419 Final

· What is GIGO?

"Garbage In, Garbage Out." It emphasizes the concept that the quality of output is determined by the quality of the input. If you input incorrect or flawed data into a system, the output will also be incorrect or flawed.

RAM

(Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used for temporary storage of data and program instructions that the CPU is actively using.

ROM

(Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that stores firmware and essential system instructions.

· What are the risks of Internet pharmacies?

- counterfeit -lack of professional oversight - contaminated and unsafe medications -legal implications - lack of consultation - supervision

How does informatics support EBP?

-Access to research and literature -Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) -Electronic health records (EHRs) -Data analytics and research support -patient portals and engagement -knowledge management -Telehealth and remote monitoring -continuing education and training -quality improvement initiatives

· What is a health information system (HIS)?

-An integrated system that manages healthcare data, information, and processes. -Includes electronic health records (EHRs), health information exchanges (HIEs), and other systems that facilitate the storage, retrieval, and sharing of health-related information. -Aims to improve healthcare delivery, enhance patient outcomes, and support administrative functions.

Describe the role of the nurse as a knowledge worker.

-Gathering, interpreting, and applying information for patient care. -Utilizing critical thinking skills to make informed decisions. -Continuous learning and adaptation to new information and technologies.

Informatics Specialist Nurse

-MSN or Certification -Skills with IN applications to support all areas of practice -Emphasis on quality of care improvement, research, systems design, development, implementation, maintenance, support, and/or staff education & training. -Responsibility for compliance with standards & regulations

Information literacy

-Recognize info needed -Access information effectively and efficiently - Critically evaluate info & sources -Incorporate info into knowledge base -Utilize information effectively to accomplish a purpose related to healthcare -Recognize legal, social, economic & ethical issues (ACRL, 2000) -Bib. databases & Reference management -Data Entry -Accuracy & Relevance -Use of Standardized Languages & Classification Nomenclatures

Nursing Informatics: Core Focus

-Structure and representation of nursing practice. -Content and representation of patient data and information -Science & art of turning patient data into information to improve quality and safety of patient care.

Technology

-The application of scientific knowledge to develop tools, machines, and systems to solve problems or accomplish tasks. -In nursing, technology involves the use of various devices, equipment, and software to enhance patient care and streamline healthcare processes.

Informatics

-The study and application of information and computer science to the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in healthcare. -In nursing, informatics focuses on managing and utilizing healthcare information effectively through technology.

· What factors should be considered when designing websites for easy use by healthcare consumers?

-clear navigation -acessible design -mobile responsivness -readable typography -engaging visuals -simple language -consistent branding -secure information handling -clear calls to action -up to date information -educational resources

· How can you help enable therapeutic effects in online support group?

-establish clear guidelines -facilitate moderated discussions -promote empathy and understanding -provide reliable information -incorporate professional guideance -emphasize privacy -monitor and address negative behavior

3 components of nursing informatics

-nursing science -computer science -information science

· What is the difference between health literacy and information literacy?

. Health Literacy: Definition:The ability of individuals to obtain, process, and understand basic health information to make informed decisions about their health. Focus:Primarily related to understanding health-related content and instructions. 2. Information Literacy: Definition:The ability to locate, evaluate, and use information effectively across various contexts. Focus:Encompasses a broader set of skills related to finding, critically assessing, and applying information in general, not limited to health.

o How to protect data integrity?

. Implement Data Validation:Use validation rules and checks during data entry to ensure accuracy. 2. Access Controls:Restrict access to data based on roles and permissions to prevent unauthorized changes. 3. Regular Audits:Conduct regular audits to identify and rectify data discrepancies or inconsistencies. 4. Backup and Recovery:Implement robust backup and recovery procedures to protect against data loss. 5. Encryption:Use encryption to secure data during transmission and storage. 6. Training and Education:Train users on proper data handling practices to minimize human errors. 7. Cybersecurity Measures:Employ cybersecurity measures, including firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion detection systems. 8. Version Control:Implement version control to track changes and revert to previous states if needed.

· How do the following terms/operations alter a database search o And o Or o Not o Truncation o Quotation marks

1. And: Effect on Database Search:Narrows down search results by including multiple terms.Retrieves records that contain all specified terms. 2. Or: Effect on Database Search:Broadens search results by including any of the specified terms.Retrieves records that contain at least one of the terms. 3. Not: Effect on Database Search:Excludes specific terms from search results.Retrieves records that do not contain the specified term. 4. Truncation: Effect on Database Search:Expands search results by retrieving variations of a word root.Involves using a symbol (usually an asterisk) to represent multiple characters at the end of a word. 5. Quotation Marks: Effect on Database Search:Retrieves exact phrases or words enclosed within quotation marks.Useful for finding specific terms together and avoiding unrelated results.

Nursing informatics

A combination of computer science, information science and nursing science designed to assist in the management and processing of nursing data, information and knowledge to support the practice of nursing and the deliver of nursing care.

taxonomy

A hierarchical classification system that organizes information into categories based on shared characteristics. It helps in structuring and organizing data.

· What is a query?

A request for specific information from a database. Involves specifying criteria to filter and retrieve relevant data.

· What is a database?

A structured collection of data organized for efficient retrieval and manipulation. Consists of tables, each containing records and fields.

Nomenclature

A system of names or terms used in a particular field. It establishes a standardized set of names to ensure clarity and consistency.

equifinality

Acknowledges the flexibility in achieving desired outcomes, allowing for diverse approaches in implementing and utilizing informatics solutions.

o How does the ability to query for aggregates support use of PDSA?

Aggregates involve grouping data for analysis, often to identify patterns or trends across a population. Support for PDSA:The ability to query for aggregates supports PDSA by providing insights into the effectiveness of changes on a broader scale.It allows for the evaluation of trends and patterns, informing decisions on whether to continue, modify, or discontinue quality improvement initiatives.

· What agency sets standards for nursing informatics?

American Nurses Association (ANA): The ANA is a professional organization that sets standards for nursing practice, including nursing informatics. It provides guidelines and resources to support nurses in adopting informatics principles.

· What are the benefits and drawbacks of paper-based and computer-based medical records?

Benefits: Accessibility: Pro:Digital records can be accessed remotely, improving healthcare delivery and coordination. Efficiency: Pro:Streamlines processes, reduces paperwork, and facilitates faster information retrieval. Data Security: Pro:Enables better security measures and controlled access to sensitive patient information. Drawbacks: Initial Costs: Con:Implementation can be costly in terms of software, hardware, and training. Learning Curve: Con:Healthcare professionals may need time to adapt to new technologies, potentially affecting productivity during the transition period. Technical Issues: Con:Susceptible to technical glitches and potential system downtimes, impacting workflow efficiency. Data Privacy Concerns: Con:Raises concerns about the security and privacy of electronic health records, requiring robust measures to safeguard patient information. Dependency on Technology: Con:Reliance on technology means that system failures or cyber threats could disrupt healthcare operations.

CPU

Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.

· How are classical and operant conditioning used to help people interact with technology?

Classical Conditioning: Example:Associating positive emotions with using a health app by incorporating pleasant visuals and sounds during interactions. Operant Conditioning: Example:Providing rewards or positive feedback for correctly using a medical software, reinforcing desired behaviors.

· Describe 5-6 principles of a professional level presentation using slideshow or presentation software?

Clear Objectives: Clearly state the presentation's objectives to guide the audience and provide a roadmap for the content. Professional Design: Use a consistent and professional design theme throughout the presentation, incorporating appropriate colors, fonts, and visuals. Engaging Content: Ensure the content is engaging by incorporating relevant examples, anecdotes, and interactive elements to capture the audience's interest. Structured Flow: Organize the content in a logical and structured manner, with a clear introduction, main points, and a conclusion that reinforces key takeaways. Visual Appeal: Utilize visuals, such as charts, graphs, and images, to enhance understanding and maintain visual appeal. Ensure visuals are clear and support the narrative. Effective Delivery: Practice and rehearse the presentation to ensure a confident and effective delivery. Maintain good eye contact, speak clearly, and manage time effectively. Audience Interaction: Encourage audience interaction through questions, discussions, or polls to foster engagement and address specific interests or concerns. Professional Tone: Maintain a professional and respectful tone throughout the presentation, adapting communication style to the audience's level of expertise and expectations.

