A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 CASE STUDIES

CHANGING PLACES LOCAL PLACE - MATLOCK

- COUNTY TOWN OF DERBYSHIRE, COUNTY IN THE EAST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND - HAD A POPULATION IN 2011 CENSUS OF 9543 -WIDER URBAN AREA APPROX 20 000 -matclock has undergone signifcant econmic and cultural transofrmations over the years, reshaping ts identity and character .- that lies on the River Derwent, and has prospered from both the hydrotherapy industry and the cloth mills constructed on the river - matlock was an unimportant collection of small villages until thermal springs were discovered in 1698. and then it wasnt until the victorian era that matlock became known as a spa town. -matlock was a hamlet mostly farming and lead and mining and quarrying and provided work for these wasnt until the 1840s that began its growth as a spa town instead. - various industries made use of the natural features: underlying bedrocks were quarried and mined, watercourses harnessed to power corn, cloth and other mills, hillside thermal spring water gave rise to the hydros -The population increased rapidly in the 1800s, largely because of the popular hydros that were being built- Matlock bath was a fashionable resort, this enormous hotel functioned as a spa and treatment, "water cure" until the 1950s when it closed and was taken over by derbyshire county council as its hq as people didnt see the reason to pay large sums of money for treatment of unproven worth when expert attention was available free. Their treatments not having the approval of medical profession and not prescibred under nhs, further changing the character of matlock as it was no longer seen as a tourist spa town that attracted visitors

COCA COLA

- Coca Cola is sold in more than 200 countries- It is the number one manufacture of soft drinks in the world - Their headquarters are situated in Atlanta, USA - 70% of its sales are generated outside the USA - Coca Cola is manufactured in 44 different countries - most polluting plastic brand is Coca Cola, Pepsi, nestle -Coca Cola has established plants in India due to the cheaper, less-educated workforce which allowed for exploitation.One of Coca-Cola's biggest factories was established in a desert surrounded by a poor village, which was a very inconvenient location due to the importation of products. However, this made it easier to break local environmental legislation. -5 years since Coca-Cola established operations in Rajasthan (a desert state in India) groundwater levels had dropped by 10 meters. -In just 2004 alone, Coca-Cola had used 283 billion litres of water worldwide. This could gave met the world's drinking needs for 10 days -.2/3 of the freshwater used by Coca-Cola was converted into waste water which was not correctly disposed of. -Some of the toxic products (containing cadmium and lead) produced were repackaged to farmers as cheap fertiliser. -Since 70% were employed in agriculture, failing crops would either push the community to work in the factory or move elsewhere which would allow Coca-Cola to exploit the environment more. -At points, the harvest had shrunk by 40% -Indian Coca-Cola contained pesticide residues 24x higher than EU standards. coca colas largest bottling plant in India has shut down since march 2004 due to community opposition and protests

DETROIT

- due to decline and race riots, it set off the white flight, well off mostly white people moving from the city into the suburbs, leaving the minorities behind in the city centre that was becoming deserted and run down causing poverty and inequalities and racial segregation in the city, for example the border between grosse pointe and detroit a racial and economic divide- collapse of economy, jobs and population left decimation and cut in basic services -detroit was dubbed the "murder capital" of the US and has the highest violent crime rates of US cities. Detroits murder rates 53 per 100000 in 2012, ten times that of New York City. A 2012 Forbes report named detroit as the most dangerous city in the United States for fourth year in a row, 7/10 crimes going unsolved. used to be the 5th largest city with 1.8m in 1950s is now 700 000 in 2010 - 25% of Detroit's built up areas are now abandoned - now fewer than 20 000 in the city work in manufacturing - the city filed for bankruptcy in 2013 with 20 billion debt and 30.2% in poverty compared to 12.8% of the whole of the U.S - Detroit's character has changed drastically due to the economic and cultural changes from what went to a thriving city to a derelict held back and unaided city with a collapse of the economy

SEARCH FOR MINERAL RESOURCES

- has never been any commercial mining in antarctica, there are no current plans to mine antarctica and mining and mining is currently banned by ATS until 2048 however this could change due to some nations personal gains. -Antarcticas weather, ice and distance away from an industrialised area mean mineral extraction would be very dangerous and expensive - coal, iron ore, chromium, oil and gas has been found as is rich in fossil fuels -large reserves of oil are found located in southern ocean - oil exploitation disrupts the habitat through the infrastructure that comes with it e.g. drilling and pipelines. - oil spills also cause catastrophic damage to antarctica as fragile ecosystems cannot remove the oil quickly, causing long term damage - metal and mineral exploitation damages the environment through mining and quarrying, scaring away wildlife causing damage beyond repair -use of fossil fuels also contribute to global warming, further affecting antarcticas ecosystem - currently it is protected but it is not to say it will be in the future

SINGAPORE

- in 1950s singapore had a lack of natural resources, unemployment and entrepreneurship, poverty, lee kuan yew devised a strategy instead to develop economy by bringing entrepreneurs and companies elsewhere here. with the manufacturing and back end work and cheap labour at the beginning this gave people of singapore lots of employment, despite exploitation of cheap labour it bought a positive multiplier effect as it provdes jobs money for the country that can be brought and reinvented into the society and economy people became more educated and competition, environemntal concerns, labour exploitation -60 years ago, Singapore had a GDP of less than $320, now it is one of the world's fastest growing economies GDP per capita risen to US $106,000 MAKING IT 4TH HIGHEST IN THE WORLD for a tourney that lacks territory and natural resources, Singapores ascendency is remarkable and they have done this by embracing globalisation, education and strict pragmatic policies and able to overcome their geographic disadvantages and have become a leader in global commerce -With the manufacturing and back end work and cheap labour at the beginning this gave the people lots of employment, these jobs can be taxed and reinvested into society and economy and infrastructure and Singapores quality of life increases. because population now has employment, they can spend it on things which pays for services and economy, with more customers, more money for business and employment in businesses creates a loop of positive multiplier effect and cumulative causation, pos feedback loop that benefits Singapore economy immensely and MNCs and TNCs

SINGAPORE

- lee kuan yew convinced mutilnational corporations to manufacture in Singapore, experimenting with globalisation and connecting with already developed nations -and so needed to make Singapore an area http was safe, low in taxation and corruption free and so stricter systems and rules were put in place. Its draconian but business friendly laws became appealing to international investors where other countries had unstable political and economic climates, Singapore was table and predictable and also had an established port system that made it an ideal place to manufacture from as well as its band end, labour intensive workforce and exploiting idea of cheap labour, hardworking complacent workforce that speaks English and mandarin, lack of environmental laws and restriction -BY 1972 1/4 OF MANUFACUTRING FIRMS WERE FOREIGN INVESTMENT OR JOINT VENTURE COMPANIES US AND JAPAN MAJOR INVESTORS -as foreign investment poured, they focused on developing its Human Resources and infrastructure, flushing on education their population and educating their unskilled workers in information technology and electronics - BY 1990S THEY ENGANGED IN WAFER FABRICATION, LOGISTICS, BIOTECH RESEARCH, PHARMACEUTICALS AND AREOSPACE ENGINEERING -THE PORT IS NOW THE WORLD'S BUSIEST TRANS SHIPMENT PORT SURPASSING HONK KONG -with total land area of just 433 square miles and small labour force of 3.7m, its able to produce GDP that exceeds $528 BILLION DOLLAR ANUALLY, HIGHER THAN 3/4 OF WORLD -LIFE EXPECTANCY IS AVG 85.5 YEARS THIRD HIGHEST GLOBALLY. CORRUPTION IS MINIMAL AND SO IS CRIME, CONSIDERRED ONE OF THE BEST PLACES TO LIVE THOUGHITS DRACONAN RULES ARE HIGHLY CONTROVERSIAL HDI, GNI AND NUMBER OF BILLIONAIRES AS ONE OF THE IGHEST GLOBALLY THOUGH HAS A HARSH WEALTH DIVIDE AND ITS DRACONIAN RULES AND DEATH PENALTY

ACTIONS BY GOVERNMENT OF ONE CHILD POLICY

- legal age marriage set for 22 men and 20 women -needed state permission for marriage -permission and certificate for all pregnancies - pregnancies without certificate may be ended by abortion as late as 7-8 months -compulsory birth control for all women with one child -compul sterilisation for couples with 2 - fines and night rates when there is a second child - no grain rations, schooling and disadvantages at work if there are 2 - free contraception and birth control education -couple with second has to pay fine and tax every year - couples with one get 10% wage bonus and prior in education, health and housing - government would take away unauthorised children - physical force on and forced abortion

MATLOCK

- matlock is still seen as a tourist destination and for day trips though not for its spa. Due to the tourist attractions such as Peak District, and heights of abraham and for its cable cars and Gulliver's kingdom a theme park which provides income for the town -its experienced econmic and cultural changes, -it has a more older population now due to its appeal as a retirement destination now with 79% of the population in the services sector and 52% of the population over 50 -the town has seen a transition from its spa town status to a more diversified economy, incorporating tourism, services and small businesses, the character of maltock reflects a blend of traditional charm and modern amenities -often described as a seaside town without the sea -Originally built in the early 18th century, Matlock Bath has been attracting flocks of bikers for decades. Every Sunday in the summer more than 3,000 visit the small, picturesque town.-Popular motorcycle routes such as Snake Pass and the UK's most dangerous road, the Cat and Fiddle, provide great views on the way in and out of the town. -With motorbike themed cafés and shops populating the promenade, it is clear that there is a strong biker influence over Matlock Bath.

