4700 EXAM 1

sensibility

consistent of the test or measurement over time, same test administered on 2 or more separate occasions, test-retest reliability method

laboratory research

controlled situation done under more sterile conditions tighter control over conditions

Creating specific examples from generalized statements is an example of what?

deductive reasoning

applied research

done with a specific question or application in mind, address and answer real questions

mortality (experimental)

drop out/ loss of participants form a study

In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure that is called the _________________

effect size

maturation

effects related to physiological process

In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called

experimental mortality

regression to the mean

extreme scores tend to regress toward the mean

True or False? An observational study design has less potential for bias than a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

false

Logical Fallacies

flaws in reasons when deceptive, invalid reasoning ad hominem, straw man, appeal to authority

External validity is the:

generalizability of a study

concurrent validity

gold standard most accurate agreement with the true value or criterion measure

Which threat to internal validity is introduced when the researcher has some expectation about the performance of a subject and is also involved in assessing the subject, possibly biasing the researcher's judgment?

halo effect

Just before the posttest, students in the control group were shown a film in another class that related directly to the subject matter being studied in the treatment group. This represents what kind of threat to internal validity?

history

Creating generalized statements from specific examples is an example of what?

inductive reasoning

The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study is the definition of what kind of validity?

internal

multiple treatment interference

introducing more than one experimental variable, there is a risk of the variables interfering with or facilitating one another

case study/ report

involves a profile of a single individual

absolute risk

likelihood of an event occurring in a group under specific conditions

______________ are errors or flaws in reasoning when deceptive, invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning are used in the construction of an argument.

logical fallacies

Cohort Study

longitudinal/ prospective Track the same groups of people over an extended period of time

selection of maturation

maturation effected group with study differences

reactive effects of pre testing

may make the participants more aware or sensitive to the upcoming treatment as a result the treatment is not as effective without the pretest

Observational studies

medium level, cannot determine cost and effect, intervention occurs naturally

non-experimental/observational

observing and describing the characteristics and phenomena of a condition/situation

cognitive biases

predisposition towards certain kinds of thinking confirmation bias Dunning Kruger

In the following example, what is the independent variable? Does protein intake improve biceps circumference in male weight lifters?

protein intake

The gold standard for research in the health sciences is the

randomized control trial

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category B includes evidence from ______.

randomized controlled trials with a limited body of data.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category A includes evidence from ______.

randomized controlled trials with a rich body of data.

incidence rate

rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specific time period

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.) General- specific

Quantitative research

research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

Qualitative research

research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data

Halo effect

researchers expectation about the performance of a subject influences the subjects behavior

Case-control study

retrospective - start with an end point and work backward, figures out what might have caused that outcome

Hawthorne effect

the behavioral effect on a subject participants in and being observed in a study

standard error of measurement

the degree to which a person's observed score fluctuates as a result of errors in measurement

criterion-based validity

the degree to which a test is related to some recognized standard

sensitivity

the degree to which small differences can be detected, the more sensitive the instrumentation, the greater precision of measurement, thus the greater the validity

construct validity

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure -no defective criterion -difficult to measure combination of statistical and logical validity

In an experiment

the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to see whateffect it has on the dependent variable

placebo effect

the measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health or behavior not attributed to a medication or invasive treatment that has been administered.

prevalence rate

the proportion of population that are cases at a specific time

Intrarater reliability

the stability of repeated measures by the same examiner

basic research

typically deals with theoretical concepts, no immediate concern with application

confounding variable

variables other than the independent variable on which the participants in one experimental condition differ systematically from those in other conditions

subject + treatment interactions

when a group is selected on some characteristics, the treatment may work only on those possessing that characteristics

artificial nature of experimental condition

will a subject perform in the same manner under experimental conditions as they would in the real world

In a study designed to assess the comparative effectiveness of two workbooks used in teaching students about laboratory procedures, the independent variable of the study would be

workbooks

A survey authorized by the CDC to assess daily physical activity and nutritional habits in American children is an example of what type of evidence?

Observational research

dependent variable

Outcome variable

External validity (generalizability)

Refers to whether the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and other people, controlled by: random sampling, situational control, and cause/effect relationships.

cross sectional survey

Snapshot, Assesses information about a population at one point in time

internal validity may be defined as

The extent to which the independent variable effects the dependent variable

hierarchy of ranking evidence

(1) experimental research (2) observational research (3) practical experience and expert opinion

The dependent variable

-is the one that is expected to change as a result of the treatment -the variable that is observed or measured in the research process -represents the response or outcome from the manipulation of the independent variable

research hypothesis

A proposed explanation for observed phenomena, in the form of a statement, created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research experiment that is testable, falsifiable and realistic.

inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. Bottom up

A study is designed to investigate the effects of different brands of toothpaste (Colgate vs. Crest) on the prevention of cavities. What is the independent variable and dependent variable?

