A and P test #4

What is the function of hemoglobin?

binds and transports oxygen/carbon dioxide

When one exercises at maximal levels, only the blood supply to the ________ is unaffected.

brain

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

calcitonin

Arterioles branch into ____ where chemical and gaseous exchange occurs.

capillaries

The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are called

capillaries

What system of the body transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide?

cardiovascular system

Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the?

carotid sinus

This vein joins to become the inferior vena cava

common iliac vein

What supplies blood to the muscle tissue of the heart?

coronary arteries

Recording of the electrical events of the heart

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Phagocytosis is also called "cell eating." Large particles are brought into the cell as cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopodia) surround and engulf the particle and move it into the cell. Phagocytes are cells that perform phagocytosis. They engulf substances such as bacteria, viruses, cellular debris, and other foreign material. Phagocytosis is a form of what kind of vesicular transport?

endocytosis

Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to being rear-ended at a stop sign? Being rear-ended at a stop sign activates the "fight-or-flight" response, or alarm phase, of the general adaptation syndrome. The dominant hormone of this phase is epinephrine. This "surge of adrenaline" increases mental alertness, heart and respiratory rate, and prepares the body for action.

epinephrine

The formation of red blood cells is called __________.

erythropoiesis

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all __________.

granulocytes

The primary function of white blood cells is to

help defend the body against pathogens.

The percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements is called?

hematocrit (packed cell volume in males=46, women=42)

Stopping of bleeding, halts the loss of blood through damaged vessels, establishes framework for tissue repair

hemostasis

The mechanism in the body which stops bleeding and prevents blood loss is known as ___________.

hemostasis

Red blood cells in a ____ solution will lose water by osmosis. As they do, they shrivel and dehydrate. The shrinking of red blood cells is called crenation.

hypertonic

Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?

hypothalamus

The celiac trunk provides blood to the

liver and spleen

The layer of the blood vessel that contains smooth muscle is the tunica __________.

media

The muscle layer of the heart is the ________.

myocardium

The hormone that causes the activation of osteoclasts is?

parathyroid hormone

The heart is surrounded by the _____. Its serous membrane is called?

pericardial cavity pericarium

What kind of lipid consists of two hydrophobic fatty acids and a hydrophilic nonlipid head? They are the most abundant lipid components of cell membranes.

phospholipids

Plasma proteins make up part of what in the matrix of blood? What are the three types of plasma proteins?

plasma -albumins- most abundant -globulins-trans proteins/antibodies -fibrinogen- blood clotting

What are the formed elements in the matrix of the blood?

platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells

DH and oxytocin are made in the hypothalamus but are stored in and released from the _____

posterior pituitary gland.

What is the chief difference between plasma and serum?

presence/absence of clotting proteins

What are the most abundant part of the formed elements in the Matrix of blood?

red blood cells

This artery supplies the kidneys

renal arteries

This muscle cell is involuntary, non striated, uninucleous per cell

smooth muscle

Explain what erythropoietin is and its function

stimulating hormone -stimulates stem cells and developing RBCs-increase the rate of RBC formation

The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat is called the

stroke volume

This large vein delivers blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest. (what vena Cava)

superior vena cava

This portion of the vessel walls is a Shealth of connective tissue around vessel, which stabilizes and anchors vessel to other tissues.

tunica externa

The innermost layer of the vessel walls are called? They are lined by endothelium with basement membrane, surrounded by layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers.

tunica intima

Arteries contract which causes___ or decrease in size of the lumen

vasoconstriction

Arteries relax which causes ____ or increase in size of the lumen

vasodilation

When the ____ contract, the atrioventricular (AV) valves close to prevent backflow into the atria

ventricles

List and describe the functions of ALL leukocytes

-participate in the bodys defense mechanisms -help defend the body against invasion by pathogens -remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells

What is the pH of normal blood?

7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline- base

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.

Anemia

The radial and ulnar veins form to fuse the _____ vein which joins the basilic vein

Brachial

Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are?

FSH and LH

This type of plasma protein functions in blood clotting and is about 4% of plasma protein

Fibrinogen

This principle states increase in venous return leads to increased stretch on myocardial cells

Frank sterling principle

This type of plasma protein acts as transport proteins and antibodies and is about 35% of plasma protein

Globulins

What is a cell that makes blood?

Hemocytoblast (stem cell)

_____ is the bursting of red blood cells.

Hemolysis

The fusion of the superior mesenteric and splenic vein forms this vein which receives blood from the gastric vein which empties into the liver capillaries.

Hepatic portal vein

This artery supplies last portion of large intestine and rectum

Inferior mesenteric artery

This vein connects cephalic and basilic veins, and the site of collection foe venous blood sample

Median cubital vein

The lining of the pericardial cavity is a serous membrane called? Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

Pericardium

____initiate the clotting process and help close injured blood vessels by sticking to the walls and helping to form a platelet plug. Platelets also release a variety of other factors that speed up the reactions of the intrinsic pathway.

Platelets

The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs is?

Pulmonary artery

The only vein in the body that returns oxygenated blood back to the heart is?

Pulmonary vein

The primary function of ______ is to carry gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen

RBC- red blood cells

These Nodal cells establish rate of contraction ____,____. These Conducting cells distribute stimuli to myocardium ____,____.