SOCIAL IMPACTS OF PALM OIL

- valuable economic crop and provides employment -often results in improvements to local infrastructure and greater access to services such school and health facilities negative social impacts: - intensive use of land leads to soil degradation and so ability for locals to produce their own food has dwindles and they have having to look for food in other areas as they can no longer rely on their land - in some, land has been developed without consultation of compensation of the indigenous people occupying the land this occurred in papa New Guinea, Columbia, indonesia -conflict between plantations and local residents of usage of the land -establishment of oil palm plantations requires a lot of capital that not all small holders have access to so farm households with better access to capital may adopt palm oil earlier and faster which can contribute to rising inequality - participating Indonesia where small holders had to through production contracts with large companies and whilst they were beneficial to farmers and communities, details of the contractual arrangements we're not sufficiently clear leading to conflict -The palm oil industry has been associated with human rights abuses, including land grabs, poor working conditions, and child labor. Smallholders often face inequitable terms and conditions compared to large plantation owners. -impact on consumers: fatty acid found in palm oil linked to spread of cancer. -oil palm adoption has increased calorie consumption and dietary quality

further agreements of ATS:

-1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS) -Protection of Seal Populations: established to regulate the harvesting of seals in to ensure seal populations are not depleted and that ecological balance is maintained. Sustainable Harvesting: The agreement sets specific limits on the number and species of seals that can be harvested, focusing on preventing over-exploitation and promoting sustainable use. -aims to protect the habitats of seals, recognizing their importance in the Antarctic ecosystem. Establishes closed seasons and designated protected areas where sealing is prohibited. Requires permits for sealing activities and detailed reporting of catches. -1982 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) - to conserve marine life and maintain the ecological relationships between species. - regulates harvesting of marine species, krill, commercially valuable species, to prevent overfishing and ensure long-term sustainability. - protect the broader marine biodiversity recognising its global ecological significance. -Implements strict regulations on fishing quotas, methods, and seasons to prevent over-exploitation. -Establishes marine protected areas (MPAs) to safeguard critical habitats and biodiversity. -detailed reporting and monitoring of fishing activities and scientific research to inform management decisions. 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol) - designates Antarctica as a "natural reserve, devoted to peace and science," -prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources, except for scientific research, to prevent environmental degradation and preserve the continent's pristine condition. - mandates environmental impact assessments for all activities minimise adverse effects and ensure activities conducted

ANTARCTICA AS A GLOBAL COMMON

-5th largest continent - centred on the south pole -located on the southernmost part of the earth encompassing geographic south pole -primary composed of vast ice sheets that hold 68% of the earth's freshwater - coldest continent, in effect a polar desert -avg annual in interior of around 50mm -climate in interior is extremely cold and light snowfall but temps are milder and precipitation is higher (380mm a year) around the coastal fringes -also strong winds speeds up to 300km and cause raging blizzards -landscapes: dry valleys found in high altitude areas of extreme aridity, thick ice sheets cover 98% of the continent avg thickness 1.9km -though conditions on land are harsh, marine conditions support a rich, diverse ecosystem sea temps more warmer. Phytoplankton is the base of the marine food web and provides food for krill which many species depend on as a food source. southern ocean- EXTENDS NORTHWARD TO ANTARCTIC CONVERGENCE where cold antarctic waters meet warmers waters of the world's ocean creating a unique environment rich in nutrients (phytoplankton eat) -the governance of Antarctica represents an inspirational case study in the successful management of a global commons. Through international cooperation, comprehensive environmental protection measures, and facilitation of scientific research, the governance framework of Antarctica has preserved this unique wilderness for future generations. However, ongoing challenges such as climate change and sustainable resource management require continued commitment and collaboration to ensure the long-term sustainability of Antarctica and its ecosystems. -Effective governance of Antarctica helps mitigate the impacts of climate change on coastal communities worldwide by preserving ice sheets and minimizing sea-level rise.

PALM OIL

-According to EUROPPEAN PALM OIL ALLIANCE global consumption of palm oil rose from !! 14.6 !! MILLION TONNES IN 1995 TO !! 61.1 !! MILLION TONNES IN 2015 making it the most consumed oil in the world. -The main consumers of palm oil are China, India, Indonesia and the European union -India, China and the EU do not produce crude palm oil and their demand is entirely met by imports. In 2015, India, China and the EU accounted for 47.9% !! of global imports. -Major Producers and exporters: The two largest producers of palm oil are Indonesia and Malaysia, which together account for approximately 85-90% of global production.In 2022, Indonesia produced around 44 million metric tons, while Malaysia produced about 19 million metric tons. -Indonesia and Malaysia are the leading exporters. In 2022, Indonesia exported around 27 million metric tons, while Malaysia exported about 16 million metric tons.

CHINAS RELATIONSHIP W AFRICA

-China's influence as a large NIC has not been confined to industrial expansion within its own borders. The increased confidence of being an economic superpower has enabled the Chinese to spread their wealth and influence by investing in other parts of the world, including Africa -Western-based MNCs are often too wary of investing in African countries, especially those who have a recent history of civil war. Chinese entrepreneurs, however, have seen the lack of develoment in many African countries as an opportunity for investing in resource developments and increased trade. -China's role in Africa is varied: one clear objective is to extract a range of primary resources including metals to support industrial expansion in China, e.g. investment in old copper mines in Zambia and Botswana. However, there is evidence that China's investment in Africa is helping some of the poorer countries to develop infrastructure, as well as healthcare and education. -china's direct investment is mostly in fields of transport followed by metals and energy though and has been increasing over the last 15 years though have expanded to new fields recently such as finance, tourism and tech. -in Lesotho, US $6.5B worth of investments committed. -in Zimbabwe, US$1B to expand thermal power stations -Kenya railway- China built railway connecting Nairobi and Mombasa, reducing travel time to 4 hours and 30 minutes. -China built dam in Guinea that resolved power shortages in the country. -China built light rail system in Ethiopia to alleviate traffic congestion. -China's provision of low-interest or no-interest loans to support development in African countries. -China's first overseas military base located in Djibouti, East Africa.

FAILURE & CONSEQUENCES OF THE POLICY?? NOW TOO LOW BRIRTH RATES AND LESS OF A WORKING AGE GROUP BAD FOR ECONOMY

-Demographers warn population will begin to shrink in the next decade, potentially derailing the world's second-largest economy, with a far-reaching global impact. China's birthrate last year at its lowest with 15.23 million births, dramatically lower than the 21-23 million officials had expected. - due to how low birth rates are now and aging population, economy is set for descedancy -led to unintended consequences like gender imbalance ageing population. -By 2050 as much as a third of the country's population will be made up of people over the age of 60, putting severe strain on state services and the children who bear the brunt of caring for elderly relatives. - not experiencing demographic dividend bc ageing population. INTIATIVES: -Local governments across China are struggling to reverse the declines with subsidies, propaganda initiatives and new regulations on workplace leave. In Xiantao, Hubei province, hospitals have offered to cover the costs of childbirth as well as give a 500 yuan (£60) subsidy for the first child and another 700 for the second. In Changsha, in southern China, an advertising campaign last year listed "1,001 reasons to have a baby". Between 2016 and 2017, almost all provinces extended maternity leave. but hasn't worked so far - despite pronatalism now and banning of the policies, it has become the norm and the population do no want more children - with chinas work culture surpassing the standard 40-hour workweek at 46 hours many have stressed they do not have enough time for more than one or more due to how much effort they put into their one child - extracurriculars and little emperors and competitiveness in education and have to help child do well in school in the country that parents do not have time, most can't afford, living costs too high in china

UN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE MDG

-Established in 1945 after World War II, the UN aims to promote international cooperation, peace, and security. -consists of 193 member states and operates through various bodies, including the General Assembly, Security Council, International Court of Justice, and specialised agencies like WHO, UNESCO, and UNICEF. - in 2000 to reduce global inequalities, UN introduced the MDGs 8 GOALS: 1. TO ERADICATE EXTREME HUNGER & POVERTY 2. TO ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMRY EDUCATION 3. TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY & EMPOWER WOMEN 4. TO REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY 5. IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH 6. COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA & OTHER DISEASES 7. TO ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 8. TO DEVELOP GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT targets within this for example included: -HALVE BETWEEN 1990 & 2015 POPULATION OF PEOPLE WHOSE INCOME IS LESS THAN $1.25 A DAY -HALVE BETWEEN 1990 & 2015 POP OF PEOPLE WHO SUFFER FROM HUNGER - REDUCE 2/3 1990-2015 THE UNDER 5s MORTALITY RATE -Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling.

DETROIT QUAL DATA

-Film: "8 Mile" by Eminem (2002) Plot and Context: The film, starring Eminem, is set in Detroit and follows the story of a young white rapper, Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith Jr., as he struggles to make a name for himself in the predominantly African American hip-hop scene. Depiction of Detroit: "8 Mile" portrays the socio-economic challenges faced by Detroit residents, including poverty, racial tension, and the aspiration for a better life through music. The film's setting in run-down neighborhoods and abandoned buildings reflects the city's decline. Cultural Impact: "8 Mile" not only showcased Eminem's talent but also highlighted the resilience and creativity of Detroit's youth. It brought attention to the city's ongoing struggles and the hope for renewal through personal and artistic expression Quantitative data provides objective, measurable information that can be statistically analysed. e.g. employment figures, crime rates, and demographic statistics offer concrete evidence of changes over time. This data is excellent for identifying trends and making comparisons. For instance, one can track the decline in manufacturing jobs or the increase in healthcare employment, providing a clear picture of economic shifts. While it can show what is happening, it often fails to explain why it is happening or how people feel about it. Numbers alone do not capture the personal stories and emotional experiences behind the data.

