7.2

A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ____. A more intense pain also releases ____. a. glutamate, substance P b. GABA, substance P c. glutamate, dopamine d. GABA, dopamine

a

Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, relieve pain by: a. reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues. b. dulling the pain information. c. blocking synapses. d. numbing the damaged tissue.

a

Antihistamine drugs tend to ____ itching, and opiates tend to ____ itching. a. reduce, increase b. reduce, reduce c. increase, increase d. increase, reduce

a

Certain painful stimuli activate neurons which release endorphins in the: a. periaqueductal gray area. b. ventricles c. forebrain. d. cerebellum.

a

Endorphins: a. can interact with the same receptors as morphine. b. have chemical structures just like morphine. c. increase pain. d. are human-made drugs which mimic endorphins.

a

Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex? a. parietal lobe b. frontal lobe c. hippocampus d. limbic cortex

a

Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the: a. emotion areas of the brain. b. hypothalamus. c. spinal cord. d. somatosensory areas of the cortex.

a

What is a dermatome? a. an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve b. an instrument used to record impulses in the spinal cord c. the point at which sensory nerves make contact with motor nerves d. an area of the skin that has no touch receptors

a

What is the relationship between pain and itch? a. Pain inhibits itch. b. Itch is a mild form of pain. c. Itch and pain are different, but both are reduced by opiate drugs. d. Itch and pain are different, but both are increased by opiate drugs.

a

When mechanical pressure bends the membrane of a Pacinian corpuscle: a. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions increases. b. the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases. c. the membrane becomes hyperpolarized. d. there is a sustained, long-term response to this pressure.

b

Which of the following drug actions would most likely block the effectiveness of placebos? a. blocking capsaicin receptors b. blocking endorphin receptors c. stimulating substance P receptors d. stimulating endorphin receptors

b

An acceleration of the head at any angle causes: a. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to move to another canal. b. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells. c. fluid to spill out from the otolith organs into the semicircular canals. d. hair cells to become stiff and straight.

b

Small-diameter pain axons: a. carry sharp pain information. b. carry dull pain information. c. do not respond to endorphins. d. are associated with large cell bodies.

b

The current view of how endorphins decrease the experience of pain is that they: a. deplete the brain of substance P. b. block the release of substance P. c. block sodium channels in the membrane of certain neurons. d. increase the sensitivity of neurons to dopamine.

b

The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex. a. cingulate, somatosensory b. somatosensory, cingulate c. fusiform, premotor d. premotor, fusiform

b

What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain? a. Pain information grows more intense as it passes each synapse on its way to the brain. b. Non-pain information can inhibit pain information. c. Intense pain can shut out all other sensory information. d. The intensity of pain experience depends entirely on the excitability of pain receptors.

b

What would you expect if a researcher injected substance P into an animal's spinal cord? a. The animal would be paralyzed. b. The animal would show indications of pain in the part of the body that sends information to that section of the spinal cord. c. The animal would show indications of pain in the part of the spinal cord where the substance was injected. d. The animal would show signs of aggression.

b

The function of the semicircular canals is to: a. locate the source of low frequency tones. b. locate the source of high frequency tones. c. detect movement of the head. d. establish a sense of direction while traveling.

c

The somatosensory system involves sensation of: a. sight and sound. b. sound and touch. c. the body and its movements. d. the head and movements of the eyes.

c

Someone who has suffered damage to the sensory component of one spinal nerve would lose sensation from: a. the contralateral half of the body. b. the ipsilateral half of the body. c. one ventricle. d. one dermatome.

d

The eighth cranial nerve contains both a(n) ____ component and a ____ component. a. vestibular; somatosensory b. visual; vestibular c. auditory; taste d. auditory; vestibular

d

The heat receptor responds to ____, the chemical that makes jalapeños. a. tryptophan b. pacinian c. menthol d. capsaicin

d

What does the vestibular system detect? a. the degree of stretch of muscles b. vibrations on the skin c. the location of sounds d. movement of the head

d

What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold? a. cranial b. semicircular c. vestibular d. somatosensory

d

Which of the following is TRUE about various types of somatosensation? a. They are produced by varied responses by a single type of receptor. b. They involve different receptors, but the spinal cord integrates the information. c. They remain separate through the spinal cord, but are interpreted by a single set of cortical neurons. d. They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.

