43f
A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin, Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because ________.;A) even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins may not be a match;B) a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change;C) for each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles;D) Jane's MHC class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow
A
A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?;A) inflammatory response;B) lytic response;C) adaptive immune response;D) autoimmune response
A
Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by _____.;I) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes;II) antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes;III) the release of cytokines by activated B cells;A. only I and II;B. only II and III;C. only I and III;D. I, II, and, III
A
Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to ________.;A) certain bacterial infections;B) specific forms of viruses;C) the presence of natural killer cells;D) increased production of neutrophils
A
The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations in a given population is enormous. However, a given individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because _____.;A. Each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene.;B. the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways;C. once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories;D. MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II
A
Use the graphs to answer the following question.;Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria.;The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that ________.;A) adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection;B) adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection;C) wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to both fungal and bacterial pathogens;D) the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both fungal and bacterial pathogens
A
What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?;A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered.;B) It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered.;C) It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens.;D) It allows for the destruction of antibodies.
A
When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from ________.;A) the antibody having at least two binding regions;B) disulfide bridges between the antigens;C) bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules;D) denaturation of the antibodies
A
Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria?;A) complement protein;B) macrophages;C) plasma cells;D) major histocompatibility complex proteins
A
How is a viral antigen, like EBV, recognized by T cells?;A) An antigen fragment is presented within class I MHC to the T cell receptor.;B) Interferon proteins stick to the surface of infected cells.;C) T cells recognize antibodies that have bound to viral particles.;D) The virus is engulfed by T cells using Toll-like receptors.
A) An antigen fragment is presented within class I MHC to the T cell receptor.
An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because _____.;A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules;B) the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response;C) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells;D) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient
A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules
Which of the following would prevent allergic attacks?;A) blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells;B) blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies;C) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body;D) reducing the number of cytotoxic cells
A) blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells
Innate immunity _____.;A) is activated immediately upon infection;B) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen;C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens;D) is found only in vertebrate animals
A) is activated immediately upon infection
If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response?;A) memory;B) lysozymes;C) cytokines;D) defense against bacteria
A) memory
An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of any class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L,;has a light chain made up of ________.;A) one C region and one V region;B) one H region and one L region;C) three H regions and one L region;D) two C regions and two V regions
A) one C region and one V region
If a person is prone to allergies, what treatment could redirect their immune response to help;prevent future allergic reactions?;A) stimulating activated B cells to switch antibody production from class IgE to class IgM;B) blocking the antigen recognition sites of IgM antibodies;C) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body;D) reducing the number of cytotoxic cells
A) stimulating activated B cells to switch antibody production from class IgE to class IgM
For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary;that ________.;A) the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same;B) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified;C) the pathogen has only one epitope;D) the major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules are heterozygous
A) the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same
A strain of fruit fly lacks the ability to produce Dicer-2 protein. You might expect this strain;to be more susceptible to ________ infections.;A) viral;B) bacterial;C) fungal;D) protozoan
A) viral
Inflammatory Response D) Which of the following can engulf a pathogen?;A. Macrophages;B. Cytokines.;C. Platelets.;D. Mast cells.
A. Macrophages are leukocytes that can engulf and digest a pathogen.
Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium?;A. macrophage;B. cytotoxic T cell;C. plasma cell;D. helper T cell;E. B cell
A. Macrophages are phagocytic leukocytes.
Which of the following cells can engulf a pathogen?;A. Macrophages.;B. Mast cells.;C. Cytokines;D. Platelets