LINCOLN

-Higher rates of obesity, smoking, and alcohol-related illnesses compared to national averages. -Mental health issues are a growing concern, partly influenced by socio-economic factors and the pressures on the younger population. -Life expectancy varies across the city, with disparities between affluent and deprived areas. For example, life expectancy for men in the most deprived areas is significantly lower than in the least deprived areas. -Strong sense of community, especially in historic and residential areas. -Varied lifestyle behaviors across different demographic groups. Younger population, particularly students, may engage in riskier health behaviors (e.g., alcohol consumption). Initiatives in place to promote healthier lifestyles, such as walking and cycling schemes, and public health campaigns. -University of Lincoln and local schools contribute to health education and awareness. Public health campaigns aim to raise awareness about issues like smoking cessation, healthy eating, and mental health support. -High prevalence of obesity, particularly among children and adults in deprived areas. Linked to poor diet, lack of physical activity, and socio-economic factors. -University initiatives to support student mental health. -Increasing rates of mental health problems, including anxiety and depression. Impact of socio-economic stressors, isolation, and lifestyle factors. -Variability in access to healthcare services, particularly in deprived neighborhoods. Long waiting times and pressure on healthcare facilities.

ST MICRO ELECTRONICS

-Initially, back-end work was done in Singapore, but as the population became more educated there was a sectoral shift in the workforce. The back-end work was moved instead to Muar, Malaysia as this was located in the periphery of Singapore. -Only 5% of the ST Microelectronic employees in Maur are external to Malaysia, which are likely to be management positions allocated to those from Singapore. However as the workforce in Malaysia becomes more educated, ST Microelectronics is likely to move elsewhere such as to Batam, Indonesia where they already have a presence. -The costs of operating in Batam compared to Singapore is 1:6, where in Batam training, travel, medical care, and accommodation for the workers are included as well as their salary. -with the manufacturing and back end work and cheap labour at the beginning this gave people of singapore lots of employment, despite exploitation of cheap labour it bought a positive multiplier effect as it provdes jobs money for the country that can be brought and reivented into the society and economy people became more educated and competition, environemntal concerns, labour exploitation

GLOBAL TRADE OF PALM OIL FOOD COMMODITY/AGRICULTURAL PRIMARY PRODUCT

-Palm oil is a highly versatile and widely traded commodity derived from the fruit of the oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) native to west Africa. - It is used extensively in food products, cosmetics, and as a biofuel. -The global trade of palm oil has significant geographical, economic, and social impacts, affecting the lives of millions of people worldwide. -most popularly used vegetable oil in the world. It is remarkably versatile and is used in everything from snack food and shampoo to biofuel. -It was once used for basic things like food and fibre, but with a yield greater than other vegetable oil crops, and with low labour costs, it has become the go-to oil. While trees were once planted in small-scale, sustainable systems, the high demand has created a need for large-scale plantations. -Palm oil can be used both as a crude oil as well as in the refined form. Only one quarter of the palm oil and palm kernel oil worldwide is used as a crude oil. In Southeast Asia, Africa and parts of Brazil, crude palm oil is widely used for domestic cooking. -In Europe and the United States palm oil is mostly used in its refined form, which is odourless and pale yellow, making it a valuable ingredient providing texture and taste for a variety of products. Refined palm oil is used as an affordable ingredient in many food products, such as margarine, confectionery, chocolate, ice cream and bakery products. It is also widely used in non-food products such as soap, candles, and cosmetics. -Palm oil is used because it's economical to grow. The whole of the palm fruit is used, both the flesh and the stone, to make oil, so it's about 10 times as productive as a soya bean or rapeseed

CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECT ON AGRICULTURE BANGLADESH

-vulnerable of lots of flooding due to its location, extremely flat and at confluence of 3 major rivers, gang, meghna, Brahmaputra and has the surrounding ocean makes it vulnerable to flooding and cyclones. 1/2 of the land than 7 feet above sea level -bc of global warming 15% of area will be flooded in 20 years scientist predicted 3 foot rise in sea level, land inundated in salt water 20m have to migrate - has been a lot more raining even if its not monsoon frequent flooding and cyclones already - Bangladesh is very food secure, however climate change raises questions for how long. Bangladesh diet consists of 80% rice with 500 varieties. many of the rural southern Bangladesh cultivate rice as a living and rice agriculture. however due to how cyclone prone southern Bangladesh is, this floods crops and the rice crops become inundated by saltwater making them unable to grow

DIFFERENT CLIMATE TYPE CASE STUDY BANGLADESH TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE

-Predominantly in South Asia, including India, Bangladesh, and parts of Southeast Asia. -over half of the world's population live in over 21 asian countries affected monsoon -Hot and humid conditions year-round. Distinct wet (monsoon) and dry seasons. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings heavy rainfall (up to 1500 mm in some areas). Dry season with significantly less precipitation. -Population: High population density, especially in fertile delta regions. Activities:Agriculture is heavily dependent on monsoon rains; rice and jute are major crops.Fishing is also significant, with many relying on rivers and coastal areas.Urban and rural communities have different adaptive strategies to manage water resources and mitigate flood risks. Adaptations:Construction of embankments and flood shelters.Development of irrigation systems for dry seasons.Diverse crop planting schedules to maximise use of rainfall. Climate change; Increased intensity and variability of monsoon rains leading to more frequent and severe flooding. Coastal areas face heightened risks from sea level rise and storm surges. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect crop yields and water availability. ntertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ):The ITCZ is a region near the equator where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet, causing heavy rainfall.During the monsoon season, the ITCZ shifts northwards, bringing moist air from the Indian Ocean over the Indian subcontinent.The rising warm air creates low pressure, drawing in moist winds and resulting in heavy rainfall.Seasonal migration of the ITCZ is driven by the differential heating of land and sea, with the land heating up more quickly than the ocean in summer.

SUSTINABILITY WITH PALM OIL?

-RSPO- global non profit organisation with voluntary members, focused on bringing together stake holders from across the palm oil supply chain to develop and implement global standards for sustainable palm oil. -As of 2023, about 19% of global palm oil production is RSPO-certified. -whilst there is sustainable palm oil, there is not nearly enough being produced compared to normal palm oil to make a difference in the environment. -Many multinational companies have pledged to source sustainable palm oil, driven by consumer demand for environmentally friendly products. However, implementation and transparency remain challenges. -Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) and Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) -Both countries have developed their own sustainability certification schemes to complement the RSPO. Goals: These programs aim to improve the environmental management and socio-economic conditions of palm oil production within their respective countries. Progress: While adoption has been slower compared to RSPO, these schemes have increased awareness and started integrating more producers into sustainable practices. -The EU, for example, has regulations to limit the use of unsustainable palm oil in biofuels, encouraging sustainable sourcing practices.

CONS

-The significant loans provided by China have raised concerns about debt sustainability in several African countries. e.g. Zambia's debt to China is a substantial portion of its overall external debt, leading to fears of a debt trap. -terms of Chinese loans are often not disclosed, leading to concerns about the lack of transparency and potential hidden liabilities. -have been reports of poor labor practices in Chinese-operated projects in Africa, including low wages and inadequate working conditions. -Some Chinese projects have raised environmental concerns, including deforestation, pollution, and inadequate environmental assessments. -China's involvement in Africa is sometimes viewed as driven by strategic geopolitical interests, including securing access to natural resources and gaining political influence. -concerns that excessive reliance on Chinese financing and investment may undermine African countries' sovereignty and decision-making autonomy. -growing concern that china has the clout to influence domestic and foreign politics in a number of African countries in a significant -only 5 African countries still recognise Taiwan diplomatically and is an important part of Chinese policy as they view Taiwan as a province that must return to full Chinese rule in time. Also wants Africa's support on range of other issues -whereas western countries may pressure the African countries they invest in to become more democratic or have a strong respect for human rights, Chinese investors have not shown any interest in doing that. seems to be motivated solely by prospects of Chinese economic gains. looking for the opportunity to extract raw materials and set manufactured products to the African marker, a scenario that somewhat resembles Africa's colonial past

EFFECTS GOOD?

-governemnt credit the policy with contributing to the country's economic ascendancy says has prevented 400 million births though some scholars dispute this -fertility rate 1.5 now in urban 2.7 rural -now has low birth, death and natural increase rates -maternal and infant mortality rates reduced significantly and avg life expectancy increased and lower unemployment rates - quality of life improved and demand on social infrastructure and resources less than it would have been had birth rate allowed to grow unchecked lower unemployment rate -economy has increased during this period being a major manufacturing hub - healthcare improvements particularly for women and reduction in risks of death during pregnancy -rapid increase in higher education attainment especially women. prior to policy 30% of women, between 1990-1992 there were 50% -high urban household savings rate -By 2050, it is projected that nearly one-third of China's population will be over 60 years old, increasing the dependency ratio. Patterns of Change One-Child Policy: Introduced in 1979, it drastically reduced the birth rate and slowed population growth. The policy was relaxed to a two-child policy in 2015 and further adjusted to a three-child policy in 2021. Aging Population: The result of reduced birth rates and increased life expectancy, leading to a higher proportion of elderly citizens. Migration: Significant internal migration from rural to urban areas, contributing to urban growth and development.

NGO'S ASOC

Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) Overview: ASOC is a coalition of environmental NGOs that advocate for the protection of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. It was founded in 1978 to provide a unified voice for NGOs concerned with Antarctic conservation and governance. Role in Governance: ASOC plays a significant role in shaping policies and decisions related to Antarctic governance by participating in international meetings, providing scientific expertise, and advocating for stronger environmental protections. It monitors compliance with international agreements such as the Antarctic Treaty and the Protocol on Environmental Protection. Successes: ASOC has been successful in advocating for the creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Southern Ocean to conserve biodiversity and protect vulnerable ecosystems. It has also raised awareness about environmental threats to Antarctica, leading to increased public and governmental support for conservation efforts. Challenges: ASOC faces challenges in influencing decision-making processes, particularly when economic interests conflict with conservation objectives. The coalition must navigate political complexities and competing priorities among member states to achieve its conservation goals.

