A and P test #4
What is the function of hemoglobin?
binds and transports oxygen/carbon dioxide
When one exercises at maximal levels, only the blood supply to the ________ is unaffected.
brain
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood.
calcitonin
Arterioles branch into ____ where chemical and gaseous exchange occurs.
capillaries
The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are called
capillaries
What system of the body transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide?
cardiovascular system
Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the?
carotid sinus
This vein joins to become the inferior vena cava
common iliac vein
What supplies blood to the muscle tissue of the heart?
coronary arteries
Recording of the electrical events of the heart
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Phagocytosis is also called "cell eating." Large particles are brought into the cell as cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopodia) surround and engulf the particle and move it into the cell. Phagocytes are cells that perform phagocytosis. They engulf substances such as bacteria, viruses, cellular debris, and other foreign material. Phagocytosis is a form of what kind of vesicular transport?
endocytosis
Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to being rear-ended at a stop sign? Being rear-ended at a stop sign activates the "fight-or-flight" response, or alarm phase, of the general adaptation syndrome. The dominant hormone of this phase is epinephrine. This "surge of adrenaline" increases mental alertness, heart and respiratory rate, and prepares the body for action.
epinephrine
The formation of red blood cells is called __________.
erythropoiesis
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all __________.
granulocytes
The primary function of white blood cells is to
help defend the body against pathogens.
The percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements is called?
hematocrit (packed cell volume in males=46, women=42)
Stopping of bleeding, halts the loss of blood through damaged vessels, establishes framework for tissue repair
hemostasis
The mechanism in the body which stops bleeding and prevents blood loss is known as ___________.
hemostasis
Red blood cells in a ____ solution will lose water by osmosis. As they do, they shrivel and dehydrate. The shrinking of red blood cells is called crenation.
hypertonic
Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?
hypothalamus
The celiac trunk provides blood to the
liver and spleen
The layer of the blood vessel that contains smooth muscle is the tunica __________.
media
The muscle layer of the heart is the ________.
myocardium
The hormone that causes the activation of osteoclasts is?
parathyroid hormone
The heart is surrounded by the _____. Its serous membrane is called?
pericardial cavity pericarium
What kind of lipid consists of two hydrophobic fatty acids and a hydrophilic nonlipid head? They are the most abundant lipid components of cell membranes.
phospholipids
Plasma proteins make up part of what in the matrix of blood? What are the three types of plasma proteins?
plasma -albumins- most abundant -globulins-trans proteins/antibodies -fibrinogen- blood clotting
What are the formed elements in the matrix of the blood?
platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells
DH and oxytocin are made in the hypothalamus but are stored in and released from the _____
posterior pituitary gland.
What is the chief difference between plasma and serum?
presence/absence of clotting proteins
What are the most abundant part of the formed elements in the Matrix of blood?
red blood cells
This artery supplies the kidneys
renal arteries
This muscle cell is involuntary, non striated, uninucleous per cell
smooth muscle
Explain what erythropoietin is and its function
stimulating hormone -stimulates stem cells and developing RBCs-increase the rate of RBC formation
The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat is called the
stroke volume
This large vein delivers blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest. (what vena Cava)
superior vena cava
This portion of the vessel walls is a Shealth of connective tissue around vessel, which stabilizes and anchors vessel to other tissues.
tunica externa
The innermost layer of the vessel walls are called? They are lined by endothelium with basement membrane, surrounded by layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers.
tunica intima
Arteries contract which causes___ or decrease in size of the lumen
vasoconstriction
Arteries relax which causes ____ or increase in size of the lumen
vasodilation
When the ____ contract, the atrioventricular (AV) valves close to prevent backflow into the atria
ventricles
List and describe the functions of ALL leukocytes
-participate in the bodys defense mechanisms -help defend the body against invasion by pathogens -remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells
What is the pH of normal blood?
7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline- base
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.
Anemia
The radial and ulnar veins form to fuse the _____ vein which joins the basilic vein
Brachial
Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are?
FSH and LH
This type of plasma protein functions in blood clotting and is about 4% of plasma protein
Fibrinogen
This principle states increase in venous return leads to increased stretch on myocardial cells
Frank sterling principle
This type of plasma protein acts as transport proteins and antibodies and is about 35% of plasma protein
Globulins
What is a cell that makes blood?
Hemocytoblast (stem cell)
_____ is the bursting of red blood cells.
Hemolysis
The fusion of the superior mesenteric and splenic vein forms this vein which receives blood from the gastric vein which empties into the liver capillaries.
Hepatic portal vein
This artery supplies last portion of large intestine and rectum
Inferior mesenteric artery
This vein connects cephalic and basilic veins, and the site of collection foe venous blood sample
Median cubital vein
The lining of the pericardial cavity is a serous membrane called? Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
Pericardium
____initiate the clotting process and help close injured blood vessels by sticking to the walls and helping to form a platelet plug. Platelets also release a variety of other factors that speed up the reactions of the intrinsic pathway.
Platelets
The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs is?
Pulmonary artery
The only vein in the body that returns oxygenated blood back to the heart is?
Pulmonary vein
The primary function of ______ is to carry gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen
RBC- red blood cells
These Nodal cells establish rate of contraction ____,____. These Conducting cells distribute stimuli to myocardium ____,____.