IV:brand of toothpaste DV: number of cavities

the independent variable

Is the variable that is manipulated to see if it affects behavior or performance

A researcher predicts that there will be a positive relationship between attitude scores and grade point average. This is an example of a

Research hypothesis

Which of the following would be given the rank of the highest form of evidence?

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials

A pretest of knowledge about microcomputers is given to a group of students 5 min prior to a film on the subject. A posttest given 10 min after the film showed a 10-point gain from the pretest. The researcher concludes that the film produced the gain. Which of the following is likely the threat to internal validity?

Testing

epidemiology

The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems

external validity

ability to use the results of a study to other conditions or settings, generalizability

This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The independent variable is

adventure summer camp

instrumentation

changes in measurement process

As a result of the brain's attempt to simply information processing, ________________ are predispositions towards certain kinds of thinking that occurs when people are rapidly processing and interpreting information

cognitive biases

selection of subject bias

comparison groups are not equal at the beginning of the study

Experimental studies

denotes control of exposure to the intervention, can determine cause and effect, randomized control trial

When measuring the effects of water consumption on a runner's performance, speed and distance are examples of ______.

dependent variables

The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of best current evidence indecision making is known as what?

evidence-based practice

John Henry Effect

experimental group and control group, the control group knows it is not supposed to be better, but they subsequently try harder and out perform the experimental group

The only type of research that can manipulate treatments and establish a cause and effect is

experimental research

validity

extent to which an instrument measures what is intended to measure, accuracy, truthfulness

internal validity

extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study

internal validity

extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study, can be directly attributed

internal consistency

how consistent-scores of a test are within itself

The major weakness of epidemiologic studies is

inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

As you change what happens to the __________, you will observe what happens to the __________.

independent variable, dependent variable

relative risk

likelihood of an event occurring in group when compared to another group of people

independednt variable

manipulated or the variable you can control

Field research

natural setting, real wold setting, limited control

double-blind

neither subject nor researchers know what treatment the subjects are receiving

A double-blind experiment is one in which

neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category C includes evidence from ______.

non-randomized trials, observational studies.

Fact

observations about the world around us

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category D includes evidence from ______.

panel consensus judgment.

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of

people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

testing

practice effects for repetition of the same test

In experimental design, when comparisons are made of groups that have been selected on the basis of their extreme scores, the posttest means of the groups tend to move toward the mean of the entire population from which the extreme groups were selected. This threat to internal validity is called

statistical regression

predictive validity

the ability of the instrument to predict future test results

interrater reliability

the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior

When a hypothesis is repeatedly supported by multiple investigations and laboratories, it can become a ______.

theory

3 components of EBP

totality of evidence, clinical expertise/synthesis of evidence, patient values/ circumstances

observed score

true score +/- error score

In evaluating the method section of a research report, which is a very important question to keep in mind?

Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated?

history

Extraneous events that occurred external to Tham the planned experimental treatment

A researcher wants to compare a dosage of 1200 mg vs. 2400 mg of ibuprofen on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) following an intense bout of exercise. Identify the independent and dependent variables.

Independent variable: dosage level; dependent variable: measure of DOMS

threats to internal validity

Maturation Regression to the mean Selection of subjects Selection by maturation interaction Mortality Instrumentation Testing History

replication

blueprint/ step-by-step plan for conducting research

necebo effect

a detrimental effect on health produced by psychological or psychosomatic factors such as negative expectation of treatment or prognosis

A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of plyometric exercise by comparing sport teams that use this method with teams that do not. The researcher expects the teams that utilize plyometrics to show higher gains in power production. This statement is:

a hypothesis

reliability

a measure of the degree of the consistency or repeatability of a test, if a test is not reliable the results can't be trusted

hypothesis

a proposed explanation for a phenomenon made as a starting point for further investigation

Law

a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe

meta-analytic study

a study that involves contrasting and combining results from different studies, with the aim of finding patterns among the results that might bring about new information

theory

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world

Experimental

attempts to determine cause and effect and introduce and manipulate of an independent variable

In the following example, what is the dependent variable? Does protein intake improve biceps circumference in male weight lifters?

biceps circumference

This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The dependent variable is

self concept

equivalence

similarity between 2 different forms of the same test

Blind

subject does not know what treatment they are receiving

controlling threats to external validity

subjects must be representative of the population to be generalized to

randomized control trials

subjects receive either the new screening test or usual care, Gold standard, least prone to bias

systematic review

summarized findings from multiple studies of a specific clinical practice question or topic that recommend practice changes and future directions for research; one of the strongest sources of evidence for evidence-based practice