LOCAL CASE STUDY LINCOLN Case study of a specified local area to illustrate and analyse the relationship between place and health related to its physical environment, socio-economic character and the experience and attitudes of its populations.

-historic city of almost 100 000 60km south of Hull -has many urban problems -2016 report highlighted that is home to some of the most deprives areas in England and that avg earnings of residents are consistently lower than national avg - physical environment: area of city around monks road is a zone in transition and within 1km of the CBD, has attracted mixed land use typical of an inner city location. late victorian/edwardian housing lies in close proximity to areas of renewal and redevelopment. Today, area continues to change and adapt in response to both population dynamics and as a consequence of local and regional government investment - monks road lies within abbey ward, area identifies as suffering from socio-economic and environmental problems clouding ageing and deteriorating housing and higher than avg concentrations of young adults partly make up o post 16 students and since 2004 Eastern European migrants and is an example of a multicultural society. most recent changes reflect need of the goring polish community e.g. specialist food stores, polish advice bureau and polish chaplain at the local church. -abbey access training offers training across a range of programmes including literacy and numeracy for adults and have been important in supporting the mixed local population including migrants to find employment. health: government funded schemes, The abbey rental area and community first have attempted to improve the health and well being of local residents. they have included refurbishment of the abbey sport court, improvements to local homes like central heating and support for community groups such as chubby cherubs and city health walks.

ROLE AS A GLOBAL COMMON

-holds a critical position as a global common, an area not owned by any one nation and preserved for collective international use and benefits. It's important it is kept as a global common and that nations make the right and sustainable decisions to protect the area as the area significantly affects the rest of the world such as climate change - environmental significance- ice sheets and sea level and albedo effect- vast ice sheets store substantial amounts of water and stability of these ice sheets is crucial for regulating global sea levels. melting ice due to climate change contributes to rising sea levels which will have devastating effects of coastal communities worldwide. Albedo effect- the continents ice and snow cover reflect a sig portion of the suns ray back into space helping to regulate the earth's temperature and this albedo effect plays a crucial role in moderating global climate patterns. - cold dense waters drive the gobal conveyor belt which distributes heat around the planet which affects climate systems and weather patter far beyond the polar regions - has lots of the nutrients that support a rich marine ecosystem at the antarctic convergence and southern ocean and hosts a unique ecosystem with specialised species like krills penguins and seals and various algae and microorganisms. southern ocean is one of the most biologically productive regions on earth supporting a complex food web -global climate importance, biodiversity importance, scientific importance- ice cores provide valuable records of past climate conditions extending hundred and thousands of years and help scientists understand natural climate variability and influence of human activity on climate change

BAD?

-however some question whether the drop was caused by other factors unrelated to the policy -in west, has been widely criticised for perceived human rights violations and other negative effects -people living longer leaving a greater burden on a shrinking workforce -10% are 65+ likely 15% in 2027. Fewer younger people and aging pop since policy -disparity in sex ratios in 2020, 32.5 million more men than women (bare branches make powerful military force) society values more men, female infanticides, abortion, abandonment, child trading, corruption allowing exceptions to see gender of baby even though banned, forced abortion late terminations and sterilisation. 'Missing women' estimated at 44.9 million in 2023 - for every 100 girls there are 120 boys - insufficient brides and major increase in sex trafficking, abducted women traded as brides and prostitution -potential social problems "little emperor" phenomenon - study showed one child policy has behavioural impacts on only children, only children in china were more likely to exhibit narcotic and selfish behaviour also had higher levels of academic achievement but lower levels of social competence and empathy who don't learn how to share, have had lots of attention put on them that may have consequences on Chinese society. also been a rise in juvenile misbehaviour crime and violence recently and many blame the change in family structure for making the young expect more attention and success

ENVIRONMENTAL

-large scale conversion of tropical forests to oil palm plantations has devastating impact on a huge number of plant and animal species -destroyed habitats frequently contain endangers and rare species - 43% OF TESSO NILO NATIONAL PARK IN SUMATRA WHICH WAS SUPPOSED TO PRVIDE HABITAT FOR THE ENDANGERED SUMATRAN TIGERS HAS NOW BEEN OVERRUN WITH ILLEGAL PALM OIL PLANTING -air pollution- burning is a common method for clearing vegetation in natural forest. burning of forests releases smoke and co2 in atmosphere polluting air and contributing to climate change -soil and water pollution - palm oil mills generate 2.5 metric tons of effluent for every metric ton of palm oil it produces, direct release can cause fresh water pollution which affects downstream biodiversity and people - climate change and forest fires. due to its high deforestation rate, indonesia is the 3rd largest global emitter of greenhouse gasses -MALAYSIA HAS PLEDGES TO CONSERVE A MINIMUM OF 50% OF ITS TOTAL LAND AREA AS FORESTS. AS OF 2010, 58% IS FORESTED -Between 2001 and 2020, Indonesia lost approximately 9.6 million hectares of forest cover, much of it due to palm oil cultivation.

country experiencing specific patterns of overall population change - increase or decline - illustrate and analyse the character, scale, and patterns of change, relevant environmental and socio-economic factors and implications for the country/society.

CHINA'S ONE CHILD POLICY ANTINATALISM !! MALTHUSIAN REGIME !! -POPULATION 1.41 BILLION (one fifth of the world population) SECOND LARGEST POP, FIRST INDIA -POP GROWTH RATE 0.18% PER YEAR -MALES OUTNUMBER FEMALES IN ALL AGE GROUPS UP TO 64 -FERTILITY RATE 1.45 BELOW REPLACEMENT LEVEL -The population growth rate decreased from 2.8% in 1970 to about 0.5% in 2013. - 1979 government introduced the one child policy so that tot pop in year 2000 would be 1200 million (but was exceeded) -china's efforts to control population growth proved to be successful however though, with a population 200 million less than what it could have been had nothing been done according to the Chinese government -FERTILITY RATE HAS FALLEN FROM 5.8 TO 2.5 IN 20 YEARS, 1.5 IN URBAN AREAS, 2.7 IN RURAL AREAS AS THEY WERE ALLOWED TO A SECOND IF THE FIRST WAS A GIRL -at end oct 2015, announces a pro natalist two child policy. By 2021 this was abandoned for a three child policy WHY DID IT NEED POPULATION CONTROL? -in 1950s, experiences high birth rates partially due to the philosophy 'large pop gives a strong nation' - people were encouraged to have as many children possible and death rates were falling due to improved food supplies and medical care -however period between 1959-1961 when industrialisation began, little attention was paid to farming which caused catastrophic famines with 20 million dead - in 70s faced excessive pop growth every 3 years increased by 55 million (size of uk) - there was fear of mass starvation and depletion in the country as it became overpopulated -ability to provide sufficient jobs and opportunities for such a large number - resources are being used and deleted and cause more homelessness, dense housing, poor quality of life, pollution in country, exacerbate poverty, environmental degradation

BANGLADESH ANTINATALISM AND DRACONIAN RULES NOT REQUIRED?

-one of the most densely populated areas in world - 170 MILLION PEOPLE OCCUPY AN AREA THE SIZE OF ENGLAND AND WALES - 1 in 3 are living in extreme poverty 3/4 live in hazardous rural areas climate changes doesn't help - infant mortality rate is 29.6 - to try and control the population made legislation raising min age of marriage to 18 for women and 21 for men reducing fertility rate - also made focus on primary healthcare, improving access to contraception and maternal and child healthcare that is of greater significance - were trials which showed value of doorstep service with trained female health workers esp since many lived in rural areas with no transport -they helped to pick a method of contraception suited to them, treat side effects and also to provide basic maternal child healthcare -babies are healthy and infant mortality rates are lower so mothers are less likely to have more to compensate -contributes to economic empowerment particularly for women. when women can access primary health care services they are more likely to participate in the workforce and pursue education. economic empowerment often correlates to lower fertility rates as families prioritise quality of life over quantity of children - with fewer children to support, families grew wealthier and parents accumulated more farmland and built more valuable homes and Gained access to running water. Children stayed in school longer, women enjoyed higher incomes. bc of this, government has been training tens of thousands of female primary healthcare workers - avg brith rates have fallen from 6 children for each women to slightly more than 2 -one of the first LMICs to meet the UN millennium development goal of reducing child mortality by 2/3 -was expected double by 2050 but now it is more likely to reach just over 200m before stabilising after

TOURISM

-only increasing as wealth and leisure time increases for individuals, many people who can afford are looking for a more exotic loction and antarctica's fauna interest many with 38,478 visitors in 2015-2016. -tourists are also travellling more frequently by air and sea which threaten antarctica directly through th effect of hips and fossil fuel emissions in response to this, seven tour operations formed the international association of antarctica tour operators IATTO to advocate and practice safe and environmentally responsible private sector travel to antarctica, now it is comprised of 99 companies from 16 countries and there are rules laid down when taking parties due to this research on the ipact of tourism by scott polar reseach institure published findings that showcased the antarctic environment has actually been little affected by touism as guidelines are widely accepted and is a well run industry though threats to tourism because of organisations are relatively low, accidents can still occur such as M/S explorer crash 2007

GLOBAL COMMONS

-parts of the planet that fall out of national jurisdictions and to which all nations have access. -are 4 global commons: high seas, atmosphere, Antarctica, outer space. The only landmass that may be regarded as part of global common is Antarctica. -tragedy of the commons- concept should a number of people enjoy unfettered access to a finite valuable resource, they will tend to over use it and end up destroying its value altogether. However individuals may be able to achieve mutual restraint by consensus, but even if some exercised voluntary restraint the other users would merely supplant them, predictable result being a tragedy for all. -These regions and resources are crucial for ecological balance, climate regulation, and providing resources that sustain human life and biodiversity. International Agreements: -United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): Regulates maritime rights and responsibilities. -Antarctic Treaty System: Protects the Antarctic environment and promotes scientific cooperation -Montreal Protocol: Aimed at protecting the ozone layer. -Paris Agreement: Focuses on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Examples of Breaches of International Treaties: High Seas -Example: Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing -Countries Involved: China has been frequently cited for IUU fishing activities, particularly in the Pacific Ocean.Treaty -Violated: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)Reasons for Breach: Economic pressures to meet domestic seafood demands, lack of enforcement and monitoring capabilities, and competitive advantage in global seafood markets. -Potential Consequences: Overfishing leading to the collapse of fish stocks, loss of biodiversity, disruption of marine ecosystems, and economic losses for countries relying on sustainable fishing.

