A & P II (The Endocrine System)
70) Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes mellitus type I - Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Symptoms usually occur before age 15. Diabetes mellitus type II- Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
1) All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.
E) function independently of the endocrine system
24) The primary function of ADH is to
act on kidneys to retain water and decrease urination
39) The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
adrenal cortex
40) The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
adrenal medulla
47) Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
diabetes mellitus
12) The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the.....................(part of brain)
hypothalamus
32) Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
71) Define synergistic effect.
occurs when two or more "unlike" drugs are used together to produce a combined effect Consider the following example: A beneficial synergistic effect occurs when two different types of antibiotics that work in very different ways are combined, such as penicillin G and an aminoglycoside antibiotic
15) The posterior pituitary gland secretes
oxytocin
26) The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
oxytocin
36) The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone
50) When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called
permissive
61) Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland.
posterior lobe and anterior lobe
31) Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
thyroid gland
30) The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is
thyroxine
60) Define hormone receptor.
*Specialized structure on or in target cells that bind hormones *Specific hormones bind to specific receptors at receptor/active site
6) Peptide hormones are....................
-composed of amino acids -synthesized are prohormones
37) The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
-increases calcium levels in extracellular fluids -when calcium ions levels fall below normal, PTH is released - causes increase in calcium levels
44) The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces
22 digestive enzymes: -proteases such as elastase that breakdown proteins. -Lipases that breakdown lipids. -Amylase that breaks down carbs.
58) Describe the structural classification of hormones.
3 chemical types of hormones have been identified: Steroids, Proteins, and Amines. The differences in chemical structure are accompanied by differences in target tissue, mechanism of action, and metabolism.
55) Cushing's disease results from an excess of .........................(hormone)
ACTH
17) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is...
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
22) The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
23) Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH
27) After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?
ADH
10) When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes, what happens to ATP?
ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
5) Hormones known as "catecholamines" are.... (structural classification)
Amino acid derivatives
3) ________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
4) Which of the following is mismatched? A) direct communication — small solutes travel through gap junctions B) paracrine communication — molecules released in local area C) endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other D) autocrine communication — limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal E) synaptic communication — uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses
C) endocrine communication- target cells are directly adjacent to each other
13) what is the hypophyseal portal system?
Capillary networks and interconnecting vessels between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (hypophysis, pituitary gland)
73) Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders.
Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.
18) The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
19) The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
68) List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans.
Melatonin inhibits reproductive functions, protects against free radical damage, and influence circadian rhythms.
64) Why do signs and symptoms of decreased thyroxine concentration not appear until about a week after a thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland)?
Most of the body's reserves of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4) , are bound to transport proteins in the bloodstream called thyroid binding globulins. Because these compounds represent such a large reserve of thyroxine, it takes several days after removal of the thyroid gland for blood levels of thyroxine to decrease
65) Name the regions and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep.
Most superficial is Zona Glomerulosa. Deeper is Zona Fasciculata. Deepest is Zona Reticularis.
20) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
PRL (Prolactin)
35) Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
16) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is...
TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)
72) List the three phases of the stress response.
The alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage.
63) Name the hormones of the thyroid gland.
Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Calcitonin (CT)
9) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually .................
a G protein
59) Define endocrine system.
a collection of glands and groups of cells thats secrete hormones that regulate growth,development, and homeostasis
66) Identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each.
alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin), delta cells (GH-IH), and F cells (pancreatic polypeptide)
48) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
antagonist
33) A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin
54) Too little secretion of cortisol causes........... .
cause weakness, fatigue, and low blood pressure.
52) The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is
epinephrine
38) The adrenal medulla produces
epinephrine and norepinephrine
11) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, what happens next?
gene transcriptions is initiated
42) When blood glucose levels fall, what happens to glucagon?
glucagon is released to stop blood sugar levels dropping too low
28) Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
gonadotropins
56) Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hyper secreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
growth hormone
2) Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but called _______ when released at synapses.
hormones; neurotransmitters
41) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
insulin
45) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is
insulin OR glucagon???
43) The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce ________ which ________ blood sugar.
insulin; lowers
51) Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called
integrative
29) Thyroid hormone contains the element
iodine
69) Define diabetes mellitus.
is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels). Results from the body's inability to produce or use insulin properly, resulting in high levels of blood sugar.
57) What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems?
maintain homeostasis
67) Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland.
melatonin
46) Pinealocytes produce ...
melatonin from molecules of serotonin (a neurotransmitter)
14) The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.
nervous; endocrine
8) Steroid hormones binds to ...................................
protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell
53) If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
resistance
21) The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
somatotropin
49) Two hormones that have additive effects are called
synergist
62) In a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change?
the amount of ADH released by the posterior pituitary increases in response to increased blood osmotic pressure resulting from a rise in solute concentration.
25) TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.
the synthesis & release
34) Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid
tyrosine