A. Macrophages.
Macrophages are _____.;A. large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body;B. the best defense against parasites;C. antigen-presenting cells that originate from neutrophils;D. cells that induce the lysis of virus-infected body cells;E. short-lived cells that self-destruct soon after engulfing foreign invaders
A. large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body
An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from ________.;A) vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin;B) injection of antibodies to the toxin;C) injection of interleukin-1;D) injection of interferon
B
Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function?;A) sweeping away debris;B) physically trapping of pathogens;C) destruction of pathogens because it is acidic;D) increasing oxygen absorption
B
T cells of the immune system include ________.;A) CD4, CD8, and plasma cells;B) cytotoxic and helper cells;C) plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells;D) lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
B
The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent) for a period of time is exemplified by ________.;A) influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years;B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host;C) Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS but rarely in those not infected by HIV;D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives
B
Vaccination increases the number of;A) different receptors that recognize a pathogen.;B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.;C) epitopes that the immune system can recognize.;D) MHC molecules that can present an antigen.
B
Vaccination offers protection against future exposure to pathogens because it ________.;A) stimulates the complement system;B) triggers clonal expansion of lymphocytes;C) promotes inflammation;D) enhances the activity of macrophages
B
Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?;A) memory cells;B) presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface;C) activation of complement proteins;D) phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood
B
Which of the following pairs of proteins share the most overall similarity in structure?;A. B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors;B. B-cell receptors and antibodies;C. T-cell receptors and antibodies;D. antibodies and antigens
B
Which of the following proteins can be classified as immunoglobulins?;I) T cell receptors;II) B cell receptors;III) Antigens;A) only I;B) only II;C) both II and III;D) both I and II
B
Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?;A) the set of antibodies produced;B) the set of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules produced;C) the set of T cell antigen receptors produced;D) the susceptibility to a particular virus
B
Which of the following would help a virus avoid triggering an effective adaptive immune response?;I) having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins;II) building the viral shell from host proteins;III) producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses;IV) infecting and killing helper T cells;A) only I and III;B) only I, II, and IV;C) only I, II, and III;D) only II, III, and IV
B
You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?;A) Your friend had antibodies to that virus.;B) You had an immunological memory of that virus.;C) Your friend had an autoimmune disorder.;D) Your friend had allergies.
B
________ are cells of the mammalian innate immune response that help destroy tumors.;A) Cytotoxic T cells;B) Natural killer cells;C) Macrophages;D) B cells
B
Which of the following statements is not true?;A) An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site.;B) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.;C) An antigen can have different epitopes.;D) A liver or muscle cell makes one class of MHC molecule.
B) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.
In a humoral or antibody-mediated immune response, specific B cells are stimulated by Helper T cells to transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. What would be an important feature added to B cells In this transition process?;A) Duplication of specific gene sequences for the appropriate antibody.;B) Increased rough endoplasmic reticulum in order to have the surface area needed for antibody production.;C) Duplication of lysosomes in order to store the antibodies before transport.
B) Increased rough endoplasmic reticulum in order to have the surface area needed for antibody production.
Which of these is not part of insect immunity?;A) enzyme activation of pathogen-killing chemicals;B) activation of natural killer cells;C) phagocytosis by hemocytes;D) production of antimicrobial peptides
B) activation of natural killer cells
Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in or on certain groups of pathogens, such as viral _____.;A) double-stranded DNA;B) double-stranded RNA;C) glycoproteins;D) phospholipids
B) double-stranded RNA
The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors, are _____.;A) cytotoxic T cells;B) natural killer cells;C) macrophages;D) B cells
B) natural killer cells
A man who has been exposed to the flu virus is tested by his physician. The physician notes that the virus is present but no measurable level of antibodies corresponding to the virus are detected in his body. What might this mean?;A. He was probably exposed sometime within the past two weeks, but we don't have enough information to say more.;B. He was probably exposed a few days ago and clonal selection has yet to produce plasma cells.;C. He was probably exposed more than several months ago, antibody production has ceased, and antibodies are no longer detectable.
B. After first exposure to an antigen, measurable levels of antibodies (produced from plasma cells) are not seen until about a week after exposure. Thus, it is probable that this man was exposed less than a week ago.