ECONOMIC

-provides direct employment for nearly 1 million in malaysia -4 million in indonesia, mostly in remote areas where alternative employment is scarce - though palm oil production has poor working conditions, lack of health and safety, low wages in many parts in Malaysia and indonesia - booming commodity prices in recent years have trickled up through this labour intensive system, helping to lift millions out of poverty -increases profit, income, wages, employment for small farm sector and rural labourers - contributes to national economies, foreign exchange, economic growth and development -In Indonesia and Malaysia, palm oil contributes significantly to GDP and is a major source of export revenue. In Indonesia, the palm oil industry accounts for about 4.5% of GDP and employs millions of people directly and indirectly. - In Indonesia, it is estimated that around 16 million people are involved in the palm oil industry.

TOURISM AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

-rules are laid down by international association of antarctic tour operators (IAATO) when taking parties ashore -there are many guidelines that are widely accepted by tourists follow and research on the impacts of tourism is undertaken by the SCOTT POLAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE and the findings shows that the enviroement has actually been little affected - damage to vegetation is actually due to natural causes, no litter is attributed to tourists, no stress is caused to peguins by tourists and seals are largely indifferent to the presence of humans but despite this encouraging signs, there are some concerns- antarctic ecosystem is extremely fragile and disturbances leave their imprint for decades -scientific researchers are well briefed about the need for care of the environment but any activity is bound to create some degree of disturbance to the environment and wildlife - impacts are caused by vehicle exhausts, construction of buildings and related facilities such as fuel storage, runways and the disposal of waste such as rope, fuel drums and plastics, all of which endangers living organisms

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Challenges in Global Governance Exacerbating Inequalities and Injustices Power Imbalances: Developed countries often have more influence in global institutions, leading to policies that may favor their interests over those of developing countries. Implementation and Compliance: Differing capacities among countries to implement and comply with international norms and laws can lead to uneven application and enforcement. Criticism of Global Agencies: Agencies like the IMF and World Bank have been criticized for their top-down approaches and for imposing policies that may not align with local contexts and needs. -Voting mechanisms within institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank give more weight to wealthy donor countries, potentially marginalizing the voices of poorer nations -The UN Security Council's failure to take decisive action to prevent atrocities in conflicts like Syria and Myanmar highlights the limitations of international governance in addressing human rights violations.

Characteristics and Distribution of Two Key Zonal Soils

Chernozem (Black Earth Soil) Characteristics: High organic matter content, rich in humus. Deep, fertile topsoil layer, dark in color. High moisture retention and nutrient levels. pH ranges from neutral to slightly alkaline. Distribution: Found in temperate grasslands such as the steppes of Eurasia, the prairies of North America, and the pampas of South America. Major regions include Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, the Great Plains of the USA, and Canada. Relationship with Human Activities Agriculture: Highly productive for growing cereals (wheat, barley, maize), pulses, and oilseeds. Intensive farming practices due to the soil's fertility. Suitable for both dryland and irrigated agriculture. Human Activities: High agricultural yields support dense rural populations. Mechanized farming is common due to flat terrain and fertile soil. Economic activities include large-scale commercial agriculture and export of agricultural products.

CHINA W AFRICA

China-Africa trade has grown rapidly, with China becoming Africa's largest trading partner. In 2020, the trade volume between China and Africa was approximately $187 billion. -Benefits of Chinese businesses and investments in Africa, such as economic growth and infrastructure development. -Drawbacks of Chinese investments in Africa, such as environmental concerns and debt burdens. -Chinese FDI in Africa has increased from less than $1 billion in 2003 to over $46 billion by 2020. This investment spans various sectors, including mining, construction, manufacturing, and agriculture. Employment: Chinese investments have created numerous job opportunities for Africans. For example, it is estimated that over one million Africans are employed in Chinese enterprises on the continent. --future remains to be seen whether investment consequences will be predominantly neg or pos

DISTANT CASE STUDY - DETROIT

Coal and iron ore are available from the nearby AppalachianMountains which made it the ideal place for the steel industry and therefore the motor industry. This then causedthe Great Migration up to the 1950's where the population hit its peak, and this introduced Motown music from theAfrican Americans. However, as the city went into a state of decline, it caused the white flight and the population hadover halved by 2010 down to 700,000With more and more investment entering the city, it encouraged people to move to the city. This included the Greatmigration with a large number of African Americans moving to Detroit which increased its population to a peak of 1.8million. With them, they brought many of their cultural aspects such as Motown music, which promoted the racialsegregation between black people and white people, and then later on rap culture became dominant. During thistime, the 1960's, Detroit was a thriving economic and entertainment area. This was evidently due to the car industryand the migration of Hispanic, black and Asian people who brought their culture with them. Their culture wasbrought to the streets and the theatre whilst the lakes became great places for the community as the boats on thelakes provided entertainment. However, this didn't last. During 1967, many brutal race riots took place betweenblack people and the police due to their race, ethnicity and culture. This implies that the racism people effaced led toa once harmonious town becoming an area of great discrimination and police brutality. It is clear that Detroit'scharacter had changed in the space of only a couple of years.This became even worse for Detroit as their main sources of income and investment (the car industry) began todecline. These businesses went elsewhere to find cheaper labour and so eventually aban

CONTEMP CULT CHARACTERISTICS

Contemporary Cultural Characteristics Tourism and Heritage: Attractions: Modern Matlock is characterized by its tourist attractions like the Heights of Abraham, showcasing the town's natural beauty and geological significance. Cultural Events: The Matlock Bath Illuminations, held annually since Victorian times, continue to be a major cultural event, attracting visitors and fostering community spirit. Arts and Festivals: Festivals: Matlock hosts various arts and cultural festivals, including music, food, and craft events, which highlight local talent and attract diverse audiences. Artistic Community: There is a thriving community of artists and craftspeople in Matlock, contributing to a vibrant cultural scene with galleries, workshops, and public art installations. Community Initiatives and Identity: Sustainability and Localism: Contemporary cultural identity in Matlock is shaped by initiatives focused on sustainability, local produce, and community welfare. Farmers' markets and eco-friendly projects are common. Diverse Population: The town's appeal as a residential area for commuters and retirees has brought more diverse cultural influences, leading to a blend of traditional and modern cultural expressions. Cultural Institutions and Activities: Museums and Historical Sites: Institutions like the Peak District Mining Museum preserve and promote the area's rich industrial heritage. Outdoor Activities: The surrounding natural landscape promotes a culture of outdoor activities, including hiking, cycling, and climbing, which are integral to the local lifestyle.

MATLOCK QUANTITATIVE DATA

DEMOGRAPHICS NOW -In 2023, had a population of 11, 241. -largest age cohort is 45-64 with 3264 followed by 65-84 at 2573. Dominated aging population 22.9% of its population is 65-84 compared to the whole of england which is 16.1% this is significantly higher where the Uk already has a high aging population - employments rates are signifanctly lower than the whole of thederbyshire at 54% employed and 43.7% are econmically inactive - most are retired and old -more females now at 51.4% when in the past would have been a lot more men due to people only living here for working such as mining and quarrying -97.7% are white though would be more ethnic minorities now than in the past - now job sectors most are professional occupations at 19.8% followed by Managers, Directors & Senior Officials at 17.7% when in the past it would agriculture and machining and mining which is now the lowest at 7% -Historically, the population was relatively small and homogenous, with the 1801 census recording just 1,143 residents. By the 1901 census, the population had increased to approximately 4,600 due to the town's growing popularity and industrial activities.

NGO

Despite the growth of NGOs such as ASOC overtime due to increasing public awareness and support, governments still ultimately hold the most power in order to implement restrictions. This hinders the overall effectiveness of NGOs. Ultimately governmental organisations hold the most power at a global scale when it comes to enforcing rules in Antarctica and across the world. However I would argue that over time NGOs have increased in power due to growing public awareness and support at a national scale.

DTM

Deviations from the model Policy Impact: The one-child policy represents a significant deviation from the natural progression predicted by the DTM. This policy artificially accelerated the decline in birth rates, a factor not typically accounted for in the model. Rapid Transition: China's transition through the stages has been more rapid than in many Western countries, primarily due to aggressive government policies and rapid industrialization. Gender Imbalance: The one-child policy also led to a gender imbalance due to a cultural preference for male children, a phenomenon not predicted by the DTM. Rapid Economic Development: China's rapid industrialization and urbanisation have compressed the time frame of demographic transitions. The country moved from Stage 2 to Stage 4 much faster than the historical transitions seen in Western countries

DETROIT'S LIVED EXPERIENCE PAST AND PRESENT

Early 20th Century: Economic Boom: Detroit was known as the "Motor City" due to the booming automobile industry. The Ford Motor Company's introduction of the assembly line in 1913 revolutionized manufacturing, providing numerous jobs. Population Growth: The population surged from 285,704 in 1900 to 1.85 million in 1950, driven by job opportunities in the auto industry. Cultural Diversity: The Great Migration (1916-1970) brought many African Americans from the rural South to Detroit, seeking better economic opportunities and escaping Jim Crow laws. By 1950, Detroit had one of the largest African American populations in the U.S. Quality of Life: Middle-class lifestyle flourished, with affordable housing, vibrant neighborhoods, and a robust public school system. Detroit was a symbol of American industrial success. Mid-20th Century: Racial Tensions: Increasing racial tensions, partially due to competition for jobs and housing, culminated in the 1943 Detroit Race Riot. Suburbanization: Post-World War II, many white residents moved to suburbs (white flight), exacerbating racial segregation. This trend was facilitated by the construction of highways and affordable housing in suburbs. Urban Decline: The 1967 Detroit Riot highlighted significant racial and economic inequalities, leading to further white flight and disinvestment in the city.