Sinoatrial (SA) Atrioventricular (AV) nodes AV bundle right and left, Purkinje fibers

Describe/define hemostasis

Stopping of bleeding, halts the loss of blood through damaged vessels, establishes framework for tissue repair

This artery supplies the pancreas, small intestine, most of the large intestine

Superior mesentric artery

This system allows for automaticity, cardiac muscles contract without neural or hormonal input

The conducting system

This blood type plasma contains anti-B antibodies which will attack Type B surface antigens and has only the surface antigen A?

Type (A-) --universal receiver

What is the most abundant part of the plasma in the Matrix of the blood?

Water around 92%

The ____ nerves, sometimes called the spinal accessory nerves, are motor nerves that innervate structures in the neck and back.

accessory

These carry blood away from the heart, that branch into smaller vessels called arterioles?

arteries

Theses have smaller lumen than veins

arteries

Identify the life span of RBCs

120 days

This blood type has RBCs with both A and B surface antigens. Your plasma has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

Type (AB-) --can only receive A/O blood

Covers the outer surface of the heart

epicardium

This large vein carries blood from the rest of the trunk, the viscera, and the lower limbs. (what vena cava)

inferior vena cava

In males, the ____cells of the testes produce the steroid hormones known as androgens.

interstitial

Muscular partitions that separate the left and right ventricles of the heart?

interventricular septum

What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the maturation of red blood cells in bone marrow?

erythropoietin

During _____ synthesis, two molecules are joined by the removal of a water molecule. This reaction joins together two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide such as sucrose.

dehydration

The vessel that receives most of the blood from organs inferior to the diaphragm is the

inferior vena cava

If you have this blood type your plasma contains anti-A antibodies, which will attack Type A surface antigens. This blood type has RBCs with surface antigens B only.

Type (B-) --can receive both B/O blood

This blood type has RBCs lacking in both A and B surface antigens. If you have this blood type then your plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Type (O-) --universal donor

Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood of an individual with Type AB?

Type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies

When blood glucose levels rise above normal homeostatic levels, ____ cells release insulin. Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose across plasma membranes into target cells.

beta

What is the name of the orange yellow pigment that the heme of hemoglobin is converted into?

bilirubin

Identify the matrix of blood

55% PLASMA -7% plasma proteins -1% other solutes -92% water 45% FORMED ELEMENTS -<.1% platelets -<.1% white blood cells -99.9% red blood cells

This type of plasma protein maintains osmotic pressure of plasma and is the most abundant (60%)

Albumins

Describe polycythemia

An elevated number of red blood cells in the blood; signs include a high hemocrit and a high hemoglobin concentration

The impulse from the SA node to the AV node to the AV bundle arrives at _____ and then distributed and relayed throughout the ventricular myocardium. Atrial contraction is completed, and ventricular contractions begins.

Purkinje fibers

____ transport oxygen in the blood.

RBC- red blood cells

Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?

insulin

Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called ________.

intercalated discs

This important aspect of a cardiac muscle cell increases efficiency during contraction, is linked by jap junctions, and are held together by desmosomes is called?

intercalated discs

____ are small, mobile connective tissue cells often found near blood vessels. The ____ release histamine and heparin, which cause local blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable.

mast cells mast cells

In addition to the regulatory hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal system, the hypothalamus secretes two hormones directly into the general circulation. What are these hormones?

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

What comprises the plasma in the matrix of the blood?

plasma proteins. other solutes, water (55%--7%,1%,92%)

Identify the most abundant formed element

red blood cells = 99.9%

Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called ________.

target cells

The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in ________ of the cardiovascular system.

the arterial vessels

The _______, is the innermost layer of a blood vessel. It includes an endothelium with its basement membrane and a surrounding layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers.

tunica intima, or tunica interna

This portion of the vessel walls are lined with smooth muscle with loose connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.

tunica media

Describe the buffy coat

After centrifugation (spinning to move thing away) the white blood cells and platelets form a very thin buffy coat above a thick layer of RBCs

These arteries first branch off abdominal aorta, and supplies the diaphragm

Phrenic arteries

_____ cells are sensitive to a particular environmental changes or stimulus, for example, light, temperature, pressure. This type of cell that is sensitive to changes in stimuli

Receptors

Describe erythrocyte

Red blood cell- contains hemoglobin

These blood vessels do not function as individual units. They instead function as a part of an interconnected network. There enormous numbers provide huge surface area for increased diffusion.

capillaries

This blood vessel of the cardiovascular system has a small diameter that slows the flow of blood to increase diffusion rate. It is made out of a single layer of endothelial cells inside a basement membrane. (tunica interna only)

capillaries

The force that pushes fluid out of the capillaries is called ________.

capillary hydrostatic pressure

____ is an indicator of blood flow through peripheral tissues

cardiac output (CO)

All hormones are?

chemical messengers

A _____ is a band of smooth muscle that guards the entrance to each capillary. Contraction of this smooth muscle narrows the diameter of the capillarys entrance and reduces the flow of blood. The relaxation dilates the opening allowing blood to enter the capillary more rapidly.

precapillary sphincter

A person's blood type is determined by the

presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.

The right atrium receives blood from systemic (deoxygenated blood) circuit through two large veins called?

superior/inferior vena cava

The first heart sound ("lubb") is produced as the atrioventricular valves ________ and the semilunar valves ________.

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