How do cells involved in the humoral response respond to antigen presentation on the surface of a B cell?;A. Helper T cells secrete antibodies against the viral antigen.;B. Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies.;C. Helper T cells divide and produce plasma and memory cells.;D. The B cell recognizes the receptor-antigen complex and divides to produce plasma and memory cells.
B. Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and activate the B cell, which divides and produces plasma and memory cells.
Which structure is not a component of the adaptive immune system?;A. Thymus.;B. Tissues.;C. Lymphatic ducts.;D. Spleen.
B. Lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system do not travel to tissues.
Which protein presents viral antigens on the outer surface of cells?;A. B cell receptor.;B. MHC protein.;C. Antibody.;D. T cell receptor.
B. MHC proteins present antigens on the surface of infected host cells (cell-mediated response - b/c they only have MHC I) or B cells (humoral response - b/c they have both MHC I and II - helper T cells).
Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells?;A. One binds a receptor called BCR (B-cell receptor), while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR (T-cell receptor).;B. One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity.;C. T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow.;D. B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph. T cells are activated by membrane-bound antigens
B. One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity
Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies?;A. cytotoxic T cells;B. plasma cells;C. helper T cells;D. bacterial cells;E. macrophages
B. Plasma cells are clones of antibody-secreting B cells.
Which of the following events occurs first when a wound that breaks the skin has occurred?;A. Macrophages present bacterial proteins as antigens on their plasma membrane.;B. Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding.;C. Mast cells secrete chemical messengers to regulate blood flow to the wound.;D. Neutrophils secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls.
B. Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding.
What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection?;A. CD8+ T cells are activated.;B. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells.;C. Macrophages digest viral particles.;D. Antibodies coat viral particles.
B. This step causes infected host cells to disintegrate and prevents the virus from spreading to other cells.
Inflammatory responses typically include _____.;A. release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area;B. increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area;C. inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow;D. reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma
B. increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
An antigen _____.;A. could be an invading bacterium;B. is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte;C. is a protein molecule that helps defend the body against disease;D. induces development of white blood cells in the bone marrow;E. is a protein attacked by an invading microorganism
B. is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte
A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over 20 years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell?;A) plasma cell;B) thyroid cell;C) memory cell;D) macrophage
C
A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely ________.;A) lack innate immunity;B) be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors;C) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells;D) have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies
C
A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with ________.;A) a vaccine;B) sterile pollen;C) antihistamines;D) monoclonal antibodies
C
An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?;A) the tail;B) the heavy-chain constant regions only;C) variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined;D) the light-chain constant regions only
C
An otherwise healthy student in your class was infected with EBV (the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis) when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. When she is exposed to EBV again later in life, she does not get sick or have any symptoms of mononucleosis.;Which of the following statements explains why your class mate does not exhibit symptoms of EBV infection?;A) She was likely infected with a weaker strain of EBV during her second exposure.;B) Complement proteins effectively controlled the EBV during the second infection.;C) Memory T cells quickly recognized the virus upon the second exposure and destroyed the virally infected cells.;D) Her innate immune response was better at recognizing the EBV antigen during the second infection.
C
Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity of vertebrates include ____.;I) neutrophils;II) macrophages;III) dendritic cells;IV) natural killer cells;A. I and IV;B. II and IV;C. I, II, and III;D. I and III
C
Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus was due to the fact that ________.;A) the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens;B) the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox;C) there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses;D) cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus
C
Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.;A. cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis;B. complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released;C. body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface;D. B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs
C
The complement system is ________.;A) a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity;B) a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins;C) a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion;D) a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes
C
What type of immunity is associated with breast feeding?;A) innate immunity;B) active immunity;C) passive immunity;D) cell-mediated immunity
C
Which of the following are similarities between B cells and T cells?;I) They both recognize antigen using immunoglobulin receptors.;II) Both B cells and T cells undergo clonal selection after encountering an antigen.;III) B cells and T cells both maintain an immunological memory of previously encountered antigens.;A) only III;B) only II;C) both II and III;D) both I and II
C
Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?;A) having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins;B) infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules;C) producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses;D) infecting and killing helper T cells
C
Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells?;A) B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity.;B) B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times.;C) B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells.;D) B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response.
