoid producing so much solid waste?" This approach is called __________. a) waste reduction b) waste recycling c) integrated waste management d) secondary pollution prevention e) primary pollution prevention
Waste reduction
The U.S. populations is shifting to the ________. a) south and west b) north and south c) north and east d) north and west e) south and east
south and west
