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Where does GRUB2 Stage1 reside?

on the MBR/GPT

Where is Stage 1.5 and Stage 2 of GRUB located?

/boot /grub directory

Where does GRUB2 Stage1.5 and Stage 2 reside?

/boot /grub directory (grub2 on some directories )

The main config file for GRUB2

/boot/grub/grub.cfg (or /boot/grub2/grub.cfg);

/etc/default/grub file

/boot/grub/grub.cfg (or /boot/grub2/grub.cfg); this file is automatically built via entries within the __

you can configure the LILO boot loader by editing __

/etc/lilo.conf file

If your system has a separate partition mounted to /boot, GRUB refers to the file /boot/grub/grub.conf as

/grub/grub.conf.

telinit command

A UNIX SysV command used to change the operating system from one runlevel to another.

runlevel

A UNIX SysV term that defines a certain type and number of daemons that are loaded into memory and executed by the kernel on a particular system

UNIX SysV

A UNIX standard that is used to provide the structure of the system initialization process on Linux systems.

grubby command

A command that can be used to configure the LILO, GRUB and GRUB2 boot loaders.

Multi Booting

A configuration in which two or more operating systems exist on the hard disk of a computer;

Boot loader

A program, usually stored in read-only memory, that starts the boot sequence, which loads the operating system into RAM.

upstart

A recent version of the UNIX SysV system initialization process used on modern Linux distributions.

Daemon

A system process that performs useful tasks, such as printing, scheduling, and operating system maintenance

Boot loader

Allows the user to choose which operating system to load at start up

GRand Unified Bootloader version 2 (GRUB2)

An enhanced version of the GRUB boot loader. It is the most common boot loader used on modern Linux systems, like Fedora 20 and Ubuntu Server 14.04 systems.

Power On Self Test (POST)

An initial series of tests run when a computer is powered on to ensure that hardware components are functional.Following __, BIOS checks its configuration for boot devices and operating systems to execute.

How do you disable Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) support within the Linus Kernel?

Appending the test nosmp to the kernel line

Your Linux kernel does not detect all of the RAM in your computer properly. What can be done?

Appending the text me=4096M to the kernel line can force the Linux kernel to see 4069MB of physical RAM

initstates

Because the init daemon is responsible for starting and stopping daemons, and, hence changing runlevels, runlevels are often called

Runlevels

Because the init daemon often has to manage several daemons at once, the init daemon categorizes the system into __

How can you modify the GRUB2 boot loader screen before the default OS is lodaed?

Changing the GRUB_TIMEOUT line

GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB)

Created in 1999 and originally intended as a replacement for the Linux Loader.

Using the tab key at the LILO prompt after POST does what?

Displays list of OS to select from. After this, enter the name of the OS and press enter to boot the default OS

Do /etc/default/grub file list any OS paragraphs? Why/ Why not?

Due to GRUB2 using the /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober script (to automatically detect available OSs on the system and configure them for use with GRUB2), the file does not list and OS paragraphs.

Where does GRUB allow user to manipulate boot loader?

During system start up

GRUB> Prompt

During the boot up process, this is a prompt that allows you to enter a variety of commands to view system hardware config, find and display files, alter the configs of GRUB, or boot an operating system.

How do you configure GRUB ?

Edit a configuration file- /boot /grub /grub.conf - that is read directly by GRUB Stage 2

(hd0, 4)

First logical partition

(hd0, 0)

First primary partition of the first hard disk

What devices can contain installation media for an OS

Floppy disk, DVD/CD and USB

What does appending "mem=4096M" to the kernel line do?

Forces your Linux kernel to see the 4096MB of the physical RAM if the Linux kernel does not detect all of the RAM in your computer properly.

(hd2, 3)

Fourth partition on the third hard disk

(hd0, 3)

Fourth primary partition. usually an extended partition

Common boot loader on Linux?

GRUB

Boot loader

GRUB allows users to manipulate the __ during system start up.

Common boot loader on Linux?

GRUB2

GPT

GUID Partition Table, part of EUFI, successor to MBR

/boot/grub/grub.conf

If your system does not have a separate filesystem for the /boot directory, this file is simply referred to as __ in GRUB.

daemon

In both SysV systems, the init __ runs a series of scripts to start other __ on the system to provide system services and ultimately allow users to log in and use the system.

quiet

Instructs the Linux kernel to avoid printing errors to the screen during system start up

Red Hat Graphical Boot (rhgb)

Instructs the Linux to use a graphical screen as it is loading daemons.

Common boot loader on Linux?

LILO

What happens after POST and the LILO boot loader is located>

LILO boot: prompt appears

MBR

Master Boot Record

How can you add parameters that are passed to the Linux kernel?