CDSS

Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS):A computer-based system designed to assist healthcare professionals in making clinical decisions by providing relevant information and recommendations.

· What is the difference between and clinical information system and an administration information system?

Clinical Information System: Focus:Primarily focuses on patient care and clinical processes. Components:Includes electronic health records (EHRs), computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems, and clinical decision support systems. Purpose:Supports healthcare providers in delivering and managing patient care. 2. Administration Information System: Focus:Primarily focuses on administrative and managerial functions. Components:Includes systems for billing, scheduling, financial management, and human resources. Purpose:Facilitates efficient operation of healthcare organizations and management of resources.

CMR

Clinical Management System (CMS) or Clinical Management Record (CMR): A system that supports the management of clinical operations, including scheduling, billing, and administrative functions within a healthcare setting.

Differentiate between computer & information literacy.

Computer Literacy: Ability to use and understand computer hardware and software. Basic skills in navigating and using technology. Information Literacy: Competency in finding, evaluating, and using information effectively. Critical thinking skills applied to information sources.

CPR

Computerized Patient Record (CPR): A broader term that encompasses both EMRs and EPRs. It refers to a patient's health record in electronic format, capturing comprehensive health information.

CPOE

Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE): An electronic system that allows healthcare providers to enter and manage patient care orders, such as medications and diagnostic tests, digitally.

o Why are nursing minimum data sets important?

Consistency: NMDS promotes consistency in data collection, ensuring that essential nursing information is uniformly documented across different healthcare settings. Communication: Provides a standardized language for communication among healthcare professionals, facilitating a clear understanding of nursing care elements. Data Analysis: Supports data analysis by ensuring that key nursing data elements are consistently captured, allowing for meaningful comparisons and insights. Evidence-Based Practice: Enhances the foundation for evidence-based nursing practice by establishing a standardized set of data that can be used for research and quality improvement initiatives. Patient-Centered Care: Improves patient care by facilitating a comprehensive and standardized approach to nursing assessment, interventions, and outcomes.

· How do health information systems support quality improvements?

Data Centralization: Aggregate and centralize patient data for comprehensive and up-to-date information. Clinical Decision Support: Provide tools for evidence-based decision-making, including alerts and guidelines. Standardization of Processes: Support the standardization of workflows to ensure consistency in care delivery. Quality Metrics and Reporting: Track and report on quality metrics to monitor performance against benchmarks. Patient Engagement: Empower patients through portals for access to health records and active participation in care. Population Health Management: Analyze aggregated data to identify trends and implement interventions for population health. Efficient Data Retrieval: Enable rapid access to patient data, crucial for timely decision-making. Interoperability: Facilitate seamless data exchange among different systems for improved care coordination. Performance Monitoring and Reporting: Monitor and report on performance metrics to track improvements over time. Risk Management: Identify and address potential safety issues to enhance patient safety. Compliance with Regulatory Requirements: Ensure adherence to regulatory standards and guidelines for care delivery.

· How does use of a HIS support quality health care outcomes?

Data Integration: HIS consolidates patient data from various sources, providing a comprehensive and centralized view of the patient's health history. Enables healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions by considering a patient's complete medical background. Clinical Decision Support: HIS systems offer clinical decision support tools that assist healthcare professionals in making evidence-based decisions. Alerts and reminders help prevent errors, improve adherence to protocols, and enhance patient safety. Efficient Workflows: Streamlines healthcare processes, reducing administrative burden and allowing healthcare providers to focus more on patient care. Enhances communication and coordination among healthcare teams, leading to more efficient and effective care delivery. Analytics and Reporting: HIS facilitates the analysis of aggregated data to identify trends, patterns, and areas for improvement. Enables healthcare organizations to track and manage population health, improving preventive care and management of chronic conditions. Patient Engagement: Empowers patients through increased access to their health information. Patient portals and communication tools enhance engagement, leading to better-informed patients who actively participate in their care.

· What nursing skills are included in nursing informatics standards?

Data Management: Competence in managing and organizing healthcare data, including data entry, retrieval, and analysis. Information Systems Proficiency: Ability to navigate and effectively use electronic health records (EHRs) and other health information systems. Decision Support: Application of informatics tools to support clinical decision-making, including the use of clinical decision support systems (CDSS). Interoperability: Understanding and promoting interoperability standards to facilitate seamless data exchange between different healthcare systems. Privacy and Security: Knowledge of and adherence to privacy and security standards to protect patient health information. Health Information Exchange: Understanding and participating in health information exchange initiatives to improve information sharing across healthcare entities. Workflow Optimization: Identifying opportunities to optimize clinical workflows through the effective use of informatics tools.

· What is the difference data, information, knowledge, and wisdom (be able to identify examples)?

Data: Raw, unprocessed facts or symbols. Example: Vital signs recorded as numbers (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure). Information: Processed and organized data, providing context and meaning. Example: Trends and patterns derived from vital signs over time. Knowledge: Information interpreted and contextualized to form understanding. Example: Understanding the implications of vital sign trends on a patient's health. Wisdom: Application of knowledge and experience to make sound decisions. Example: Applying clinical judgment to determine the best course of action based on a patient's unique circumstances.

· How is a database different from a spreadsheet?

Database: Organizes data in a structured format with tables and relationships. Supports complex queries, data integrity, and concurrent access by multiple users. Spreadsheet: Organizes data in a grid of rows and columns. Suitable for simpler data analysis and individual use.

ontology

Defines the relationships and concepts within a specific domain. It provides a formal representation of knowledge and how concepts are interrelated.

· What is usability testing?

Definition: Usability testing is a method used to evaluate the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction of a system or product by observing real users performing specific tasks. Key Aspects: Users are given tasks to perform on the system, and their interactions, feedback, and performance are closely monitored and analyzed. Objectives: Identify usability issues, gather user feedback, and make informed design decisions to enhance the overall user experience. Methods: Testing may involve observation, surveys, interviews, and the collection of quantitative and qualitative data.

Prochastka's Change theories

Describes stages of change (pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance).Example: Assessing healthcare professionals' readiness for adopting a new informatics system and tailoring interventions based on their stage of readiness.

minimalism quality

Design interfaces with simplicity and minimal complexity to avoid overwhelming users and enhance clarity.

· What is the difference between an EMR and a PHR?

EMR (Electronic Medical Record): Ownership:Owned and maintained by healthcare organizations or providers. Scope:Contains patient health information generated within a specific healthcare system or facility. Access:Typically accessible only to authorized healthcare professionals within the organization. PHR (Personal Health Record): Ownership:Owned and managed by the individual patient. Scope:Includes personal health information, medical history, and may cover information from multiple healthcare providers. Access:Controlled by the patient, who can share information with healthcare providers as needed.

· What are the goals of usability theory?

Efficiency: Enhance the efficiency of user interactions with a system or product, ensuring tasks can be completed with minimal time and effort. Effectiveness: Ensure that users can achieve their goals accurately and successfully while interacting with a system or product. Satisfaction: Improve user satisfaction by creating positive and enjoyable experiences during the use of a system or product. Learnability: Facilitate the ease with which users can learn and understand how to use a system or product, minimizing the learning curve. Memorability: Aim for systems or products that are easy to remember and do not require users to relearn tasks after a period of non-use. Error Prevention and Recovery: Design systems that minimize errors and provide effective mechanisms for error recovery when they do occur. Flexibility: Support a range of user abilities and preferences, allowing for flexibility in how users interact with and customize the system.

· What types of clinical information systems do nurses use?

Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Comprehensive digital records of a patient's health information. Facilitate documentation, communication, and coordination among healthcare providers. Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE): Allows healthcare providers to enter and manage patient orders electronically. Enhances accuracy, reduces errors, and streamlines order processing. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS): Provides clinicians with relevant information and suggestions to aid in decision-making. Assists in diagnosing conditions, selecting treatments, and ensuring adherence to best practices. Nursing Informatics Systems: Specialized systems designed for nursing tasks, including documentation, care planning, and communication. Support nursing workflows and contribute to overall patient care coordination.

EMR

Electronic Medical Record (EMR):A digital version of a patient's paper chart containing medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, immunization dates, allergies, radiology images, and laboratory test results.

EPR

Electronic Patient Record (EPR): Similar to an EMR, an EPR is a digital record of a patient's health information. The terms EMR and EPR are often used interchangeably.

negentropy

Emphasizes efforts to enhance organization, efficiency, and the meaningful use of healthcare data within informatics systems.

