4.4
Thirteen-year-old Erin and her mother were in a car accident. Her mother was fine, but Erin had a cut on her forehead. When the attractive EMT came over to her, Erin would be MOST likely to say:
"Don't look at me. I must look terrible."
Only a small proportion, about _____ percent, of U.S. teens wish they were someone else.
20
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by
Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
who said "pair-bonding is a trademark of the human animal"
Helen Fisher
How does memory change with age?
Recall begins to decline, especially for meaningless information. Recognition memory remains strong.
The main difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of development is that:
Vygotsky stressed the independent efforts of the child, whereas Piaget stressed formal learning experiences.
The __________ areas of the cortex were the last cortical areas to develop.
association
Arthur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Arthur is in the stage of development called integrity versus _____.
despair
Several survivors of a 2018 school shooting in Parkland, Florida, have become nationally recognized advocates for gun control. These students' ability to think abstractly about a complex topic reflects Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development
formal operational
With respect to adolescence, biology determines:
its beginning, but not its end.
Which of the following individuals is in the late adulthood stage of development? Margo, who is 50 years old Marge, who is 60 years old David, who is 40 years old Juanita, who is 70 years old
juanita
Judith just turned 68 years old. Judith is in the developmental stage called _____ adulthood.
late
People differ the most in their learning and memory abilities during:
late adulthood.
The initiative to have infants sleep on their back, rather than their stomach, has been associated with:
later crawling.
Dr. Juan is conducting a study of military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf wars, in which he plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to find out if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory over the 10 years. This is a(n) _____________ study.
longitudinal
Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to __________ and to ____________.
love; work
A 65-year-old retina receives only about _____ as much light as its 20-year-old counterpart.
one-third
Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the:
placenta
what is the social clock?
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
Fewer than ____________ of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks after fertilization.
50 percent
Which individual is matched with the correct stage of adult development?
57-year-old Jack—middle adulthood
Clay has always had a strong sexual desire for his wife. Recently, though, his desire has reduced. What age range is Clay likely in?
75 to 80
A woman's egg is _____ times the size of a single sperm.
85000
Allan is 34. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?
Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.
What is conventional morality?
By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake.
How do cross-sectional and longitudinal studies differ?
Cross-sectional studies compare people of different ages at one point in time. Longitudinal studies restudy and retest the same people over a long period of time.
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:
Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What is MOST likely happening to Celia?
Her frontal lobes are growing.
A grandmother is in her early eighties and is beginning to seem frail. Which of these is likely noticeable about her abilities?
Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing.
Which individual is expected to show the MOST severe grief? Quinn, who lost her longtime but never married companion from a debilitating life condition Lucy, whose husband died of cancer after a 20-year battle Melanie, whose husband died suddenly in a car accident Cary, whose wife died of cancer after a 20-year battle
Melanie, whose husband died suddenly in a car accident
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Research has shown that these processes of aging can be reversed by:
Nothing can reverse the decline associated with aging.
A loved one's death triggers what range of reactions?
People do not grieve in predictable states, and bereavement therapy is not significantly more effective than grieving without such aid. Life can be affirmed even at death, especially for those who experience what Erikson called a sense of integrity.
What is the sandwich generation?
People who find themselves responsible for both their children and their aging parents.
_____ consists of all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Self-concept
Maya is 15 years old and has a close, affectionate relationship with her mother. Which statement is MOST likely?
She has close relationships with several other girls her age.
How might adolescents' tendency to engage in risky behaviors such as drag racing and experimental drug use reflect brain development phenomena?
The frontal lobe matures slowly, impeding adolescents' ability to weigh potential consequences.
Which of the following statements BEST represents contemporary thinking on the nature-nurture issue?
The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.
Juanita is aware that her memory is not as good as it used to be. She has seen numerous commercials for a brain training computer-based game that claims to help improve cognitive functioning. She is planning on enrolling in the program to help improve her memory. What would be the best advice for her?
These programs do not do what they claim to do. While your memory will improve, it will only improve on the practiced skills in the game and will not help you in everyday life.
Kayla is 13 years old. She is in the middle of puberty. Kayla is in a stage of development called:
adolescence
What themes and influences mark our social journey from early adulthood to death?
adults do not progress through an orderly sequence of age-related social stages. Chance events can determine life choices. The social clock is a culture's preferred timing for events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. Adulthood's dominant themes are love and work
Amelia is 3 years old and fights with her mother each morning on what to wear. She insists on dressing herself. Her mother almost always tries to convince her that her mismatched outfit is not suitable for an outing but eventually gives in because of Amelia's persistence. Amelia is dealing with which issue based on Erik Erikson's theory?
autonomy versus shame and doubt
What are some of the most significant challenges and rewards of growing old?
challenges: decline of muscular strength, reaction times, stamina, sensory keenness, cardiac output, and immune system functioning. Risk of cognitive decline increases. Rewards: positive feelings tend to grow; negative emotions subside; and anger, stress, worry, and social-relationship problems decrease.