Sinoatrial (SA) Atrioventricular (AV) nodes AV bundle right and left, Purkinje fibers
Describe/define hemostasis
Stopping of bleeding, halts the loss of blood through damaged vessels, establishes framework for tissue repair
This artery supplies the pancreas, small intestine, most of the large intestine
Superior mesentric artery
This system allows for automaticity, cardiac muscles contract without neural or hormonal input
The conducting system
This blood type plasma contains anti-B antibodies which will attack Type B surface antigens and has only the surface antigen A?
Type (A-) --universal receiver
What is the most abundant part of the plasma in the Matrix of the blood?
Water around 92%
The ____ nerves, sometimes called the spinal accessory nerves, are motor nerves that innervate structures in the neck and back.
accessory
These carry blood away from the heart, that branch into smaller vessels called arterioles?
arteries
Theses have smaller lumen than veins
arteries
Identify the life span of RBCs
120 days
This blood type has RBCs with both A and B surface antigens. Your plasma has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
Type (AB-) --can only receive A/O blood
Covers the outer surface of the heart
epicardium
This large vein carries blood from the rest of the trunk, the viscera, and the lower limbs. (what vena cava)
inferior vena cava
In males, the ____cells of the testes produce the steroid hormones known as androgens.
interstitial
Muscular partitions that separate the left and right ventricles of the heart?
interventricular septum
What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the maturation of red blood cells in bone marrow?
erythropoietin
During _____ synthesis, two molecules are joined by the removal of a water molecule. This reaction joins together two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide such as sucrose.
dehydration
The vessel that receives most of the blood from organs inferior to the diaphragm is the
inferior vena cava
If you have this blood type your plasma contains anti-A antibodies, which will attack Type A surface antigens. This blood type has RBCs with surface antigens B only.
Type (B-) --can receive both B/O blood
This blood type has RBCs lacking in both A and B surface antigens. If you have this blood type then your plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Type (O-) --universal donor
Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood of an individual with Type AB?
Type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies
When blood glucose levels rise above normal homeostatic levels, ____ cells release insulin. Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose across plasma membranes into target cells.
beta
What is the name of the orange yellow pigment that the heme of hemoglobin is converted into?
bilirubin
Identify the matrix of blood
55% PLASMA -7% plasma proteins -1% other solutes -92% water 45% FORMED ELEMENTS -<.1% platelets -<.1% white blood cells -99.9% red blood cells
This type of plasma protein maintains osmotic pressure of plasma and is the most abundant (60%)
Albumins
Describe polycythemia
An elevated number of red blood cells in the blood; signs include a high hemocrit and a high hemoglobin concentration
The impulse from the SA node to the AV node to the AV bundle arrives at _____ and then distributed and relayed throughout the ventricular myocardium. Atrial contraction is completed, and ventricular contractions begins.
Purkinje fibers
____ transport oxygen in the blood.
RBC- red blood cells
Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?
insulin
Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called ________.
intercalated discs
This important aspect of a cardiac muscle cell increases efficiency during contraction, is linked by jap junctions, and are held together by desmosomes is called?
intercalated discs
____ are small, mobile connective tissue cells often found near blood vessels. The ____ release histamine and heparin, which cause local blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable.
mast cells mast cells
In addition to the regulatory hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal system, the hypothalamus secretes two hormones directly into the general circulation. What are these hormones?
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
What comprises the plasma in the matrix of the blood?
plasma proteins. other solutes, water (55%--7%,1%,92%)
Identify the most abundant formed element
red blood cells = 99.9%
Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called ________.
target cells
The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in ________ of the cardiovascular system.
the arterial vessels
The _______, is the innermost layer of a blood vessel. It includes an endothelium with its basement membrane and a surrounding layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers.
tunica intima, or tunica interna
This portion of the vessel walls are lined with smooth muscle with loose connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.
tunica media
Describe the buffy coat
After centrifugation (spinning to move thing away) the white blood cells and platelets form a very thin buffy coat above a thick layer of RBCs
These arteries first branch off abdominal aorta, and supplies the diaphragm
Phrenic arteries
_____ cells are sensitive to a particular environmental changes or stimulus, for example, light, temperature, pressure. This type of cell that is sensitive to changes in stimuli
Receptors
Describe erythrocyte
Red blood cell- contains hemoglobin
These blood vessels do not function as individual units. They instead function as a part of an interconnected network. There enormous numbers provide huge surface area for increased diffusion.
capillaries
This blood vessel of the cardiovascular system has a small diameter that slows the flow of blood to increase diffusion rate. It is made out of a single layer of endothelial cells inside a basement membrane. (tunica interna only)
capillaries
The force that pushes fluid out of the capillaries is called ________.
capillary hydrostatic pressure
____ is an indicator of blood flow through peripheral tissues
cardiac output (CO)
All hormones are?
chemical messengers
A _____ is a band of smooth muscle that guards the entrance to each capillary. Contraction of this smooth muscle narrows the diameter of the capillarys entrance and reduces the flow of blood. The relaxation dilates the opening allowing blood to enter the capillary more rapidly.
precapillary sphincter
A person's blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.
The right atrium receives blood from systemic (deoxygenated blood) circuit through two large veins called?
superior/inferior vena cava
The first heart sound ("lubb") is produced as the atrioventricular valves ________ and the semilunar valves ________.
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