· How does technology affect the relationship between the client and nurse?

Enhanced Communication: Positive Impact:Technology facilitates timely and efficient communication between clients and nurses, allowing for quick updates, clarifications, and information sharing. Consideration:The reliance on technology should not replace face-to-face communication, which is essential for building rapport and understanding non-verbal cues. Access to Information: Positive Impact:Technology provides nurses with instant access to client records, medical history, and relevant information, supporting informed decision-making. Consideration:Nurses must ensure that technology does not overshadow the personalized understanding gained through direct interactions with clients. Remote Monitoring: Positive Impact:Remote monitoring technologies allow nurses to track clients' vital signs and health status, enabling proactive intervention and personalized care. Consideration:Maintaining a balance between technology-mediated monitoring and in-person assessments is crucial for holistic care. Patient Education: Positive Impact:Technology facilitates the delivery of educational resources, empowering clients to better understand their health conditions and participate in self-care. Consideration:Nurses need to ensure that technology-based education is tailored to the individual's literacy level and cultural preferences. Privacy and Security: Positive Impact:Technology enhances the security of client information through encrypted platforms and controlled access. Consideration:Nurses must prioritize and maintain the confidentiality of client information, addressing any privacy concerns related to technology use.

Analyze the impacts of technology & informatics on nursing & healthcare.

Enhanced Patient Care: Improved diagnostics, treatment planning, and monitoring of patient outcomes. Data-Driven Decision Making: Use of health informatics for evidence-based practice and decision support. Challenges: Privacy and security concerns related to electronic health records. The need for ongoing training to keep pace with evolving technologies.

workflow compatibility

Ensure that the system's workflow aligns with users' mental models and expectations, minimizing disruptions and enhancing efficiency.

· What types of counter measures can be added to technology to enhance usability and decrease errors?

Error Prevention: Implement mechanisms to prevent errors, such as confirmation dialogs for critical actions or validation checks during data entry. User Training: Provide comprehensive user training and documentation to ensure users understand how to use the technology effectively. Automation: Integrate automation features to reduce manual tasks and decrease the likelihood of errors. Error Recovery Options: Include user-friendly error recovery options, allowing users to easily correct mistakes and continue their tasks. Help and Support Features: Offer readily accessible help features, tutorials, and support resources to assist users in resolving issues.

· How do the fields in a database affect the ability to query the data?

Fields: Individual data elements within a database table. Influence the granularity and specificity of data stored. Effect on Querying: Well-defined fields enhance the ability to query data precisely, enabling targeted searches and analysis.

How would you perform the following Excel skills: sum

Formula:Similar to Total, the SUM function adds up a range of cells.Example: =SUM(B2:B8) AutoSum:Select the cell where you want the sum, click AutoSum, and Excel will suggest the range.

How would you perform the following Excel skills: difference

Formula:Subtract one cell from another to find the difference.Example: =D2 - D1 AutoFill:Drag the corner of the cell with the formula to copy it to adjacent cells, automatically calculating differences.

How would you perform the following Excel skills: average

Formula:Use the AVERAGE function to find the average of a range of cells.Example: =AVERAGE(C1:C5) AutoAverage:Similar to AutoSum, click on AutoAverage, and Excel will calculate the average for you.

· How would you perform the following Excel skills: total

Formula:Use the SUM function to add up a range of cells.Example: =SUM(A1:A10) Shortcut:Highlight the range, and look at the status bar at the bottom for the sum.

· What is the difference between hardware and software?

Hardware:Physical components of a computer system, such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals. Software:Programs and applications that run on a computer, providing functionality and allowing users to perform tasks.

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA): Legislation in the United States that sets the standards for the protection of sensitive patient data and the privacy and security of health information.

entropy

Highlights the importance of data accuracy and organization within information systems to prevent disorder and errors.

What processes lead to destruction of data integrity?

Human Error:Mistakes in data entry, transcription errors, or data manipulation by users. 2. System Failures:Technical issues, software bugs, or hardware malfunctions that compromise data integrity. 3. Cybersecurity Threats:Unauthorized access, hacking, or malware attacks can lead to data corruption or loss. 4. Lack of Validation Checks:Insufficient validation checks during data entry can result in inaccurate or incomplete data. 5. Data Migration:Moving data between systems without proper validation and checks can introduce errors.

What agency governs regulations related to ergonomics?

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the primary agency governing regulations related to ergonomics in the workplace. OSHA provides guidelines and standards to promote safe and ergonomic work environments.

Describe the impact of the technology & information explosion on health care.

Increased Access to Information: Patients and healthcare providers have access to a vast amount of medical information. Improved Communication: Enhanced communication among healthcare professionals through electronic records and systems. Efficiency Gains: Streamlined workflows and reduced errors through the use of technology.

Differentiate between the role of the informatics nurse specialist and the informatics role of the BSN.

Informatics Nurse Specialist: Specialized role focusing on managing and implementing healthcare information systems. Expertise in integrating technology into nursing practice for improved patient outcomes. BSN with Informatics Role: BSN-prepared nurses engage with informatics but may not have the specialized focus of an informatics nurse specialist. They incorporate technology into their practice but may not lead informatics initiatives.

· What is the difference between and input and output device?

Input Device: Devices that send data or commands to the computer. Examples: Keyboard, mouse, touchscreen. Output Device: Devices that receive data from the computer. Examples: Monitor, printer, speakers.

· What is the difference between the internet and an intranet?

Internet: A global network connecting millions of public and private networks. Provides access to a vast array of information and services. Intranet: A private network within an organization. Used for internal communication, collaboration, and sharing resources.

· What problems exist in current EHR's that limit the ability to track data?

Interoperability Challenges: Many EHR systems face difficulties in seamlessly exchanging data with other systems, limiting comprehensive data tracking across different healthcare settings. Data Fragmentation: Information in EHRs may be fragmented across various modules or systems, hindering a holistic view of patient data. Lack of Standardization: Inconsistencies in data formats and coding standards make it challenging to track and aggregate data uniformly. User Interface Issues: Usability issues and complex user interfaces can impede efficient data entry, retrieval, and tracking. Limited Data Sharing: Privacy concerns, regulations, and proprietary constraints may restrict the sharing of patient data, hindering comprehensive tracking. Integration Challenges: Difficulty integrating with other healthcare IT systems and devices may result in limited interoperability and data tracking capabilities.

Dynamic homeostasis

Involves adapting and optimizing information systems to maintain effective functioning amid evolving healthcare environments.

· Apply Lewin's change theory

Involves unfreezing existing behaviors, implementing change, and then refreezing the new behavior.Example: Introducing a new electronic health record system, providing training, and reinforcing its use.

What is digital divides potential effect on health literacy?

Limited Access to Health Information:Individuals on the wrong side of the digital divide may have limited access to online health information, reducing their ability to stay informed about health issues and make informed decisions. Barriers to Telehealth Services:The digital divide can hinder access to telehealth services, preventing individuals from benefiting from remote consultations and digital health resources. Reduced Digital Health Literacy:Those with limited access to digital technologies may have lower digital health literacy, impacting their ability to navigate online health information, use health apps, and engage in e-health initiatives.

What are the issues with use of telehealth?

Limited Access: Barrier:Unequal access to technology and internet connectivity can limit individuals' ability to participate in telehealth services. Technological Barriers: Barrier:Lack of familiarity with technology or insufficient digital literacy may hinder some individuals from effectively using telehealth platforms. Privacy and Security Concerns: Issue:Concerns about the privacy and security of personal health information transmitted over digital platforms may impact trust in telehealth. Quality of Care: Issue:Some individuals may question the quality of care provided through telehealth, particularly for complex or hands-on medical procedures. Regulatory and Reimbursement Challenges: Barrier:Evolving regulations and reimbursement policies may pose challenges for healthcare providers, impacting the widespread adoption of telehealth. Equity Issues: Issue:Telehealth may exacerbate existing healthcare disparities if not implemented with consideration for diverse populations and their unique needs.

· What are NANDA, NIC, and NOC?

NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association): A professional organization that develops, researches, and classifies nursing diagnoses. It provides a standardized language for identifying patient problems and planning care. NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification): A comprehensive standardized classification system for nursing interventions. It categorizes and describes interventions that nurses perform in various healthcare settings. NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification): A standardized classification system for nursing-sensitive patient outcomes. It provides a framework for measuring the impact of nursing interventions on patient outcomes.

