9th Grade Geography Unit 1
atmosphere
covering of air that surrounds the earth
Hipparchus
created a grid pattern to determine location
Folding
created when two plates that make up the earth's crust collide
Fault
deep crack in the earth's surface where earth's plates are joined
Mercator 1569
developed cartography: the science of map making First to create world map using grid lines (latitiude and longitude)
Aristarchus
first to say the sun was in the middle of the universe and not the earth
Eratosthenes
first to use the word geography claimed the earth was a sphere measured circumference of globe
benefits of oceans
salt, transportation/trade, entertainment, fish for food
inner core
solid iron, and nickel
lithosphere
solid part of the earth
absolute location
the precise point where a place is located on Earth
Internal forces
forces deep within the earth that build the earth up
Latitude
grid lines that run east to west and measure distance North and South
Longitude
grid lines that run north to south and measure east and west
navigability
how far large ships can travel
seas, bays, and gulfs
inlets of the ocean
Effects of the Great Flood
it made rivers, oceans, and lakes and caused climate change
river source
where a river begins
River Mouth
where a river empties into a larger body of water
Ring of Fire
zone of seismic and volcanic activity that concludes in general with the margins of the Pacific Plate
condensation
the process by which gas cools and becomes a liquid. leads to the formation of clouds
Discharge
amount of water flowing
delta
triangular branching of a river at its mouth
advantages and disadvantages of living on plains
valuable for farming and ranching wide areas of level land lots of alluvium
water
71%
benefits of rivers
drinking water, hydroelectric power, irrigation, wildlife habitat, food, recreation
Map distortions
area, shape, distance, and direction
prime meridian
0 degrees
equator
0 degrees create northern and southern hemispheres
international date line
180 degrees
freshwater
2.5%
Land
29%
saltwater
97.5%
Earthquake
A sudden movement of the Earth's crust when built-up stress within rocks along geological faults is released
Galileo
Confirmed Heliocentric theory
Geocentric Theory
Earth is the center of the Universe
Ptolemy
Established Geocentric Theory: earth centered world view
Creation Mandate
Genesis 1:26- God commands that man rules over the earth. An understanding of geography enables us to make wise decisions concerning the earth and its resources.
Capernicus 1543
Heliocentric theory: sun centered universe
Volcano
Occur when earth's plates are moving away from each other
Heliocentric Theory
Sun is the center of the universe
hydrologic cycle
The continuous circulation of water among the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth.
relative location
The position of a place in relation to another place
Hydrosphere
Water on the earths surface
Aquifers
a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater.
Tributary
a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake
Robinson's projection
advantage- distances constant along parallels, equator and prme meridian, the most commonly used map projection in text books
Goode's projection
advantage- shows true shape and area of land masses disadvantage- distorts shape of water areas
Mercator's projection
advantage- true compass direction and accurate shapes disadvantage- area, size, and distances, are distorted the further you move North or South away from the equator
biosphere
animals, humans
External forces
break Earth down by wearing away Earth's landforms
Weathering
break-down of the earth's surface (rock)
outer core
liquid iron, and nickel
Humus
material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter
mantle
molten rock known as magma
Erosion
natural break down and removal of the Earth's surface (wind, water, glaciers)
advantages and disadvantages of living on plateaus
poor soil for farming and few resources, typically poor land for human settlement
Evaporation
the changing of a liquid to a gas
Transpiration
the changing of liquid into gas from vegetation
precipitation
the fall of water, ice , or snow deposited on the Earth's surface from the atmosphere.
Cartography
the science of map making, using mathematical formulas to transfer information from a three-dimensional globe to a two-dimensional map.
Geography
the study of earth and its people
Physical Geography
the study of earth and its resources
Cultural Geography
the study of humanity as they live on the earth and use its resources
advantages and disadvantages of living on mountains
there's an inability to grow food, hinders travel and communication, mining cities, origins of rivers
crust
thin, outer layer
drainage area
total land area drained by the river system
length
way we compare rivers