ECONOMIC CHANGE

Economic Change Industrial Decline: Past: Detroit thrived as the epicenter of the automobile industry during the early to mid-20th century, providing stable employment for thousands of workers. Present: The city experienced a significant industrial decline starting in the late 20th century due to factors such as automation, outsourcing, and competition from foreign manufacturers. This led to the closure of many automotive plants and a loss of jobs. Urban Decay and Disinvestment: Past: Economic decline led to urban decay, characterized by abandoned buildings, high crime rates, and a shrinking tax base. Present: Despite revitalization efforts in certain areas, many neighborhoods still bear the scars of disinvestment, with vacant lots, deteriorating infrastructure, and limited access to basic services like healthcare and education. Revitalization Efforts: Present: There have been concerted efforts to revitalize Detroit's economy, including investments in downtown development, entrepreneurship, and the arts. Projects like the Detroit Future City plan aim to repurpose vacant land and attract new businesses, while initiatives like the Motor City Match program support local entrepreneurs. Gentrification: Present: Revitalization efforts have led to gentrification in some neighborhoods, driving up property values and displacing long-time residents who can no longer afford rising rents or property taxes. This exacerbates social inequalities and threatens the cultural fabric of communities.

PARIS AGREEMENT FAILURES

Gap in Ambition: Current NDCs are not sufficient to meet the 1.5°C target. The UN Environment Programme's Emissions Gap Report 2022 indicates that even with full implementation of updated NDCs, the world is on track for a temperature rise of around 2.7°C by the end of the century. Delayed Action: Some countries have been slow to update their NDCs or have set targets that lack immediate action, delaying the necessary reductions in emissions. Lack of Enforcement Mechanisms: The agreement lacks binding enforcement mechanisms to ensure countries meet their commitments, relying instead on peer pressure and international diplomacy. Financial Shortcomings: Climate Finance Gap: While there have been significant pledges, the actual disbursement and mobilization of climate finance have fallen short of the $100 billion per year target. According to the OECD, climate finance reached about $79.6 billion in 2019. Disparity in Contributions: There is a notable disparity between pledged and delivered amounts, with some developed countries failing to meet their financial commitments. Developing Country Needs: Many developing countries require significant support in terms of technology transfer, capacity building, and finance to implement their climate actions effectively. Withdrawal and Re-entry of the United States: US Withdrawal: The United States, one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, withdrew from the Paris Agreement in 2020 under the Trump administration, weakening the global effort. Re-entry: The US rejoined the agreement in 2021 under the Biden administration, restoring momentum but highlighting the vulnerability of the agreement to political changes in key countries.

ROLE AND IMPORTANCE AS GLOBAL COMMON

Global Monitoring: The continent is a prime location for monitoring global atmospheric and environmental conditions due to its relative isolation and minimal human impact. This allows for the collection of high-quality data on air and water quality, ozone levels, and cosmic radiation. -ATS prevents militarisation and exploitation and ensures that antarctica remains a global common. By designating antarctica as a zone free from military activity and territorial disputes, ATS contributes to geopolitical stability. - also believed to have significant mineral resources including coal iron ore and potentially oil and natural gas. prohibition on mining protects the continents environment and underscores the principle of preservation over exploitation. -fisheries and tourism The governance framework established by the ATS serves as a model for managing other global commons, such as outer space and the deep seabed. The cooperative spirit of the treaty demonstrates how nations can work together to achieve common goals and promotes the idea that certain areas should be preserved for the benefit of all humanity. Antarctica's status as a global common highlights the interconnectedness of global environmental systems and the need for collective action to address issues such as climate change and biodiversity loss

Analysis and assessment of the geographical consequences of global systems to specifically consider how international trade and variable access to markets underly and impacts on students' and other people's lives across the globe.

Global Supply Chains: Palm oil's integration into global supply chains means that its production impacts are felt worldwide. Consumers in developed countries benefit from cheap palm oil in food and products, while producers in developing countries bear the environmental and social costs. Market Access: Access to global markets can bring economic benefits to producing countries, but it can also exacerbate inequalities. Smallholders may struggle to compete with large agribusinesses, limiting their access to lucrative markets. Trade Policies: International trade policies and tariffs can influence palm oil markets. For instance, the European Union's Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) aims to phase out palm oil-based biofuels by 2030 due to sustainability concerns, affecting export markets for producers.

MATLOCK QUALITATIVE DATA

HIGH TOR by GERTRUDE CUBLEY 1891 shows how Matlock was known in the past as 'little Switzerland' due to scenic landscapes and in the painting Matlock is portrayed as peaceful and tranquil with someone fishing and has painted the nature pretty and with quite neutral colours giving a sense of calmness and there's no one else in the picture showing how it is a place to escape from others In contrast, MATLOCK BATH BY BRYAN JOHN 2018 & MATLOCK BATH by Rebecca Morledge 2023 shows Matlock's place perception has changed drastically now and the character of place- whilst in art representation it still is a tourist attraction the reasons why it is a tourist attraction are different now it is not known for it's calm peaceful tranquil scenery and wildlife and is bustling with many people living and shows housing and that it's quite lively and uses bold and bright colours with many cars on the road it shows how the place character has changed showcases the character of place by paintings of motorbikes, the many activities tourists could do such as canoeing, the type of weather which is sunny and housing such as small cottages that gives a sense of the built environment as well.

DETROITY SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Health Disparities: Present: Residents of low-income neighborhoods often have limited access to healthcare services, leading to disparities in health outcomes. Chronic health conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are more prevalent among disadvantaged populations in Detroit. Housing Insecurity: Present: Housing insecurity is a pressing issue in Detroit, with many residents facing eviction, foreclosure, or homelessness. Affordable housing options are limited, particularly in gentrifying areas, exacerbating social inequalities and displacement. Criminal Justice System: Present: African Americans in Detroit are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system, facing higher rates of arrest, incarceration, and police brutality. This reflects broader systemic issues of racial bias and unequal treatment within law enforcement and the legal system.

DETOIRT ECONMOIC CHANGE

Industrial Decline: Past: Detroit thrived as the epicenter of the automobile industry during the early to mid-20th century, providing stable employment for thousands of workers. Present: The city experienced a significant industrial decline starting in the late 20th century due to factors such as automation, outsourcing, and competition from foreign manufacturers. This led to the closure of many automotive plants and a loss of jobs. Urban Decay and Disinvestment: Past: Economic decline led to urban decay, characterized by abandoned buildings, high crime rates, and a shrinking tax base. Present: Despite revitalization efforts in certain areas, many neighborhoods still bear the scars of disinvestment, with vacant lots, deteriorating infrastructure, and limited access to basic services like healthcare and education. Revitalization Efforts: Present: There have been concerted efforts to revitalize Detroit's economy, including investments in downtown development, entrepreneurship, and the arts. Projects like the Detroit Future City plan aim to repurpose vacant land and attract new businesses, while initiatives like the Motor City Match program support local entrepreneurs. Gentrification: Present: Revitalization efforts have led to gentrification in some neighborhoods, driving up property values and displacing long-time residents who can no longer afford rising rents or property taxes. This exacerbates social inequalities and threatens the cultural fabric of communities.

MATLOCK CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS PAST

Industrial Heritage: Lead Mining and Quarrying: These industries not only shaped the economy but also the culture, with local traditions, songs, and folklore reflecting the miners' experiences. Hydrotherapy: The rise of hydropathic establishments in the 19th century brought a unique cultural element to Matlock, with an influx of visitors seeking health treatments, contributing to a culture of wellness and leisure. Victorian Influences: Architecture: Victorian buildings and structures, including public baths, parks, and residential homes, reflect the architectural tastes and societal values of the time. Public Events and Social Life: The Victorian era saw the establishment of public events such as fairs and exhibitions, which became integral to social life in Matlock. Community and Social Structures: Working-Class Culture: The strong working-class presence influenced community solidarity and local traditions. Social clubs, pubs, and community gatherings were central to daily life. Education and Religion: Churches and schools played a significant role in the community, reflecting the importance of religious and educational institutions in social life.