Identify how structure, process, and outcome indicators relate to NDNQI and quality model?

NDNQI aligns with the Nurse Care Quality Model, addressing structure, process, and outcome indicators to assess and improve the quality of nursing care. Structure Indicators: Focus on organizational and environmental factors influencing nursing care, such as staffing levels, education, and resources. Process Indicators: Assess the actual delivery of nursing care, including interventions, procedures, and interactions with patients. Outcome Indicators: Reflect the impact of nursing care on patient health and well-being.

· NDNQI

National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) is a program developed by the American Nurses Association (ANA) to measure and report on nursing-sensitive quality indicators. Purpose: NDNQI aims to improve patient outcomes by providing a standardized approach to collecting and analyzing nursing-sensitive data. It facilitates benchmarking, quality improvement initiatives, and evidence-based practice in nursing.

NDNQI

National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators, first largest nursing quality indicator -Emphasis now on identifying nursing sensitive outcomes

o What is the relationship between nursing care, patient outcomes, and healthcare costs?

Nursing Care: The quality of nursing care, as measured by NDNQI, influences patient outcomes. Adequate staffing, education, and resources contribute to positive patient experiences. Patient Outcomes: Nursing care directly affects patient outcomes, such as infection rates, falls, and complications. Effective nursing interventions contribute to improved patient health. Healthcare Costs: Quality nursing care can positively impact healthcare costs by reducing complications, hospital readmissions, and the length of hospital stays. Preventing adverse events contributes to cost-effective care.

· What is the difference between an open system and a closed system?

Open System: Definition:Interacts with its environment and exchanges both matter and energy with the surroundings. Characteristics:Allows for continuous interactions and feedback with the external environment.Examples include living organisms and many organizational systems. Closed System: Definition:Does not exchange matter with its surroundings, but it can exchange energy. Characteristics:Has fixed boundaries for matter but can exchange energy with the environment.Rare in nature but often used in theoretical models for analysis.

· What is the purpose of the sort function?

Ordering Data: The sort function is used to arrange data in a specific order, either ascending or descending. Organizing Information: It helps organize information systematically, making it easier to analyze and interpret. Facilitating Comparison: Sorting allows users to compare values, identify patterns, and locate specific data points efficiently. Enhancing Readability: The function improves the readability of datasets, especially in large spreadsheets or tables.

POE

Paperless Order Entry (POE): The process of entering medical orders electronically, eliminating the need for paper-based order forms.

o What kind of data should be collected?

Patient Demographics: Basic information about the patient, including age, gender, and medical history. Nursing Assessments: Comprehensive assessments of the patient's physical, psychological, and social well-being. Interventions: Nursing interventions and care provided to the patient. Outcomes: The impact of nursing care on the patient's health and well-being. Care Plans: Individualized plans outlining the nursing care to be provided.

· What should ethical/legal issues should nurses be aware of in regards to social media/use of the Web?

Patient Privacy and Confidentiality: Nurses must avoid sharing patient information, even in a de-identified form, on social media or the web, to protect patient privacy and confidentiality. Professional Boundaries: Maintaining professional boundaries is crucial, and nurses should avoid engaging in personal relationships with patients on social media platforms. Employee Policies: Nurses should be aware of and adhere to the social media policies of their healthcare organizations and institutions. Online Reputation: Nurses need to be mindful of their online presence and how it may impact their professional reputation. Posting inappropriate content or engaging in unprofessional behavior online can have consequences. Informed Consent: If using patient stories or cases for educational purposes on social media, nurses should ensure they have proper informed consent and adhere to ethical guidelines. Cybersecurity Awareness: Nurses should be vigilant about cybersecurity, avoiding sharing sensitive information and being aware of the potential risks associated with online interactions.

Why is data integrity important?

Patient Safety:Accurate and reliable data is critical for patient safety and quality of care. Informed Decision-Making:Healthcare professionals rely on data integrity to make informed clinical decisions. Compliance:Maintaining data integrity is often required for regulatory compliance and legal purposes.

PHR

Personal Health Record (PHR):A health record maintained by the individual patient, often in a digital format. It includes personal health information, medical history, medications, and may be managed by the patient using various tools or platforms.

What are physical, cognitive, and organizational impacts related to ergonomics of technology use?

Physical Impacts: Ergonomics in technology considers physical factors such as display height, keyboard and mouse design, and chair comfort to minimize physical strain and discomfort during use. Cognitive Impacts: Cognitive ergonomics focuses on mental workload, information processing, and user attention, aiming to design interfaces that support cognitive efficiency and reduce mental fatigue. Organizational Impacts: Considerations for the organizational ergonomics of technology use involve how technology integrates into workflows, impacts collaboration, and aligns with organizational goals.

· Describe and apply the PDSA quality improvement model

Plan:Identify the problem and plan the improvement. Do:Implement the planned changes on a small scale. Study:Assess the outcomes and analyze the data. Act:Determine if the changes should be adopted, adapted, or abandoned. Application: Iterative cycles of PDSA facilitate continuous improvement, allowing healthcare teams to test, refine, and implement changes.

HIPAA Standards for Informatics

Privacy Rule: Establishes national standards to protect individuals' medical records and other personal health information. Security Rule: Specifies a series of administrative, physical, and technical safeguards for covered entities to use to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic protected health information (ePHI). Breach Notification Rule: Requires covered entities to notify affected individuals, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and, in some cases, the media of a breach of unsecured PHI. Enforcement Rule: Describes the procedures and penalties for the enforcement of the HIPAA standards. Penalties can be civil or criminal, depending on the nature and severity of the violation.

· What is the purpose of a form in a database?

Provides a user-friendly interface for entering, editing, and viewing data in a database. Enhances data input accuracy and facilitates data management.

column chart

Purpose:Compare discrete categories or show the distribution of data. Data Type:Categorical data with distinct groups or individual items. Features:Uses vertical or horizontal bars to represent each category.Effective for comparing quantities or showing the composition of categories.

pie chart

Purpose:Display the proportion of each part to the whole. Data Type:Represents parts of a whole, usually in percentage format. Features:Circular chart divided into slices, each representing a percentage of the total.Ideal for illustrating the contribution of each category to the overall composition.

Line chart

Purpose:Display trends and changes over a continuous dataset. Data Type:Time-series data or any data that shows a progression over time. Features:Connects data points with lines, making it easy to identify patterns and trends.Suitable for showing fluctuations, trends, or comparisons over a continuous axis.

· What is the purpose of the HITECH Act and what are the goals for use of HIS?

Purpose:Enacted in 2009 as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA).Aims to promote the adoption and meaningful use of health information technology. Goals: Promote Adoption:Encourage healthcare providers to adopt and use electronic health records (EHRs) to improve healthcare quality. Enhance Health Information Exchange:Facilitate secure sharing of health information among healthcare entities. Improve Patient Care:Support the use of health IT to achieve measurable improvements in patient care outcomes. Ensure Privacy and Security:Strengthen privacy and security measures for electronic health information. Incentives:Provide financial incentives for eligible healthcare providers who adopt and demonstrate meaningful use of certified EHR technology.

QSEN competencies

Quality and safety education for nurses 1. Patient-centered care 2. Teamwork and collaboration 3. Evidence-based practice 4. Quality improvement 5. Safety 6. Informatics

reverberation

Reflects the impact of sustained information or communication processes within healthcare systems, emphasizing ongoing effects.

· What attributes of innovation affect adoption of the change?

Relative Advantage:Perceived improvement over existing solutions. Compatibility:Consistency with users' values, needs, and existing processes. Complexity:Ease of understanding and use. Trialability:Ability to test the innovation before full adoption. Observability:Visibility of positive outcomes to others.

· Why should we be skeptics where technology is concerned?

Reliability and Accuracy:Concerns about the accuracy and reliability of technology in critical healthcare processes. Privacy and Security:The potential for breaches and unauthorized access to sensitive patient information. User Competency:Challenges related to the proficiency of users, which can impact the effectiveness of technology implementation. Ethical Considerations:Ethical concerns regarding the use of technology in healthcare, such as data ownership and consent. Importance of Skepticism: Helps ensure a thorough evaluation of technology before widespread adoption. Encourages a critical approach to address potential drawbacks and improve technology over time. Promotes responsible and ethical use of technology in healthcare.

