9th Grade Geography Unit 1

atmosphere

covering of air that surrounds the earth

Hipparchus

created a grid pattern to determine location

Folding

created when two plates that make up the earth's crust collide

Fault

deep crack in the earth's surface where earth's plates are joined

Mercator 1569

developed cartography: the science of map making First to create world map using grid lines (latitiude and longitude)

Aristarchus

first to say the sun was in the middle of the universe and not the earth

Eratosthenes

first to use the word geography claimed the earth was a sphere measured circumference of globe

benefits of oceans

salt, transportation/trade, entertainment, fish for food

inner core

solid iron, and nickel

lithosphere

solid part of the earth

absolute location

the precise point where a place is located on Earth

Internal forces

forces deep within the earth that build the earth up

Latitude

grid lines that run east to west and measure distance North and South

Longitude

grid lines that run north to south and measure east and west

navigability

how far large ships can travel

seas, bays, and gulfs

inlets of the ocean

Effects of the Great Flood

it made rivers, oceans, and lakes and caused climate change

river source

where a river begins

River Mouth

where a river empties into a larger body of water

Ring of Fire

zone of seismic and volcanic activity that concludes in general with the margins of the Pacific Plate

condensation

the process by which gas cools and becomes a liquid. leads to the formation of clouds

Discharge

amount of water flowing

delta

triangular branching of a river at its mouth

advantages and disadvantages of living on plains

valuable for farming and ranching wide areas of level land lots of alluvium

water

71%

benefits of rivers

drinking water, hydroelectric power, irrigation, wildlife habitat, food, recreation

Map distortions

area, shape, distance, and direction

prime meridian

0 degrees

equator

0 degrees create northern and southern hemispheres

international date line

180 degrees

freshwater

2.5%

Land

29%

saltwater

97.5%

Earthquake

A sudden movement of the Earth's crust when built-up stress within rocks along geological faults is released

Galileo

Confirmed Heliocentric theory

Geocentric Theory

Earth is the center of the Universe

Ptolemy

Established Geocentric Theory: earth centered world view

Creation Mandate

Genesis 1:26- God commands that man rules over the earth. An understanding of geography enables us to make wise decisions concerning the earth and its resources.

Capernicus 1543

Heliocentric theory: sun centered universe

Volcano

Occur when earth's plates are moving away from each other

Heliocentric Theory

Sun is the center of the universe

hydrologic cycle

The continuous circulation of water among the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth.

relative location

The position of a place in relation to another place

Hydrosphere

Water on the earths surface

Aquifers

a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater.

Tributary

a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake

Robinson's projection

advantage- distances constant along parallels, equator and prme meridian, the most commonly used map projection in text books

Goode's projection

advantage- shows true shape and area of land masses disadvantage- distorts shape of water areas

Mercator's projection

advantage- true compass direction and accurate shapes disadvantage- area, size, and distances, are distorted the further you move North or South away from the equator

biosphere

animals, humans

External forces

break Earth down by wearing away Earth's landforms

Weathering

break-down of the earth's surface (rock)

outer core

liquid iron, and nickel

Humus

material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter

mantle

molten rock known as magma

Erosion

natural break down and removal of the Earth's surface (wind, water, glaciers)

advantages and disadvantages of living on plateaus

poor soil for farming and few resources, typically poor land for human settlement

Evaporation

the changing of a liquid to a gas

Transpiration

the changing of liquid into gas from vegetation

precipitation

the fall of water, ice , or snow deposited on the Earth's surface from the atmosphere.

Cartography

the science of map making, using mathematical formulas to transfer information from a three-dimensional globe to a two-dimensional map.

Geography

the study of earth and its people

Physical Geography

the study of earth and its resources

Cultural Geography

the study of humanity as they live on the earth and use its resources

advantages and disadvantages of living on mountains

there's an inability to grow food, hinders travel and communication, mining cities, origins of rivers

crust

thin, outer layer

drainage area

total land area drained by the river system

length

way we compare rivers