What is preconventional morality?
childlike; most basic level; calculating, self-centered, and selfish
Max is 17 years old. He has decided to help out at Buddy Ball this summer. He will help disabled children play baseball. Max knows that this will look good on his college applications. Max is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.
conventional
Ren is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
conventional
Sixteen-year-old Michael begins growing a marijuana plant in a corner of his family's garden. His stepfather asks him to remove it because it is illegal. In Kohlberg's terms, Michael's stepfather is demonstrating _____ reasoning.
conventional
Improved judgment, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develop during the late teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:
development of the frontal lobe
As compared to younger adults, older people have a slower reaction time and attend less to other vehicles on the road. Nevertheless, older adults account for fewer than 10 percent of all automobile crashes because they:
drive less than younger adults.
Compared to a century ago, menarche now occurs _____ in life and adult independence begins _____ in life.
earlier; later
Mike is 25 years old and just graduated from college. What stage of development is he in?
early adulthood
The textbook states that "after high school, those who enter the job market or go to college may be managing their own time and priorities. Yet they may be doing so from their parents' home, unable to afford their own place." These individuals are in a phase of life many developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.
emerging
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as:
emerging adulthood
what are the benefits of physical exercise?
enhance muscles, bones, and energy, and helps prevent obesity and heart disease. It maintains the telomeres that protect chromosome ends and even appears to slow the progression of alzhemiers. It also stimulates brain cell development and neural connections, thanks to increased oxygen and nutrient flow. It also reduces brain shrinkage, promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and increases cellular mitochondria that help power both muscles and brain cells.
According to Kohlberg, decisions at the postconventional level of moral reasoning are based on
ethical principles.
what are chance events?
events that occur by chance that can have lasting significance.
Malcolm was contemplating dropping out of high school when he was asked to enroll in a volunteer program. Every week he worked in a local day-care center, helping children with their projects. The children appreciated his help. After a few months, it is MOST likely that Malcolm will:
feel better about himself and not drop out.
The combination of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that result from a pregnant woman's heavy drinking is known as:
fetal alcohol syndrome.
According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning form?
formal operational
An unarmed 18-year-old African-American man was on his way to college when he engaged in an altercation with a police officer. The ending result was the police officer shot and killed him. Sean is a 19-year-old African-American man who is disgusted about what just took place in his neighborhood. He decides to demonstrate his frustration by joining in riots taking place in his neighborhood. Sean is in Piaget's _____ stages of cognitive development.
formal operational
Most people achieve which of Piaget's intellectual stages during adolescence?
formal operations
Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence because their:
frontal lobes are not fully developed.
Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and _________________.
generativity
Marcia is 48. She has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing:
generativity
Peter is 54. He has just celebrated his twenty-fifth anniversary at his company. He feels that his gold watch is just a meaningless trinket and is glad that he balanced his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Peter is in the stage of development called _____ versus _____.
generativity; stagnation
Keith is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Keith is in the stage of development called _____ versus role confusion.
identity
what happens in late adulthood healthwise?
immune system weakens, but lifetime's accumulation of antibodies, they suffer short-term ailments
According to research on the stability of temperament, which of the following is the MOST stable over time?
impulsiveness
Mike is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Mike is in the stage of development called _____ versus _____.
integrity; despair
Janice has a job, a cat named Jake, and 33 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right man. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Janice is in the stage of development called intimacy versus _____.
isolation
what do women and men experience in middle adulthood?
men experience gradual decline in sperm count, testosterone level, and speed of erection and ejaculation. Women experience menopause as menstrual cycles end, usually within a few years of age 50. sexual activity lessens for both
The first menstrual period in girls in the United States occurs usually within a year of age 12, and it is known as _____.
menarche
Adrianne is elated. She has not gotten her period in over a year. She does not have to worry about an unintended pregnancy either. She feels liberated. Adrianne is MOST likely experiencing _____.
menopause
Carole has stopped ovulating and is now incapable of reproduction. Carole has experienced:
menopause
.To most people, the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect: formal operational thought. moral intuitions. conventional morality. preconventional morality.
moral intuitions
What is postconventional morality?
morality of a mature adult; less concerned about how others might see them and more concerned about how they see and judge themselves over the long run
what diminishes in late adulthood?
muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina diminish in late adulthood. Visual sharpness, distance perception and adaptation to light level changes diminishes. The pupil shrinks and its lens become less transparent, reducing the amount of light reaching the retina. Sense of smell, hearing, and touch also diminished.