· What is EBP

Research Evidence:Incorporating findings from well-conducted research studies. Clinical Expertise:Utilizing the knowledge and skills of healthcare professionals. Patient Preferences:Considering individual patient values, preferences, and circumstances.

· What are the limitations of HIPAA and private health information?

Scope Limitations: HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) primarily applies to covered entities (healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses), leaving gaps in protection for certain entities that handle health information. Security Challenges: HIPAA has faced challenges in keeping pace with evolving technology and cyber threats, potentially leading to vulnerabilities in safeguarding private health information. Lack of Individual Control: HIPAA limits the control that individuals have over their health information, particularly when it comes to sharing information for purposes beyond treatment, payment, and healthcare operations. Emerging Technologies: The rapid adoption of new technologies and data-sharing practices, not fully addressed by HIPAA, may pose challenges in protecting health information in emerging contexts.

· What the three stages of memory according to Klar?

Sensory Memory: Initial stage that briefly holds incoming information from the senses. Limited duration and capacity. Short-Term Memory: Information is briefly stored for immediate use. Limited capacity and susceptible to interference. Long-Term Memory: Information is stored for an extended period, potentially permanently. Virtually limitless capacity.

Computer literacy

Set of skills that allow individual to use computer technology to accomplish tasks. -Basic computer competencies -Desktop and presentation software -Spreadsheets & databases -Email & File Transfer -Communication & Documentation -Application of Monitoring & Clinical Technologies

· How is Situative Learn Theory used to teach new skills? What is activity theory?

Situative Learning Theory: Application:Emphasizes learning in authentic contexts, encouraging learners to actively participate in real-world activities to gain practical skills. Activity Theory: Application:Focuses on the interactions between individuals and their environment during activities, informing how technology can be integrated into workflows for optimal performance.

· What are slip, lapse, and rule-based errors? Can you give an example of each type?

Slip Error: Definition:A slip error occurs when a person intends to perform one action but inadvertently performs another due to automatic or subconscious processes. Example:A nurse, habituated to a routine, administers the wrong medication to a patient without consciously recognizing the error. Lapse Error: Definition:A lapse error involves a failure in memory or attention, leading to the omission of a necessary step or action. Example:A healthcare professional forgets to document a critical aspect of patient care due to distraction or forgetfulness. Rule-Based Error: Definition:A rule-based error occurs when an individual consciously makes a mistake by applying the wrong rule or incorrectly interpreting a situation. Example:An experienced clinician, under time pressure, misinterprets a patient's lab result due to cognitive overload and makes an incorrect treatment decision.

· What should nurses teach patients about evaluating reliable sites on the Internet?

Source Credibility Authorship and Credentials: Currency of Information: Domain: Educate patients to consider the domain of the website. Information from government (.gov) or educational institutions (.edu) tends to be more reliable than commercial sites (.com). Objective Information: Check for References: Website Security:

· Describe the connection between standard language, informatics, evidence based nursing practice, and quality in healthcare?

Standard Language in Nursing: Definition:A standardized language, such as SNOMED CT or LOINC, provides a common vocabulary and coding system for nursing documentation and communication. Role in Nursing Informatics:Facilitates interoperability and consistency in healthcare data, supporting seamless information exchange. Informatics in Nursing: Definition:Nursing informatics involves the use of information and communication technologies to manage, process, and communicate nursing information and knowledge. Connection to Standard Language:Informatics relies on standardized languages to ensure accurate and consistent representation of nursing data. Evidence-Based Nursing Practice (EBP): Definition:EBP integrates the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to inform nursing decision-making. Connection to Informatics:Nursing informatics provides tools for accessing and implementing evidence-based guidelines within electronic health records, promoting EBP adoption. Quality in Healthcare: Definition:Quality in healthcare refers to the provision of safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable care. Connection to EBP and Informatics:EBP, supported by informatics, contributes to improved healthcare quality by ensuring that clinical decisions are informed by the latest evidence and facilitated by standardized data. Interconnection: Standard Language and Quality:Standardized languages enhance data accuracy and consistency, contributing to the quality of healthcare information. Informatics and Quality:Nursing informatics optimizes the use of technology to streamline processes, reduce errors, and improve overall healthcare quality. EBP and Standard Language:Standardized languages support the recording and retrieval of evidence-based practices, fostering consistency in healthcare del

· Describe the nurse care quality model. How are structure, process, and outcomes related?

Structure:Refers to the organizational and environmental factors that influence healthcare delivery (e.g., facilities, staffing, resources). Process:Involves the actual delivery of care and the interactions between healthcare providers and patients. Outcomes:Reflect the impact of healthcare processes on patient health and well-being. The quality of healthcare is influenced by the interplay between the structure, the processes of care, and the resulting outcomes. An effective structure supports optimal processes, leading to positive outcomes.

Tiger initiative

Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform promotes nursing knowledge and skill needed to practice in a technology driven environment

· What is the relationship between the ANA code of ethics and informatics ?

The American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics outlines the ethical standards and principles that guide the nursing profession. The ANA Code of Ethics is applicable to the use of informatics in nursing, emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations in the collection, management, and use of health information. Nurses are expected to uphold patient privacy, confidentiality, and ethical decision-making when utilizing informatics tools.

What is the relationship between the HITECH act and data security?

The HITECH Act introduces provisions and incentives to strengthen the security of electronic health information. It requires healthcare organizations to implement measures to protect health information from unauthorized access, breaches, and cyber threats.

o What is the deep web?

The part of the World Wide Web that is not indexed by traditional search engines. Contains content that is not accessible through standard search queries.

classification

The process of categorizing or grouping items based on shared characteristics. In informatics, it helps organize and standardize data for better understanding and retrieval.

· What is the goal of health care informatics?

To optimize the use of information and communication technologies in healthcare. Improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and coordination of patient care. Enhance patient outcomes through the effective management and analysis of health information.

· What is the purpose of a spreadsheet?

To organize, analyze, and manipulate numerical data. Commonly used for budgeting, financial analysis, and data visualization.

· How is nursing documentation different in data-driven documentation?

Traditional Nursing Documentation: Focuses on narrative descriptions of patient care, often in free-text format. Emphasizes qualitative information and subjective observations. Data-Driven Documentation: Involves capturing structured and standardized data elements. Prioritizes quantitative data, measurable outcomes, and specific data points. Supports the use of electronic health records (EHRs) and facilitates data analysis.

· What types of problems occur when human-machine interaction affects usability?

Usability Issues:Complex Interfaces:Overly complicated interfaces can lead to confusion and errors during interaction.Poor Feedback:Insufficient feedback or unclear system responses can hinder user understanding and performance.Inadequate Training:Lack of adequate training on system usage can result in errors and reduced usability.Mismatched Mental Models:When the user's mental model of how a system works does not align with its actual functionality, usability is compromised.

· How can technology be designed with the user in mind to enhance usability?

User-Centered Design (UCD): Involve users in the design process from the beginning, obtaining their feedback and insights to ensure that the technology aligns with their needs and preferences. User Research: Conduct thorough user research to understand the target audience, their goals, and challenges, informing the design process. Prototyping: Create prototypes and conduct usability testing at various stages of development to gather user feedback and iterate on design improvements. Consistent Interfaces: Maintain consistency in interface design, navigation, and terminology to reduce cognitive load and enhance user understanding. Feedback Mechanisms: Implement clear feedback mechanisms, such as error messages or visual cues, to guide users and inform them about system status. Accessibility Features: Incorporate accessibility features to ensure that the technology is usable by individuals with diverse abilities. Intuitive Navigation: Design intuitive navigation structures and workflows that align with users' mental models and expectations.

Memorability

Users should be able to easily recall how to use the system after an absence or infrequent use.

satisfaction

Users should find the system enjoyable and satisfying to use, contributing to a positive overall user experience.

reversibility

Users should have the ability to undo actions, correct errors, and navigate back to previous states within the system.