d

Pacinian corpuscles respond best to: a. rapid mechanical pressure. b. low frequency sounds. c. horizontal head movements. d. slow mechanical movements.

a

In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that: a. push against hair cells when moved. b. vibrate with different frequencies. c. stabilize the semicircular canals. d. enhance sound localization.

a

Large-diameter pain axons: a. carry sharp pain information. b. carry dull pain information. c. readily respond to endorphins. d. are associated with small cell bodies.

a

Meissner's corpuscles are: a. elaborate neuron endings for touch. b. simple, bare neuron endings. c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells. d. important components of the blood.

a

Ruffini's endings are: a. elaborate neuron endings for touch. b. simple, bare neuron endings. c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells. d. important components of the blood.

a

After hurting your elbow in a biking accident, the gate-control theory of pain suggests that to reduce the pain, you could: a. eat hot peppers. b. rub it gently. c. focus on how painful it is. d. block endorphin release.

b

Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to: a. different types of receptors. b. different areas of the body. c. different parts of the cortex. d. different types of transmitters.

b

Certain painful stimuli activate neurons which release endorphins in the: a. periaqueductal gray area. b. ventricles c. forebrain. d. cerebellum.

b

Each spinal nerve has: a. either a sensory or a motor component. b. both a sensory and a motor component. c. connections to most parts of the body. d. connections to each of the major internal organs.

b

A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of: a. substance P. b. substance P and glutamate. c. glutamate. d. neuromodulators.

c

An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with: a. memory. b. hearing. c. ability to locate where someone was touching them. d. balance.

c

Itching is primarily the result of: a. bad circulation. b. baby powder. c. histamine release. d. substance P release.

c

Morphine is effective in relieving: a. pain on the skin. b. sharp pain. c. slow, dull pain. d. pain in the interior of the body.

c

Pain receptors of the skin are: a. elaborate neuron endings. b. also known as Ruffini endings. c. simple, bare neuron endings. d. also known as Meissner's corpuscles.

c

Stimulation of a touch receptor opens ____ channels in the axon. a. choline b. potassium c. sodium d. calcium

c

The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body. a. anterior b. posterior c. ventral posterior d. ventral lateral

c

The brain chemicals known as endorphins and enkephalins produce effects similar to which substance? a. vitamin B-1 (thiamine) b. substance P c. opiates d. amphetamines

c

The vestibular organ consists of: a. only otolith organs. b. only semicircular canals. c. otolith organs and semicircular canals. d. the cochlea and an otolith organ.

c

What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain? a. dopamine b. serotonin c. substance P d. encephalin

c

Which of the following would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses? a. writing b. hearing c. visually tracking an object while dancing d. ability to discriminate salt from sugar

c

Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation? a. cochlea and otolith organs b. semicircular canals and cochlea c. semicircular canals and otolith organs d. cerebellum and sinuses

c

Why is morphine NOT used to suppress pain during an operation? a. It is only effective while a person is conscious. b. Its effects are local. c. It inhibits dull pain, but not sharp pain. d. Its effects would be too temporary.

c

A distinctive feature of itch is that it relies on: a. axons that go directly from the skin to the cerebral cortex. b. axons that make several synapses before reaching the spinal cord. c. unusually fast axons. d. unusually slow axons.

d

After damage to the somatosensory cortex, a person would have the most difficulty with: a. perceiving moving sounds. b. balance. c. eye movements. d. pointing to their own body parts.

d

Cutting a spinal nerve would result in loss of: a. sensation in the face. b. motor control in the part of the body it innervated. c. sensation in the part of the body it innervated. d. motor control and sensation in the part of the body it innervated.

d

One peculiarity of itch sensations is that: a. they can be felt in body parts that have no sensory receptors. b. they are suppressed by morphine for unusually long times. c. they are suppressed by Novocaine for unusually long times. d. they depend on action potentials transmitted at very slow speeds.

d