4700 EXAM 1
sensibility
consistent of the test or measurement over time, same test administered on 2 or more separate occasions, test-retest reliability method
laboratory research
controlled situation done under more sterile conditions tighter control over conditions
Creating specific examples from generalized statements is an example of what?
deductive reasoning
applied research
done with a specific question or application in mind, address and answer real questions
mortality (experimental)
drop out/ loss of participants form a study
In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure that is called the _________________
effect size
maturation
effects related to physiological process
In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called
experimental mortality
regression to the mean
extreme scores tend to regress toward the mean
True or False? An observational study design has less potential for bias than a randomized controlled trial (RCT).
false
Logical Fallacies
flaws in reasons when deceptive, invalid reasoning ad hominem, straw man, appeal to authority
External validity is the:
generalizability of a study
concurrent validity
gold standard most accurate agreement with the true value or criterion measure
Which threat to internal validity is introduced when the researcher has some expectation about the performance of a subject and is also involved in assessing the subject, possibly biasing the researcher's judgment?
halo effect
Just before the posttest, students in the control group were shown a film in another class that related directly to the subject matter being studied in the treatment group. This represents what kind of threat to internal validity?
history
Creating generalized statements from specific examples is an example of what?
inductive reasoning
The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study is the definition of what kind of validity?
internal
multiple treatment interference
introducing more than one experimental variable, there is a risk of the variables interfering with or facilitating one another
case study/ report
involves a profile of a single individual
absolute risk
likelihood of an event occurring in a group under specific conditions
______________ are errors or flaws in reasoning when deceptive, invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning are used in the construction of an argument.
logical fallacies
Cohort Study
longitudinal/ prospective Track the same groups of people over an extended period of time
selection of maturation
maturation effected group with study differences
reactive effects of pre testing
may make the participants more aware or sensitive to the upcoming treatment as a result the treatment is not as effective without the pretest
Observational studies
medium level, cannot determine cost and effect, intervention occurs naturally
non-experimental/observational
observing and describing the characteristics and phenomena of a condition/situation
cognitive biases
predisposition towards certain kinds of thinking confirmation bias Dunning Kruger
In the following example, what is the independent variable? Does protein intake improve biceps circumference in male weight lifters?
protein intake
The gold standard for research in the health sciences is the
randomized control trial
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category B includes evidence from ______.
randomized controlled trials with a limited body of data.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category A includes evidence from ______.
randomized controlled trials with a rich body of data.
incidence rate
rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specific time period
deductive reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.) General- specific
Quantitative research
research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
Qualitative research
research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data
Halo effect
researchers expectation about the performance of a subject influences the subjects behavior
Case-control study
retrospective - start with an end point and work backward, figures out what might have caused that outcome
Hawthorne effect
the behavioral effect on a subject participants in and being observed in a study
standard error of measurement
the degree to which a person's observed score fluctuates as a result of errors in measurement
criterion-based validity
the degree to which a test is related to some recognized standard
sensitivity
the degree to which small differences can be detected, the more sensitive the instrumentation, the greater precision of measurement, thus the greater the validity
construct validity
the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure -no defective criterion -difficult to measure combination of statistical and logical validity
In an experiment
the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to see whateffect it has on the dependent variable
placebo effect
the measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health or behavior not attributed to a medication or invasive treatment that has been administered.
prevalence rate
the proportion of population that are cases at a specific time
Intrarater reliability
the stability of repeated measures by the same examiner
basic research
typically deals with theoretical concepts, no immediate concern with application
confounding variable
variables other than the independent variable on which the participants in one experimental condition differ systematically from those in other conditions
subject + treatment interactions
when a group is selected on some characteristics, the treatment may work only on those possessing that characteristics
artificial nature of experimental condition
will a subject perform in the same manner under experimental conditions as they would in the real world
In a study designed to assess the comparative effectiveness of two workbooks used in teaching students about laboratory procedures, the independent variable of the study would be
workbooks
A survey authorized by the CDC to assess daily physical activity and nutritional habits in American children is an example of what type of evidence?
Observational research
dependent variable
Outcome variable
External validity (generalizability)
Refers to whether the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and other people, controlled by: random sampling, situational control, and cause/effect relationships.
cross sectional survey
Snapshot, Assesses information about a population at one point in time
internal validity may be defined as
The extent to which the independent variable effects the dependent variable
hierarchy of ranking evidence
(1) experimental research (2) observational research (3) practical experience and expert opinion
The dependent variable
-is the one that is expected to change as a result of the treatment -the variable that is observed or measured in the research process -represents the response or outcome from the manipulation of the independent variable
research hypothesis
A proposed explanation for observed phenomena, in the form of a statement, created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research experiment that is testable, falsifiable and realistic.
inductive reasoning
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. Bottom up
A study is designed to investigate the effects of different brands of toothpaste (Colgate vs. Crest) on the prevention of cavities. What is the independent variable and dependent variable?