An intranet is: a) A private network within an organization b) A public network accessible to everyone c) Another term for the deep web d) A network exclusively for internet service providers

a) A private network within an organization

In the PDSA model, what does the "A" stand for? a) Act b) Analyze c) Assess d) Adapt

a) Act

What factor contributes to fostering therapeutic effects in an online support group? a) Encouraging open communication and mutual support b) Restricting participation to only healthcare professionals c) Discouraging emotional expression d) Promoting a competitive environment

a) Encouraging open communication and mutual support

Which device is responsible for sending data to the computer system? a) Input device b) Output device c) Processing device d) Storage device

a) Input device

NDNQI stands for: a) National Database for Nursing Quality Indicators b) Nursing Data Network for Quality Improvement c) New Data Quality Index d) National Documentation for Nursing Quality Improvement

a) National Database for Nursing Quality Indicators

In the nurse care quality model, which component focuses on the organization's infrastructure, resources, and capacity? a) Structure b) Process c) Outcomes d) Feedback

a) Structure

Which indicator category does the availability of experienced nursing staff fall under? a) Structure b) Process c) Outcome d) Input

a) Structure

Data integrity in nursing informatics refers to: a) The accuracy and reliability of data b) The speed at which data is processed c) The variety of data sources available d) The quantity of data collected

a) The accuracy and reliability of data

Health literacy specifically relates to an individual's ability to: a) Understand and use health-related information b) Navigate the internet and access information c) Communicate effectively with healthcare providers d) Interpret statistical data in research articles

a) Understand and use health-related information

Data integrity

accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data throughout its lifecycle. It ensures that data remains unchanged and reliable from creation to retrieval.

· What is human factors engineering?

also known as ergonomics, is the scientific discipline that studies how humans interact with systems, products, and environments. The goal is to optimize the design of these elements to enhance human well-being, performance, and overall system effectiveness.

· What is research utilization?

application of research findings or evidence-based practices in decision-making, policy development, and practice improvement. Key Aspects: Translating research into actionable practices within healthcare settings. Integrating the best available evidence into clinical decision-making processes.

A database query is: a) A formal request to delete data b) A question or request for specific information from a database c) The database administrator's login credential d) A type of software used for data entry

b) A question or request for specific information from a database

In healthcare informatics, a standard refers to: a) A uniform level of care for all patients b) A set of guidelines or criteria used consistently in practice c) An exclusive protocol for nurse-patient communication d) The minimum legal requirements for electronic health records

b) A set of guidelines or criteria used consistently in practice

The agency responsible for setting standards for nursing informatics is: a) CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) b) ANA (American Nurses Association) c) CMS (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services) d) FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

b) ANA (American Nurses Association)

Research utilization in nursing practice refers to: a) Ignoring research findings in clinical decision-making b) Applying research findings to improve patient care and outcomes c) Collecting data solely for academic purposes d) Conducting research studies without practical application

b) Applying research findings to improve patient care and outcomes

A Health Information System (HIS) is designed to: a) Manage financial transactions in healthcare organizations b) Collect, store, and transmit patient-related information c) Monitor and regulate healthcare policy d) Facilitate communication among healthcare providers only

b) Collect, store, and transmit patient-related information

Which term refers to a computerized system that allows healthcare providers to enter medical orders directly into a computer system? a) Computerized Patient Record (CPR) b) Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) c) Electronic Medical Record (EMR) d) Health Information Portability and Accessibility Act (HIPAA)

b) Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE)

What is a critical consideration for ensuring website usability for healthcare consumers? a) Use of complex terminology b) Consistency in design and clear navigation c) Limiting accessibility features d) Ignoring user feedback

b) Consistency in design and clear navigation

Classical conditioning in technology interaction involves: a) Reinforcing a behavior with positive consequences b) Creating an association between stimuli and responses c) Shaping behavior through rewards and punishments d) Modifying behavior based on environmental cues

b) Creating an association between stimuli and responses

In a database, what does a form facilitate? a) Data storage b) Data entry and viewing in a user-friendly format c) Automated data analysis d) Data deletion

b) Data entry and viewing in a user-friendly format

Nursing informatics standards encompass skills related to: a) Exclusively hands-on patient care b) Data management, technology utilization, and information processing c) Verbal communication only d) Paper-based record keeping

b) Data management, technology utilization, and information processing

In healthcare, aggregated data are defined as: a) Information limited to one patient b) Data tracked across time and organizations c) Specific to a single healthcare department d) Exclusive to patient populations

b) Data tracked across time and organizations

When interpreting a graph of patient outcomes over time, what does a downward trend suggest? a) Improved patient outcomes b) Declining patient satisfaction c) Increased healthcare costs d) No change in patient status

b) Declining patient satisfaction

Asynchronous telehealth involves: a) Real-time communication between patients and providers b) Delayed communication where messages are exchanged at different times c) In-person healthcare visits d) Video conferencing for remote consultations

b) Delayed communication where messages are exchanged at different times

What is human factors engineering? a) Designing ergonomic furniture b) Designing systems to optimize the interaction between humans and technology c) Studying human anatomy in nursing practice d) Analyzing human resource management in healthcare

b) Designing systems to optimize the interaction between humans and technology

A key distinction between an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and a Personal Health Record (PHR) is: a) EMRs are managed by individual patients, while PHRs are maintained by healthcare providers b) EMRs contain comprehensive patient health history, while PHRs are focused on current health information c) PHRs are used exclusively in hospitals, while EMRs are accessible to patients at home d) EMRs prioritize patient preferences, while PHRs emphasize clinical data

b) EMRs contain comprehensive patient health history, while PHRs are focused on current health information

Nurses should be cautious about: a) Exclusively promoting their professional achievements online b) Engaging in open discussions about patient cases without identifiers c) Sharing anonymized patient stories for educational purposes d) Connecting with colleagues on professional networking platforms

b) Engaging in open discussions about patient cases without identifiers

Among the listed terms, which refers to the tendency of systems to move toward disorder and randomness? a) Dynamic homeostasis b) Entropy c) Negentropy d) Equifinality

b) Entropy

What is usability testing? a) Assessing the durability of medical equipment b) Evaluating the user-friendliness and effectiveness of a system with real users c) Testing the accuracy of medical diagnoses d) Conducting physical endurance tests for healthcare professionals

b) Evaluating the user-friendliness and effectiveness of a system with real users

Nursing minimum data sets are crucial because they: a) Increase the workload for nurses b) Facilitate standardized documentation and improve data quality c) Provide comprehensive patient narratives d) Are solely for legal compliance

b) Facilitate standardized documentation and improve data quality

According to Situative Learning Theory, learning is best achieved through: a) Individual reflection and internal processing b) Group collaboration and social interaction c) Repetition and rote memorization d) Computer-based simulations and virtual reality

b) Group collaboration and social interaction

What term refers to an individual's ability to understand and apply numerical information related to health? a) Health Numeracy b) Health Literacy c) Digital Divide d) Telehealth Literacy

b) Health Literacy

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is best described as: a) Relying solely on clinical experience b) Incorporating the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences c) Disregarding research findings in patient care decisions d) Following traditional practices without considering new evidence

b) Incorporating the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences

he digital divide refers to: a) The gap between generations in understanding technology b) Inequalities in access to and usage of digital technologies c) The difference in online preferences between urban and rural populations d) The division of responsibilities in digital healthcare systems

b) Inequalities in access to and usage of digital technologies

In the context of quality improvement, why is the ability to query for aggregates valuable? a) It allows for individualized patient care plans b) It helps in tracking and analyzing trends across groups of patients c) It speeds up the PDSA cycle d) It replaces the need for the PDSA model

b) It helps in tracking and analyzing trends across groups of patients

How does the ANA (American Nurses Association) code of ethics relate to nursing informatics? a) It prohibits the use of technology in nursing practice b) It provides guidelines for ethical conduct in the digital age c) It discourages nurses from using electronic health records d) It focuses solely on traditional nursing practices

b) It provides guidelines for ethical conduct in the digital age

Patients should be aware that Internet pharmacies may: a) Provide safe and regulated medications b) Lack proper authentication and dispense counterfeit drugs c) Offer discounts exclusively for online purchases d) Have higher transparency in their pricing

b) Lack proper authentication and dispense counterfeit drugs

The relationship between nursing care, patient outcomes, and healthcare costs suggests that investing in nursing care quality: a) Increases patient satisfaction but not outcomes b) Leads to better patient outcomes and may reduce overall healthcare costs c) Has no impact on patient outcomes or costs d) Results in higher costs without improving outcomes