Cross-sectional studies are those in which:
people of different ages are compared with one another
Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:
pneumonia
Contrary to what many people assume: older people are significantly less happy than adolescents are. we become less happy as we move from our teen years into midlife. positive feelings tend to grow after midlife. those whose children have recently left home—the empty nesters—have the lowest level of happiness of all groups.
positive feelings tend to grow after midlife
Ethical principles and basic rights define Kohlberg's _____ level of moral development.
postconventional
Faruq believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
postconventional
Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.
preconventional
Seventy-six-year-old Charles has an optimistic outlook on life, plays golf several times a week, and teaches English to non-English speaking people. Charles's example demonstrates the role that _____ factors play in helping older people live longer and flourish.
pyschological
By age 65, a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability to: recall and list all the important terms and concepts in a chapter. select the correct definition in a multiple-choice question. recall their own birth date. practice a well-learned skill, such as knitting.
recall and list all the important terms and concepts in a chapter
Henry is 58 years old, and he is worried about age-related loss of both memory and cognitive abilities. He asks you what he can do to minimize any declines. You give him all of the following suggestions EXCEPT:
reduce your activity level.
When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus compared to an older stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as being new. It follows that the infant:
remembers the older, original stimulus, thus making the new stimulus seem different.
What is a cross-sectional study?
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
What is a longitudinal study?
research that follows and retests the same people over time
As a public initiation into manhood, a bar mitzvah is an example of a:
rite of passage
Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing:
role confusion.
What is early adulthood?
roughly twenties and thirties
In puberty, the ____________ of physical changes is far more predictable than their timing. sexual maturation biology emergence sequence
sequence
John is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. John is more likely to be:
sexually active
Stephanie is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. She does not have any children. Stephanie's grandmother keeps asking her when she will get married and have children, insisting that Stephanie should be married and a mother by now. She also insists that Stephanie should not focus on her career because once she is married she should not be working. Stephanie's grandmother is referring to the _____ clock of her generation.
social
James walks into the gas station to prepay for his gas. It seems like everyone pauses and looks at him. He is now aware that he is the only African-American male in the store. He is aware of his:
social identity
A pregnant woman was recently arrested for using heroin. She is addicted to it, and there is a risk that her fetus will develop abnormally. Heroin is clearly a _____________ for the fetus.
teratogen
What is late adulthood?
the years after 65
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his:
theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his
theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.
what did cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies say about mental abilities?
they do and do not change as people age.
what is middle adulthood?
to age 65
What slows aging?
to exercise
What is a midlife transition?
turning points(35 to 45 years old)< major changes in the way they felt about an important aspect of their lives > in early and middle adulthood were positive. they involved fulfilling a dream and learning something good about oneself.. overall, turning point rarely resembled midlife crises.
Thirteen-year-old Ariana is getting more involved in risky behaviors, which has her mother very worried. Ariana is also more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the MOST likely explanation for Ariana's behavior?
a pubertal hormonal surge
All of these are difficult for older adults EXCEPT:
vocabulary
Marcia has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing the _____ versus stagnation stage.
generativity
what is terminal decline?
in the last three or four years of life and especially as death approaches, negative feelings and cognitive decline typically increase.
How does our well-being change across the life span?
surveys show that life satisfaction is unrelated to age until the terminal decline phase. Positive emotions increase after midlife and negative ones decrease; with age come fewer extremes of emotion and mood.
what happens in late adulthood with the brain?
take more time to react, solve perceptual puzzles, remember names; brain regions important to memory being to atrophy during age. The blood-brain barrier breaks down beginning in the hippocampus, which furthers cognitive decline. there is still plasticity, which partly compensates for what it loses by recruiting and reorganizing neural networks.
When are adult bonds of love most satisfying and enduring?
when marked by a similarity of interests and values, a sharing of emotional and material support, and intimate self-disclosure.
Bill is 65 years old and is worried about the upcoming winter months. He is very worried that he will catch a cold that would escalate to something worse due to his age. What would one advise Bill?
Try not to worry too much. Children and younger adults are more susceptible to short-term ailments due to older adults having more antibodies in their system.
A game of peek-a-boo with his dad excites Lee during his first six months of his life because he actually thinks his dad has disappeared. Lee lacks:
a sense of object permanence.
Amanda's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in a cabinet after Amanda had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns, though, she notices her brother's mischievous grin and is able to find her hidden bear. This illustrates Amanda's development of:
a theory of mind.
Dianne feels overwhelmed. She helps her adult daughter regularly with finances and caring for her grandchildren. She is also the primary caregiver of both her aging mother and her father-in-law. She feels like she never has a minute to herself. Dianne can be referred to as being in the _____ generation.
sandwich