IV:brand of toothpaste DV: number of cavities
the independent variable
Is the variable that is manipulated to see if it affects behavior or performance
A researcher predicts that there will be a positive relationship between attitude scores and grade point average. This is an example of a
Research hypothesis
Which of the following would be given the rank of the highest form of evidence?
Systematic review of randomized controlled trials
A pretest of knowledge about microcomputers is given to a group of students 5 min prior to a film on the subject. A posttest given 10 min after the film showed a 10-point gain from the pretest. The researcher concludes that the film produced the gain. Which of the following is likely the threat to internal validity?
Testing
epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems
external validity
ability to use the results of a study to other conditions or settings, generalizability
This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The independent variable is
adventure summer camp
instrumentation
changes in measurement process
As a result of the brain's attempt to simply information processing, ________________ are predispositions towards certain kinds of thinking that occurs when people are rapidly processing and interpreting information
cognitive biases
selection of subject bias
comparison groups are not equal at the beginning of the study
Experimental studies
denotes control of exposure to the intervention, can determine cause and effect, randomized control trial
When measuring the effects of water consumption on a runner's performance, speed and distance are examples of ______.
dependent variables
The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of best current evidence indecision making is known as what?
evidence-based practice
John Henry Effect
experimental group and control group, the control group knows it is not supposed to be better, but they subsequently try harder and out perform the experimental group
The only type of research that can manipulate treatments and establish a cause and effect is
experimental research
validity
extent to which an instrument measures what is intended to measure, accuracy, truthfulness
internal validity
extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
internal validity
extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study, can be directly attributed
internal consistency
how consistent-scores of a test are within itself
The major weakness of epidemiologic studies is
inability to experimentally establish cause and effect
As you change what happens to the __________, you will observe what happens to the __________.
independent variable, dependent variable
relative risk
likelihood of an event occurring in group when compared to another group of people
independednt variable
manipulated or the variable you can control
Field research
natural setting, real wold setting, limited control
double-blind
neither subject nor researchers know what treatment the subjects are receiving
A double-blind experiment is one in which
neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category C includes evidence from ______.
non-randomized trials, observational studies.
Fact
observations about the world around us
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category D includes evidence from ______.
panel consensus judgment.
Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of
people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases
testing
practice effects for repetition of the same test
In experimental design, when comparisons are made of groups that have been selected on the basis of their extreme scores, the posttest means of the groups tend to move toward the mean of the entire population from which the extreme groups were selected. This threat to internal validity is called
statistical regression
predictive validity
the ability of the instrument to predict future test results
interrater reliability
the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior
When a hypothesis is repeatedly supported by multiple investigations and laboratories, it can become a ______.
theory
3 components of EBP
totality of evidence, clinical expertise/synthesis of evidence, patient values/ circumstances
observed score
true score +/- error score
In evaluating the method section of a research report, which is a very important question to keep in mind?
Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated?
history
Extraneous events that occurred external to Tham the planned experimental treatment
A researcher wants to compare a dosage of 1200 mg vs. 2400 mg of ibuprofen on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) following an intense bout of exercise. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
Independent variable: dosage level; dependent variable: measure of DOMS
threats to internal validity
Maturation Regression to the mean Selection of subjects Selection by maturation interaction Mortality Instrumentation Testing History
replication
blueprint/ step-by-step plan for conducting research
necebo effect
a detrimental effect on health produced by psychological or psychosomatic factors such as negative expectation of treatment or prognosis
A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of plyometric exercise by comparing sport teams that use this method with teams that do not. The researcher expects the teams that utilize plyometrics to show higher gains in power production. This statement is:
a hypothesis
reliability
a measure of the degree of the consistency or repeatability of a test, if a test is not reliable the results can't be trusted
hypothesis
a proposed explanation for a phenomenon made as a starting point for further investigation
Law
a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe
meta-analytic study
a study that involves contrasting and combining results from different studies, with the aim of finding patterns among the results that might bring about new information
theory
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world
Experimental
attempts to determine cause and effect and introduce and manipulate of an independent variable
In the following example, what is the dependent variable? Does protein intake improve biceps circumference in male weight lifters?
biceps circumference
This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The dependent variable is
self concept
equivalence
similarity between 2 different forms of the same test
Blind
subject does not know what treatment they are receiving
controlling threats to external validity
subjects must be representative of the population to be generalized to
randomized control trials
subjects receive either the new screening test or usual care, Gold standard, least prone to bias
systematic review
summarized findings from multiple studies of a specific clinical practice question or topic that recommend practice changes and future directions for research; one of the strongest sources of evidence for evidence-based practice