C
A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by its _____.;A) immunoglobulins;B) antibodies;C) antimicrobial peptides;D) B cells
C) antimicrobial peptides
A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely;________.;A) lack innate immunity;B) be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors;C) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells;D) have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies
C) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells
The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are _____.;A) phagocytes and chemokines;B) dendritic cells and interferons;C) mast cells and histamines;D) lymphocytes and interferons
C) mast cells and histamines
Use the following for 12 and 13;an otherwise healthy student in your class was infected with EBV (the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis) when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. when she is exposed to EBV again later in life, she does not get sick or have any symptoms of mononucleosis;Which of the following statements explains why your class mate does not exhibit symptoms of EBV infection?;A) she was likely infected with a weaker strain of EBV during her second exposure;B) complement proteins effectivly controlled the EBV during the second infection;C) memory T cells quickly recognized the virus upon the second exposure anf destroyed the virally infected cells;D) her innate immune response was better at recognizing the EBV antigen during the second infection
C) memory T cells quickly recognized the virus upon the second exposure anf destroyed the virally infected cells
CD4 and CD8 are _____.;A) proteins secreted by antigen-presenting cells;B) receptors present on the surface of natural killer cells;C) molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with major histocompatability (MHC) molecules;D) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B cell activity
C) molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with major histocompatability (MHC) molecules
Which of the following statements about epitopes are correct?;I) B cell receptors bind to epitopes.;II) T cell receptors bind to epitopes.;III) There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen.;IV) There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope.;A) only I and III;B) only II and IV;C) only I, II, and III;D) only II, III, and IV
C) only I, II, and III
Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal-selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?;I) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.;II) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself.;III) Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen.;IV) Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated.;A) only I and III;B) only II and IV;C) only I, II, and IV;D) only II, III, and IV
C) only I, II, and IV
Lymphocytes mature in the _____.;I) spleen;II) thymus;III) bone marrow;A) only I and III;B) only I and II;C) only II and III;D) I, II, and III
C) only II and III
Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from the _____.;A) injection of vaccine;B) ingestion of interferon;C) placental transfer of antibodies;D) absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes
C) placental transfer of antibodies
How does an antihistamine reduce allergy symptoms?;A. An antihistamine kills mast cells, blocking an allergic reaction.;B. An antihistamine binds pollen antigens, preventing them from provoking an allergic reaction.;C. An antihistamine blocks receptors for inflammatory chemicals released from granules within mast cells
C. An antihistamine blocks receptors for inflammatory chemicals released from granules within mast cells.
Which secretion is not a barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body?;A. Mucus.;B. Ear wax.;C. Antigens.;D. Lysozyme.
C. Antigens.
Which is a true statement about memory cells?;A. The first time an antigen is encountered, memory cells become plasma cells.;B. They produce antibodies.;C. They have a longer lifespan than plasma cells.;D. They engulf antigens bound by antibodies.
C. Plasma cells live only 4-5 days, but memory cells may last for decades.
Which of the following statements best describes the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response?;A. They secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls and engulf and digest the invaders.;B. They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at some distance from the wound site.;C. They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream.;D. They release cytokines to stimulate the release of additional ne