LIMITATIONS AND FAILURES OF MDGS

Inequality and Exclusion: Failure: The MDGs did not adequately address inequalities within and between countries. Progress often bypassed marginalized groups, including rural populations, indigenous peoples, and ethnic minorities. Example: In Sub-Saharan Africa, progress towards the MDGs was uneven, with many countries failing to achieve targets due to persistent structural inequalities and conflicts. Unmet Targets: Failure: Some MDG targets were not achieved by the deadline, particularly in areas such as maternal health, sanitation, and environmental sustainability. Example: Despite efforts, maternal mortality rates remained high in many countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Lack of Comprehensive Approach: Failure: The MDGs focused primarily on outcomes without addressing underlying structural factors contributing to poverty and inequality, such as weak governance, corruption, and environmental degradation. While the goals may appear simple in theory, achieving them is difficult in practice given the range of economic social and cultural forces at work. The aid process did not take note of the fact that the socio- economic and cultural contexts vary significantly from country to country, impacting the ability to deliver. Changes of such significance take time and require consensus amongst all parties. A top down approach to development aid by donor countries is no longer appropriate. More attention needed to be paid to the voices and contexts of individual countries in formulating goals and targets. in 2015, the MDGs were succeeded by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a more comprehensive and ambitious framework for global development with 17 goals and by 2030 and even includes climate change action

FUNDING FOR MDG

International Aid: -Many developed countries pledged financial support to help achieve the MDGs through bilateral and multilateral aid. Example: The United States, European Union, Japan, and the United Kingdom were among the largest contributors to international aid during the MDG era. Private Sector Investment: - Many multinational corporations invested in development projects aligned with the MDGs, particularly in health, education, and poverty alleviation. Example: Companies like Coca-Cola, Microsoft, and Unilever launched initiatives to improve access to clean water, education, and healthcare in developing countries. UK Funding and the FCDO: Role of FCDO: The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) is the UK government department responsible for administering international aid and development assistance. Controversies: The system of funding provided by the FCDO has been controversial due to allegations of mismanagement, lack of transparency, and concerns over the effectiveness of aid spending. Example: Investigations revealed instances of aid money being misused or wasted, leading to calls for greater accountability and oversight in aid delivery. Some donors attach conditions to their aid, such as policy reforms or procurement requirements, which may infringe on recipient countries' sovereignty and priorities. Example: Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) imposed by the IMF and World Bank as conditions for aid have been criticized for exacerbating inequalities and undermining social welfare programs.

CRITICS OF GOVERNANCE AND NGO'S ROLE

International Whaling Moratorium has played a crucial role in protecting whale populations worldwide, including in the Southern Ocean. Despite this, the actions of Japan, Norway, and Iceland continue to pose significant challenges to whale conservation. WWF remains steadfast in its opposition to commercial whaling, advocating for the enforcement of international protections and the adoption of non-lethal research methods to ensure the long-term survival of whale species. Japan: Despite the moratorium, Japan has continued whaling under the guise of scientific research, although it withdrew from the IWC in 2018 and resumed commercial whaling within its territorial waters.WWF condemns Japan's actions, arguing that scientific whaling is unnecessary due to the availability of non-lethal research methods. WWF urges Japan to adhere to international conservation norms and respect the moratorium. Norway: Norway lodged a formal objection to the moratorium and continues commercial whaling under its national regulations, setting its own quotas for minke whales. WWF criticize commercial whaling is unsustainable and undermines international efforts to protect whale populations. Iceland: Iceland initially left the IWC in 1992 but rejoined in 2002 with a reservation to the moratorium, allowing it to resume commercial whaling. Iceland targets fin and minke whales. WWF's Advocacy and Actions: WWF supports non-lethal whale research and conservation projects, promoting the sustainable management of marine ecosystems. International Collaboration: WWF collaborates with governments, international organizations, and other NGOs to strengthen the enforcement of the moratorium and expand whale sanctuaries.

ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM

SIGNED 1959 BY 12 NATIONS !! CAME INTO AFFECT MID 60s -with freedom of scientific research and peaceful use of continent -treaty prohibits nuclear testing, military operations, economic exploitation and territorial claims -as of 2023, 56 states are party to the treaty but only 29 control the decision making process. These 29 are the "Consultative Parties" and include the original 12 signatories. Only these have votes at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM), and every decision requires a consensus however this reliance is quite non beneficial as it is difficult to make substantial decisions however protocol Madrid 1991 is an example of success which The Madrid Protocol designates Antarctica as a "natural reserve, devoted to peace and science" and reinforces the Antarctic Treaty in order to increase the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems. -main objectives: no military use shall be made though military personnel and equipment maybe used for peaceful purposes, complete freedom of scientific investigation, nations exchange plans for their scientific programmes, all territorial claims are pt aside for the duration of the treaty, nuclear explosions and waste disposal banned, any dispute if not settled by agreement will be determines by the international court of justice ATCM- consultative and non meet for purpose of exchanging information, consulting together on matters of common interest pertaining to Antarctica

QUALITIATIVE DATA

JOHN BETJEMANS MAT LOCK BATH 1959 poem captures the historical and natural beauty of Matlock Bath, juxtaposed with an ominous sense of impending doom. Betjeman evokes the Victorian era with references to its Nonconformist heritage and grand, though precarious, landscapes. Phrases like "Huge cliffs hang sunless ere they fall" and "Eternal Father, strong to save" reflect both the awe and anxiety associated with the area's dramatic topography and industrial past. Comparison and Changing Character: Betjeman's poem paints Matlock Bath as a place marked by its natural grandeur and historical significance, but also by a looming sense of decay and uncertainty. In contrast, the modern poem portrays a revitalized, thriving community focused on tourism and recreation. This shift from a past dominated by industrial activity and Victorian social structures to a present-day leisure hub underscores significant changes in Matlock Bath's character and economic base. Qualitative Data and Media Representations Historical Representations: Victorian-era photographs and postcards depict Matlock Bath as a bustling spa town with grand hotels and busy promenades. These images emphasize its role as a therapeutic retreat for the upper classes. Oral histories and written accounts from local archives recount the daily lives of miners and the impact of tourism brought by the railway in 1849, highlighting economic disparities and community dynamics of the time​

DETROIT LIVED EXPERIENCES PRESENT

Late 20th Century: Economic Decline: The auto industry's decline in the 1970s and 1980s led to massive job losses. Factories closed or relocated, and unemployment soared. Population Decline: From a peak of 1.85 million in 1950, Detroit's population plummeted to 951,270 by 2000. Demographic Shifts: By 2000, African Americans constituted 81.6% of the population, reflecting continued white flight and changes in the city's racial composition. Cultural Shifts: Despite economic hardships, Detroit remained a cultural hub, particularly for music. The city is famous for Motown, and later, techno music in the 1980s. Early 21st Century: Economic Challenges: Detroit filed for bankruptcy in 2013, the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history. The city's debt was estimated at $18-20 billion. Revitalization Efforts: Recent years have seen efforts to revitalize the city. Dan Gilbert's investments in real estate and the establishment of new businesses downtown have been significant. Demographic Changes: By 2020, Detroit's population had declined to approximately 639,111. The city is now about 77.1% African American, 14.4% White, and 7.6% Hispanic or Latino. Gentrification Concerns: Redevelopment has led to gentrification in some areas, with rising property values and rents, which has created tension between long-time residents and new, often more affluent, inhabitants.

LATOSOL

Latosol (Tropical Red Soil) Characteristics: Low organic matter content. Deep, heavily weathered, and leached soil with a red or yellow color due to iron and aluminum oxides. Acidic pH and low natural fertility. High clay content, which can cause compaction. Distribution: Predominantly found in tropical rainforest regions such as the Amazon Basin, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia. Major regions include Brazil, Congo Basin, and Indonesia. Relationship with Human Activities Agriculture: Requires significant inputs (fertilizers, lime) to be productive. Often used for plantations (rubber, oil palm, coffee, cocoa) and shifting cultivation. Susceptible to degradation if not managed properly due to high rainfall and nutrient leaching. Human Activities: Supports diverse, small-scale subsistence farming. Large-scale deforestation for agriculture and logging impacts soil health. Soil management practices are crucial to maintain productivity and prevent degradation.

DETROIT-

MIDWEST OF AMERICA- LARGEST CITY IN MIDWESTERN STATE OF MICHIGAN-nicknamed "Motor City." -Detroit is also the birthplace of Motown Records. In the 1960's, Detroit was a thriving economic and entertainment area. -Coal and iron ore are available from the nearby Appalachian Mountains and location near rivers and mountains made it the ideal place for the steel industry and therefore the motor industry. -made it a place of vital importance for importing crucial resources which were necessary at the time and led to it becoming an industrial city. As a result, Henry Ford opened his factory in 1901, attracted investment and money into the area as new jobs were created and cars were being made. This led to a vibrant, rich city where many people were employed in the car industry. With jobs being created, this attracted people too as a result - the great migration with millions of African Americans travelling for work - used to be the 5th largest city in the US in 1950 had a pop of 1.8m - city was dependent on auotmobile industry and manufacturing, the big three General motors, ford and Chrysler were all located here. 200 000 were employed in manufacturing until 2005. -USA was the leading car production in the world. in 2006, Japan held this rank and was then taken over by china with 13.7m units produced. this led to a decline in sales and ford and other companies cut jobs and shit down less efficient plants .- the motor industry in Detroit continued to fall in the 70s crumble due to global competion, the fuel crisis, companies decisions of globalisations and moving to other countries with cheaper labour and deindustrialisation, caused profits to plummet and the car industry moved elsewhere completely but due to Detroit depending on this industry solely it led to a collapse of the city that they have not yet recovered from

MATLOCK

Mid to Late 20th Century: Post-WWII, the decline of traditional industries led to demographic shifts. Rise in residential development and suburbanization. 1961 Census: Population of approximately 7,000, showing modest growth. Cultural Characteristics: Predom white British with strong local traditions tied to the spa and mining heritage. Cultural events centered around tourism and the spa industry. Present: still predom white British, increasing diversity due to migration from urban areas. Cultural life includes local festivals (e.g., Matlock Bath Illuminations), arts, and outdoor activities. Economic Change and Social Inequalities Industrial Decline: Closure of mines and reduction in quarrying activities led to economic restructuring. Tourism remained a critical sector, but with shifts towards heritage and nature tourism. Modern Economy: Service sector growth, particularly in retail, education, and healthcare. Increase in small businesses and self-employment. Matlock Town Centre: Development projects aimed at revitalizing the high street and local economy. Social Inequalities: Historical Context: Wealth disparities evident during the spa era, with affluent visitors and local working-class populations in mining and service jobs. Housing quality varied significantly between affluent spa-goers and local workers. Contemporary Issues: Rising property prices leading to affordability issues for local residents. Employment opportunities concentrated in lower-wage service jobs, contrasting with higher-cost living due to tourism demand. Efforts by local councils and community groups to address social inequalities through affordable housing projects and support for local businesses.