Modify the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX line

Linux Loader (LILO)

Often found on other Linux distributions that require a smaller boot loader than GRUB, as well as legacy Linux installations

How can you prevent GRUB allowing users to manipulate the boot loaders during system start up?

Password protect GRUB modifications during boot time

GRUB Stage 2

Performs the actual boot loader functions and displays a graphical boot loader screen.

Boot devices

Recall that you can alter the order in which __are checked in the computer BIOS.

Int Daemon

Responsible for loading all of the other processes on the system that are required to bring the system to a usable state in which users can log in and interact with services.

(hd0, 5)

Second logical partition

(hd0, 1)

Second primary partition on first hard disk

GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB)

Stage 1 is the first major part of this loader.

Where do computers first check for an operating system?

Storage devices

GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB)

Supports the booting of several systems: Linux, MAC, UNIX, BSD, Solaris, Windows.

Vmlinuz

The Linux kernel file

/boot

The Linux kernel is stored in the __ directory and is names vmlinuz.

telinit

The __ command can be used in place of the init command when changing runlevels.

grub2-mkconfig command

The command used to build the GRUB2 configuration file from entries within the /etc/default/grub file and /etc/grub.d directory.

init command

The command used to change the OS from one runlevel to another.

runlevel command

The command used to display the current and most recent (previous) initstates

grub-install command

The command used to install the GRUB boot loader.

grub2-install command

The command used to install the GRUB2 boot loader.

lilo command

The command used to reinstall the LILO boot loader based on the configuration information in /etc/lilo.conf.

Active Partition

The component that is searched for an operating system after the MBR/GPT. There can only be one __ per hard disk.

GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB)

The current Linux boot loader, which can handle dual boots with another OS installed on the system.

Stage 1

The first major part of GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader). Typically resides on the MBR/GT

GRUB Stage 1.5

The first major part of the boot loader and resides in MBR/GTP

Initialize (int) Daemon

The first process started by the Linux kernel that is responsible for starting and stopping other ___.

/ect/grub.d directory

The output of any ANY shell scripts is stored here

GRUB root partition

The partition containing the second stage of this boot loader and the boot loaders configuration file.

Linux Loader (LILO)

The traditional Linux boot loader

Linux Loader (LILO)

The traditional loader not used by most modern Linux distributions

SysV system

There are two __ initialization processes used in most modern Linux systems

(hd0, 2)

Third primary partition on first disk

system initialization process

This executes the daemons that provide for system services during boot time and bring the system to a useable state.

(hd<drive#>,<cl:partition#>)

This is how GRUB identifies partitions on hard disks

int command

To change the runlevel on a running system, you simply need to specify the___ followed by the new runlevel;

help

Typing __ at the grub> prompt will display a list of available commands and their usage.

/etc/inittab file

Unless you specify otherwise, the init daemon enters the default runlevel indicated in the __

/etc/grub.d

When you install a device driver that needs to be loaded by the boot loader (e.g., disk controller devices), the device driver package will often add a file to the ___ directory that provides the necessary configuration

On modern systems, what does /etc/inittab contain?

a single uncommented line that configures the default runlevel

If you have several Linux kernels installed on your system, how can you pick your kernel?

a to append keywords to the kernel like

Where is a LILO boot loader found on a Linux system?

an reside on the first sector of an active Linux partition, it is typically located on the MBR/GPT of the hard disk

Probe script

automatically detect available OSs on the system and configure them for use with GRUB2

If you have several Linux kernels installed on your system, how can you get to a grub> prompt?

c

telinit 1

can be used to switch to Single User Mode.

Systemd

completely compatible with the UNIX SysV standard yet implements new features for managing all system devices, including Linux kernel modules, daemons, and network sockets

Runlevel 5

default initstates in most Linux distributions that have a GUI environment installed.

If you have several Linux kernels installed on your system, how can you edit the entire boot config?

e

systemd

relatively new software framework used on Linux systems that provides a system initialization process and system management functions.

you would like to modify the default OS listed at the GRUB2 boot loader screen. How?

set the GRUB_DEFAULT line to the line number, starting from 0.

MBR/ GPT

stores the list of all partitions on the hard disk.

Runlevels

t any one time, a Linux system might be in any of the seven standard ___

Where is the second place computers check for an operating system?

the BIOS usually checks the MBR/GPT on the first hard disk inside the computer.

GRUB root partition

the filesystem that contains the /boot directory and should not be confused with the Linux root filesystem

Describe the intializaiton process for SysV systems?

the init daemon runs a series of scripts to start other daemons on the system to provide system services and ultimately allow users to log in and use the system.

How many seconds does it take for the system to boot the default operating system?

timeout=50 aka 5 seconds