C. They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream.
Helper T cells are part of _____.;A. innate immunity;B. a group of phagocytic white blood cells;C. cell-mediated immune responses;D. the complement systemthe first cells to bind to antigens
C. cell-mediated immune responses
A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to ____.;A. stimulate a cytotoxic T cell;B. respond to T-independent antigens;C. lyse tumor cells;D. interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex
D
Acidity in human sweat is an example of ________.;A) cell-mediated immune responses;B) acquired immunity;C) adaptive immunity;D) innate immunity
D
Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen.;I) Pathogen is destroyed.;II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.;III) Antigens from a pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.;IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigens from a pathogen become numerous.;V) Only memory cells remain.;A) I → III → II → IV → V;B) II → I → IV → III → V;C) IV → II → III → I → V;D) III → IV → II → I → V
D
B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________.;A) B cells produce IgE antibodies;B) B cells release cytokines;C) cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface;D) helper T cells release cytokines
D
Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin ________.;A) inactivate the erythrocytes;B) stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells;C) stimulate release of interferons;D) activate a group of proteins called complement
D
Immunological memory accounts for ____.;A. the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more severe disease than others;B. the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines;C. the human body's ability to distinguish self from non-self;D. the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased
D
The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by ________.;A) interferons produced by immune cells;B) the secretion of complement proteins;C) the release of slightly alkaline secretions;D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces
D
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.;An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick.;The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with _____.;A. class II MHC molecules;B. antibodies;C. a complement;D. class I MHC molecules
D
Vertebrate immune cells, which are phagocytic, include ________.;I) neutrophils;II) macrophages;III) dendritic cells;IV) natural killer cells;A) I and III;B) II and IV;C) I and IV;D) I, II, and III
D
Which of the following components of the immune system destroys cancerous cells by punching holes in plasma membranes and triggering apoptosis?;A) toll-like proteins;B) macrophages;C) plasma cells;D) cytotoxic T cells
D
Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?;A. a condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly;B. a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen;C. a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen;D. a condition in which self molecules are treated as non-self
D
Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by a(n)________.;A) RNA polymerase;B) reverse transcriptase;C) telomerase;D) recombinase
D
Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because ________.;A) of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases;B) the flu can generate anaphylactic shock;C) surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year;D) rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells
D
Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of _____.;A) large quantities of the antigen initially recognized;B) vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors;C) long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen;D) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen
D) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen
The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another class of antibody;that is responsive to the same antigen is due to ________.;A) the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells;B) a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response;C) a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells;D) the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA
D) the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA
How are cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) produced?;A. Plasma cells secrete cytotoxic T lymphocytes.;B. Helper T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.;C. B cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.;D. CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
D. CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into a clone of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
How do cells involved in the innate immune response detect the presence of pathogens?;A. Antibodies bind to the pathogens.;B. Leukocytes recognize the entire pathogen.;C. Leukocytes recognize the secretions from a pathogen.;D. Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens.
D. Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens.
Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response?;A. cytokines;B. macrophages;C. cytotoxic T cells;D. memory cells;E. plasma cells
D. Memory cells are responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response and for long-term immunity.
The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response.;A. interleukin-2 ... humoral;B. antibodies ... humoral;C. antibodies ... antibody-mediated;D. perforin ... cell-mediated;E. perforin ... humoral
D. Perforin causes the lysis of pathogen-infected body cells; it is a component of the cell-mediated immune response.
Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____.;A. helper T cells ... plasma cells;B. B cells ... macrophages;C. T cells ... B cells;D. B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells;E. macrophages ... B cells and T cells
D. The antigen-selected proliferation of B cells produces clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
Clonal selection is an explanation for how _____.;A. macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells;B. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can disrupt the immune system;C. V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged;D. an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies
D. an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies
Innate immunity and acquired immunity are both _____.;A. dependent on surface secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands, which give the skin an acidic pH that is unfavorable for bacterial colonization;B. dependent exclusively on cell-mediated responses;C. dependent on tears, saliva, and mucous secretions that contain lysozyme, an enzyme that digests bacterial cell walls;D. characteristics of all vertebrate animals;E. based on the trapping of microbes by mucus
D. characteristics of all vertebrate animals
Cell-mediated immunity differs from humoral immunity in that _____.;A. cell-mediated immunity is longer lasting;B. clonal selection occurs only in cell-mediated immunity;C. a humoral response is mounted more quickly;D. they respond differently to invaders;E. a subsequent secondary immune response can occur in humoral immunity
D. they respond differently to invaders