b) Leads to better patient outcomes and may reduce overall healthcare costs

What is a common challenge in current Electronic Health Records (EHRs) that hinders effective data tracking? a) Excessive customization options b) Limited interoperability between systems c) Overemphasis on data security d) Inclusion of all possible health data

b) Limited interoperability between systems

What is a common challenge associated with telehealth adoption? a) Increased accessibility b) Limited reach to rural areas c) Improved patient-provider relationships d) Reduced efficiency in healthcare delivery

b) Limited reach to rural areas

According to Lewin's Change Model, which stage involves creating new behaviors and beliefs that align with the desired change? a) Unfreezing b) Moving c) Refreezing d) Transitioning

b) Moving

Codifying information in nursing informatics involves: a) Decoding complex medical terminology b) Organizing information systematically using a set of codes c) Encrypting patient data for security purposes d) Exclusively using verbal communication in healthcare settings

b) Organizing information systematically using a set of codes

What are physical, cognitive, and organizational impacts related to the ergonomics of technology use? What agency governs regulations related to ergonomics? a) Physical: Enhanced comfort; Cognitive: Decreased focus; Organizational: Improved collaboration; Agency: FDA b) Physical: Musculoskeletal strain; Cognitive: Improved concentration; Organizational: Streamlined workflows; Agency: OSHA c) Physical: Reduced eye strain; Cognitive: Increased memory; Organizational: Limited communication; Agency: EPA d) Physical: Enhanced flexibility; Cognitive: Improved problem-solving; Organizational: Decreased efficiency; Agency: FCC

b) Physical: Musculoskeletal strain; Cognitive: Improved concentration; Organizational: Streamlined workflows; Agency: OSHA

In a computer system, what does RAM stand for? a) Read-Only Memory b) Random Access Memory c) Central Processing Unit d) Computer Processing Unit

b) Random Access Memory

Secondary analysis of data involves: a) Collecting new data for a research study b) Reanalyzing existing data for a purpose other than the original study c) Ignoring data that has already been collected d) Exclusively using primary data for analysis

b) Reanalyzing existing data for a purpose other than the original study

In the context of innovation adoption, which attribute refers to the perceived ease of use and trialability of the new technology or process? a) Compatibility b) Relative advantage c) Complexity d) Observability

b) Relative advantage

Telehealth involves: a) Traditional in-person healthcare services b) Remote delivery of healthcare services using technology c) Exclusively digital health literacy programs d) Health services for individuals with telecommunication backgrounds

b) Remote delivery of healthcare services using technology

A database is a: a) Collection of interconnected spreadsheets b) Repository for storing structured data c) Text document with hyperlinks d) Hardware component of a computer system

b) Repository for storing structured data

What are slip, lapse, and rule-based errors? Can you give an example of each type? a) Slip: Forgetting a medication dosage; Lapse: Entering incorrect data; Rule-based: Misinterpreting a medical guideline b) Slip: Pressing the wrong button; Lapse: Forgetting a patient's name; Rule-based: Following a safety protocol c) Slip: Misinterpreting a medical guideline; Lapse: Entering incorrect data; Rule-based: Following safety procedures d) Slip: Forgetting a medication dosage; Lapse: Pressing the wrong button; Rule-based: Misinterpreting a medical guideline

b) Slip: Pressing the wrong button; Lapse: Forgetting a patient's name; Rule-based: Following a safety protocol

What is a key distinction between a database and a spreadsheet? a) Databases are only used for calculations b) Spreadsheets can store unstructured data c) Databases can only contain numbers d) Spreadsheets lack the ability to link data across multiple sheets

b) Spreadsheets can store unstructured data

What are benchmarks in the context of health information systems? a) Specific diseases b) Standardized measures used for comparison c) Medication dosages d) Electronic health records

b) Standardized measures used for comparison

NANDA, NIC, and NOC are examples of: a) Government agencies regulating nursing informatics b) Standardized nursing languages for documentation c) Electronic health record systems d) Medical coding standards for billing

b) Standardized nursing languages for documentation

In healthcare, a clinical information system primarily focuses on: a) Managing administrative tasks and financial transactions b) Supporting clinical care and patient-related activities c) Regulating healthcare policies and guidelines d) Facilitating communication among healthcare administrators

b) Supporting clinical care and patient-related activities

What is a key reason for utilizing standardized language in nursing informatics? a) To limit communication between healthcare professionals b) To enable clear and consistent communication among healthcare professionals and systems c) To complicate the interpretation of health data d) To exclude patients from understanding their health records

b) To enable clear and consistent communication among healthcare professionals and systems

The HITECH (Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health) Act primarily focuses on: a) Regulating healthcare costs b) Enhancing patient care outcomes c) Advancing healthcare technology and improving data security d) Restricting the use of electronic health records

c) Advancing healthcare technology and improving data security

What is a crucial aspect for patients to consider when evaluating health information online? a) Popularity of the website b) Inclusion of personal anecdotes c) Authorship and credibility of the source d) Colorful and visually appealing design

c) Authorship and credibility of the source

The primary purpose of NDNQI is to: a) Collect data for billing purposes b) Provide a platform for nurses to share personal experiences c) Benchmark and improve nursing care quality d) Assess individual nurse performance

c) Benchmark and improve nursing care quality

How can technology be designed with the user in mind to enhance usability? a) By making it complex to challenge users b) By prioritizing aesthetics over functionality c) By incorporating user feedback and considering user needs d) By limiting customization options for users

c) By incorporating user feedback and considering user needs

What types of problems occur when human-machine interaction affects usability? a) Psychological issues only b) System errors only c) Cognitive, emotional, and physical issues d) Communication challenges only

c) Cognitive, emotional, and physical issues

In nursing informatics, the emphasis for data collection is on: a) Exclusively clinical and medical data b) Non-essential patient information c) Data relevant to nursing care and patient outcomes d) Social media interactions of healthcare professionals

c) Data relevant to nursing care and patient outcomes

A nursing minimum data set includes: a) Maximum allowable patient data b) The least amount of data necessary for patient care c) Essential elements of nursing care to be collected in a standardized manner d) Only data related to medical diagnoses

c) Essential elements of nursing care to be collected in a standardized manner

A cyberchondriac is an individual who: a) Designs healthcare apps b) Exclusively uses telehealth services c) Excessively searches for health information online and develops anxiety d) Works in the field of health literacy

c) Excessively searches for health information online and develops anxiety

What types of countermeasures can be added to technology to enhance usability and decrease errors? a) Increasing system complexity b) Ignoring user feedback c) Implementing user training programs d) Avoiding system updates

c) Implementing user training programs

In data-driven documentation, nurses are expected to: a) Focus solely on narrative descriptions b) Prioritize patient stories over measurable data c) Include structured and standardized data elements d) Avoid incorporating technology in documentation

c) Include structured and standardized data elements

How does technology affect the relationship between the client and nurse? a) It hinders communication and trust b) It has no impact on the relationship c) It can enhance communication, collaboration, and information sharing d) It only benefits the nurse, not the client

c) It can enhance communication, collaboration, and information sharing

Why is maintaining data integrity crucial in healthcare? a) It speeds up data processing b) It ensures the availability of unlimited data c) It facilitates accurate and reliable decision-making d) It minimizes the need for data protection measures

c) It facilitates accurate and reliable decision-making

How does the use of standard language in nursing documentation contribute to evidence-based nursing practice and overall healthcare quality? a) It hinders communication between healthcare professionals b) It creates barriers to implementing evidence-based practices c) It facilitates clear communication, supports research, and enhances overall healthcare quality d) It limits the scope of nursing practice to traditional methods

c) It facilitates clear communication, supports research, and enhances overall healthcare quality

What is a limitation of HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) concerning the protection of private health information? a) It allows unrestricted sharing of patient information b) It only applies to electronic health records c) It may not cover all entities handling health information d) It provides absolute anonymity for healthcare consumers

c) It may not cover all entities handling health information

In the hierarchy from data to wisdom, which level involves processed and organized information that is meaningful and usable? a) Data b) Information c) Knowledge d) Wisdom

c) Knowledge

One drawback of paper-based medical records compared to computer-based records is: a) Increased security and confidentiality b) Greater accessibility and ease of sharing information c) Limited storage capacity and potential for loss or damage d) Enhanced interoperability with other healthcare systems

c) Limited storage capacity and potential for loss or damage

Describe 5-6 principles of a professional-level presentation using slideshow or presentation software? a) Utilize distracting animations; Overcrowd slides with text; Ignore audience engagement; Read directly from slides; Use inconsistent fonts and colors b) Prioritize visual appeal over content; Speak in monotone; Skip audience interaction; Avoid eye contact; Include irrelevant information c) Maintain consistency in design; Use clear, readable fonts; Limit text on slides; Engage the audience; Practice effective verbal communication d) Overload slides with data; Disregard time management; Avoid questions from the audience; Rely solely on visual elements; Ignore technological glitches

c) Maintain consistency in design; Use clear, readable fonts; Limit text on slides; Engage the audience; Practice effective verbal communication

In the quality model, which component is directly influenced by the data and benchmarks provided by NDNQI? a) Structure b) Process c) Outcomes d) Continuous improvement

c) Outcomes

A spreadsheet is primarily used for: a) Storing large volumes of text-based data b) Creating and managing databases c) Performing calculations and organizing data in rows and columns d) Accessing the internet securely

c) Performing calculations and organizing data in rows and columns

The HITECH Act primarily aims to: a) Limit the use of Health Information Systems (HIS) b) Increase privacy concerns in healthcare c) Promote the adoption and meaningful use of electronic health records d) Restrict the sharing of patient information among healthcare providers

c) Promote the adoption and meaningful use of electronic health records

Nurses commonly use Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) for: a) Managing administrative tasks b) Communicating with patients' families c) Providing guidance in clinical decision-making d) Monitoring financial transactions

c) Providing guidance in clinical decision-making

A Health Information System (HIS) contributes to quality healthcare outcomes by: a) Limiting access to patient information b) Streamlining administrative tasks only c) Providing timely and accurate information for decision-making d) Excluding clinical decision support features

c) Providing timely and accurate information for decision-making

In Klar's model of memory, the stages are: a) Encoding, Retrieval, Forgetting b) Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory c) Registration, Consolidation, Recall d) Recognition, Reproduction, Recall

c) Registration, Consolidation, Recall

What term refers to the systematic organization of concepts or entities in a specific domain? a) Nomenclature b) Ontology c) Taxonomy d) Classification

c) Taxonomy

What are the goals of usability theory? a) To complicate human-machine interaction b) To minimize user satisfaction c) To optimize the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of user interactions with technology d) To discourage the use of technology in healthcare settings

c) To optimize the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of user interactions with technology

What is a common process that can lead to the destruction of data integrity? a) Regular data backups b) Encryption of data c) Unauthorized access and data manipulation d) System upgrades

c) Unauthorized access and data manipulation

What is an aggregate?

collection or grouping of data points, individuals, or entities. In healthcare, it often represents data aggregated from multiple sources or individuals, providing a broader view or summary of information.

What is digital divides potential effect on digital inclusion?

create barriers to digital inclusion, where certain populations or communities may lack access to essential technologies, limiting their participation in the digital world.

· What is a standard?

criteria, guidelines, or protocols established to ensure consistency, interoperability, and quality within a particular context or industry.

In a database, what role do fields play in the querying process? a) Fields determine the overall database structure b) Fields have no impact on querying c) Fields limit the types of queries that can be performed d) Fields define the data attributes that can be queried

d) Fields define the data attributes that can be queried

Memorability, minimalism quality, reversibility, satisfaction, workflow compatibility - What do these terms represent in usability theory? a) Characteristics of human anatomy b) Factors affecting nurse-patient communication c) Goals of human resource management d) Key principles contributing to the usability of a system

d) Key principles contributing to the usability of a system

The deep web refers to: a) The hidden layers of the internet that are accessible to the public b) Publicly available websites c) Encrypted data on the internet d) Non-indexed, private, or subscription-based content not accessible via search engines

d) Non-indexed, private, or subscription-based content not accessible via search engines

Health literacy

encompasses an individual's ability to obtain, understand, and apply health information to make informed decisions about their health and healthcare. It involves reading, comprehending, and critically evaluating health-related materials. Example:Reading and understanding a pamphlet on managing chronic conditions, including information on lifestyle changes, medication adherence, and recognizing symptoms.

· What is a cyberchondriac?

individual who excessively searches for health-related information on the internet and tends to be overly anxious or concerned about their health based on the information they find online. The term is a blend of "cyber," denoting the online or digital context, and "hypochondriac," which refers to someone who is excessively worried about having a serious medical condition. Cyberchondriacs may self-diagnose based on online information, leading to heightened anxiety and unnecessary concern about their health.

asynchronous telehealth

involves the exchange of health-related information or communication between individuals (e.g., patient and provider) without the need for real-time interaction. This can include messages, images, or recorded video consultations. Example:Sending a secure message to a healthcare provider with a description of symptoms and attaching images of a skin condition for assessment.

· What does it mean to "codify" information and what forces are driving coding standards?

involves the systematic assignment of codes or symbols to represent data in a standardized and structured manner. Purpose:Facilitates consistent interpretation, storage, retrieval, and exchange of information, reducing ambiguity and enhancing data management. Forces Driving Coding Standards: Interoperability:Coding standards promote seamless communication and data exchange between different systems, ensuring compatibility. Data Accuracy:Standardized coding contributes to accurate representation and interpretation of information, reducing errors and inconsistencies. Research and Analytics:Standardized coding facilitates data analysis, research, and the extraction of meaningful insights from large datasets. Regulatory Compliance:Many industries, including healthcare, have regulations mandating specific coding standards to ensure data security, privacy, and compliance. Efficiency and Consistency:Coding standards streamline processes, enhance consistency, and improve overall efficiency in data management.

Technology and culture

makes entry into culture and society for an intended purpose; yet having an inherent structure, form and ideology, technology insidiously, uncontrollably and without recognition redefines, reforms, disrupts, engages, disengages, deconstructs, reconstructs, amplifies, silences, maximizes, minimizes, overpowers and obfuscates in ways intended or unintended, predicted or unknown, desired and undesired.

HITECH act

part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. It promotes the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) and enhances the security and privacy of health information.

· Why is standardized language important in informatics?

provide a common framework, facilitating communication, interoperability, and the exchange of information. In informatics, standards ensure consistency in data representation and communication protocols.

o What are benchmarks?

reference points or standards against which performance can be measured. Role in Quality Improvements:Health information systems use benchmarks to assess and compare performance, helping identify areas for improvement.

Define health numeracy

refers to an individual's ability to understand, interpret, and use numerical information related to health and healthcare. It involves the capacity to comprehend numeric concepts, such as percentages, probabilities, and dosage instructions. Example:Understanding medication dosage instructions that involve numerical values, such as taking a specific number of pills at designated intervals.

synchronous telehealth

refers to real-time, live interactions between healthcare providers and patients using videoconferencing, audio calls, or instant messaging. It enables immediate communication and consultation. Example:Conducting a live video consultation between a patient and a healthcare provider for a remote medical assessment or follow-up.

Digital divide

refers to the gap between individuals and communities with access to modern information and communication technologies (ICT) and those without. It encompasses disparities in access to computers, the internet, and digital skills.

· What is secondary analysis of data?

refers to the process of reanalyzing existing data for a purpose other than the one for which it was originally collected. Purpose: Allows researchers to explore new research questions or perspectives using data collected for a different study. Maximizes the utility of existing datasets and avoids the costs and time associated with primary data collection.

· What is telehealth?

refers to the use of digital technologies, including videoconferencing, remote monitoring, and digital communication, to provide healthcare services and information at a distance. It enables healthcare professionals to connect with patients and deliver care remotely.

· What is a nursing minimum data set

standardized set of essential nursing data elements that capture key information about nursing care. It provides a foundation for consistent data collection and documentation.

What is Refworks?

web-based reference management tool used for organizing and managing citations and bibliographies. It allows users to collect, organize, and cite sources for research papers and projects. RefWorks facilitates collaboration and provides a platform for storing and accessing references from various sources.

Usability principles

· Memorability, minimalism quality, reversibility, satisfaction, workflow compatibility

What is aggregated data?

· data not limited to one patient, but data that are tracked across time, across organizations, across patient populations, or across some other variable. There are several issues that complicate the gathering of aggregate data, including data availability, format, management and definition, as well as the processes of trending and comparison to a standard benchmark.