MONSOON

More than ​60% ​of the world's population live in areas affected by a monsoonal climate, although this is mainly due to ​urbanisation​. ● Agriculture ​is based around monsoon seasons, and it can be very beneficial for crops such as ​rice​. Paddy fields are concentrated within monsoonal Asia, as the wet seasons bring ​waterlogged land that is perfect for growing ​semiaquatic rice​. The intense rain also partially contributes to the ​flat land​, as the flooding has created smooth floodplains. Due to the large agricultural industry that has developed within these regions, commercial rice fields ​that use ​irrigation​ ​sourced from wetter regions have developed. ● Many people choose to move to these areas from surrounding areas because of the opportunities in farming ​and better food security, ​causing overpopulation​. Urbanisation (which stems from food security and agriculture in the region) has also massively contributed to overpopulation within ​urban areas​, causing poor quality of life. ● People must also ​adapt ​to the monsoon climate, and the risks of an ​abnormality in the seasons​, e.g. prolonged dry seasons and ​shorter wet seasons (or vice versa) can be detrimental to crops. The monsoon does not always bring the same amounts of rainfall, meaning ​wheat, rice, tea, vegetables, and farm animals can all suffer from droughts and floods. Not only does this affect farmers' livelihoods, but also the region's food supplies. Furthermore, floods and droughts caused by the monsoon can directly affect the population​, e.g. the 2014 monsoon caused nearly 300 people to die in Pakistan and India, mainly due to flooding causing landslides.

TOURISM & SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

OVER 37,000 VISITED ANTARCTICA IN THE SEASONS OF 2009-2010, majority on cruises - tourists are more frequently travelling by air and sea which threatens antarctica directly through the effect of ships and fossil fuel emissions - sea ice destruction and cruise ship crashes are major contributors to environmental destruction as tourist number increases e.g. MS EXPLORER CRASH IN 2007 left a mile long diesel spill which disrupted penguin breeding grounds -tourists may disrupt ecosystems by trampling plants and scaring wildlife away. - any litter will stay in the nutrient cycle for a long time as decomposition is slow - any foreign objects brought by tourists may also interrupt and disrupt the food chain bringing risk of invasive species -scientific research needs to be sustainably managed or it threatens the area e.g. scientific equipmet and facilities. -research bases have been constructed around the antarctica which have changed natural environment and if not handled properly may threaten to disrupt it e.g. dogs such as huskies used to be integrated part for scientific research such as transportation and companionship. These dogs were sometimes fed seals and penguins however when there was no food available and also bought the threat of infecting seals so have now been permanently removed.

DETROIT'S ECONOMIC CHANGE AND SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

Past Economic Boom and Subsequent Decline Industrial Boom: The early 20th century saw significant economic growth due to the auto industry, providing widespread employment. Industrial Decline: The latter half of the 20th century saw a sharp decline in manufacturing jobs due to automation, globalization, and competition from foreign auto manufacturers. Economic Disparities: The decline of the auto industry disproportionately affected African American communities, who had fewer resources to relocate or find new employment opportunities. Present Revitalization and Inequality Revitalization Projects: Initiatives like the Detroit Future City plan aim to repurpose vacant land and attract new businesses. The downtown area has seen new developments, with tech firms and startups emerging. Persistent Inequality: Despite revitalization, many neighborhoods remain impoverished. Detroit has a poverty rate of around 35%, with significant disparities in income, education, and health outcomes. Housing and Gentrification: Efforts to renovate and redevelop areas have led to gentrification, pushing out low-income residents and changing the character of neighborhoods. The lived experience now varies greatly depending on the area. Downtown and Midtown have seen an influx of young professionals and new businesses, with improved amenities and safety. In contrast, many outlying neighborhoods still struggle with poverty, inadequate public services, and high crime rates. In summary, economic changes in Detroit have been marked by industrial decline, urban decay, and ongoing revitalization efforts, while social inequalities persist, particularly along racial and socioeconomic lines. Addressing these disparities requires comprehensive strategies that prioritize equity, access to opportunity, and community empowerment.

MATLOCK'S CHANGING DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

Population Growth: Census data from the late 19th to the 21st century shows a steady population increase, with significant growth periods following industrial booms and later, improved transportation links. Age Structure: Historically, the population was younger due to the industrial workforce. In recent decades, there's been an increase in the proportion of older residents, partly due to the area's appeal as a retirement destination. Cultural Shifts: Tourism and Heritage: The shift from an industrial to a service-based economy has brought a cultural focus on heritage and tourism. Attractions such as the Heights of Abraham and Gulliver's Kingdom theme park reflect this shift. Arts and Festivals: The Matlock Bath Illuminations, an annual event since Victorian times, illustrate the town's cultural continuity and adaptation. Additionally, modern festivals and markets have become central to community life.

PROS

Pros of China's Engagement in Africa Infrastructure Development: Enhancement of Connectivity: Chinese-funded infrastructure projects have improved transportation and connectivity, facilitating trade and economic integration within the continent. Modernization: New infrastructure projects have modernized urban and rural areas, contributing to economic growth and development. Economic Growth: Investment and Jobs: Chinese investments have contributed to economic growth and job creation, helping to reduce poverty and improve living standards in some regions. Industrialization: China has supported the development of industrial parks and Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Africa, fostering industrialization and technology transfer. Development Assistance: Healthcare and Education: Chinese aid has improved healthcare and education facilities, enhancing human capital development. Technical Training: China has provided technical training and scholarships to African students, contributing to capacity building. -economic growth in Africa is faster than in any other continent, largely thanks to Chinese investment and doing more than western aid to bring down poverty -since the 1960s, over 15000 Chinese doctors have worked in 47 African countries treating 180 million patients -african consumers benefit directly from the relatively low price of Chinese goods -improvements in infrastructure and economic development, as economies grow, poverty declines and population become better educated and more politically involved, leading to better governance

DETROIT QUANTIATIVE VS QUALTIATIVE DATA

Quantitative data provides objective metrics that help to measure changes accurately over time. This allows for a clear comparison of different eras, revealing trends and shifts in Detroit's economic and social landscape.By examining quantitative data over decades, one can identify long-term trends, such as industrial decline, demographic shifts, and changes in crime rates. This helps to understand the underlying factors driving these changes.Quantitative data from the past and present provides critical insights into Detroit's evolution, illustrating how economic changes, demographic shifts, and social dynamics have shaped the city's character. By analysing this data, we can better understand the complex factors influencing Detroit's transformation and the ongoing challenges and opportunities it faces. -Qualitative data provides rich detailed insights into the lived experiences and societal changes in detroit. this type od at a compliments qualitative data by offering personal perspectives and cultural narratives that numbers alone cannot convey.Qualitative data, such as music, films, and personal narratives, provides valuable insights into the character and changes of Detroit. It captures the emotional and cultural dimensions of the city's history, offering a deeper understanding of its economic and social transformations. This data complements quantitative analysis, creating a comprehensive picture of Detroit's past and present.

DETROIT SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

Racial Disparities: Past: Detroit has a long history of racial segregation and discrimination, with African American residents facing systemic barriers to employment, education, and housing. Present: Racial inequalities persist, with African Americans disproportionately affected by poverty, unemployment, and lack of access to quality healthcare and education. Despite being the majority population, they often hold a minority share of political power and economic resources.Income Inequality: Present: Detroit has one of the highest poverty rates among major U.S. cities, with approximately 35% of residents living below the poverty line. Income inequality is stark, with a significant gap between the city's wealthiest and poorest residents.Education Disparities: Present: Detroit's public school system has faced numerous challenges, including underfunding, low graduation rates, and poor academic performance. These issues disproportionately affect students from low-income and minority backgrounds, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality.

TNC ST MICRO ELECTRONICS

ST microelectronic is a global tech company that sells capital products and was founded in 1987 -50 000+ employees in one team -9000 engineers in r&d. -origins are french italian but hq in geneva, switzerland they also operate in singaore, particulalry wafer fabrication and 10% market let r&d hee as well as front end plants located in areas in Italy and France. these are complemented by assembly and test facilities and band end plants in malaysia particularly muar and china, Malta, the Philippines and Morocco with wafer fabrication facilities in these areas - CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBALISATION OF WORLDS ECONOMY: - GLOBALISATION WORD USED TO DESCRIBE THE GROWING INTERDEPENCE OF THR WORLD'S ECONMIES, CULTURES AND POPULATION AND POPULATIONS BOGHT BY FLOWS OF TECHNOLOGY, LABOUR, CAPITAL AND GOODS RESULTING IN INCREASED HOMOGENEITY -operates in numerous countries participating Singapore which originally used to be mostly back end work now leading 10% of its market led RD and has in results moved to places such as Malaysia, Muar which also takes in these ideas and flows the TNC has contributed with technology such as wafer fabrication technology, labour( the work ethic inherited by each and improving the livelihood of their workforce) and economies as this manufacturing and job opportunities and movement of this company results and helps the social and economic developments of each country, transferring these skills, cultures, technology and rise in wages and livelihoods for all.

MDG

SUCCESS? -Significant progress was made, with the global poverty rate falling from 36% in 1990 to 10% in 2015. However, poverty reduction was uneven across regions, with Sub-Saharan Africa lagging behind. -Substantial reductions in child mortality were achieved globally, with the under-five mortality rate declining by over 50%. However, progress was uneven, with Sub-Saharan Africa still facing high child mortality rates. -Significant progress was made, with primary school enrollment reaching 91% globally by 2015. -Significant progress was made in combating HIV/AIDS, with a reduction in new infections and increased access to treatment. However, challenges remained in addressing malaria and other diseases. -In Bangladesh, the gender gap in primary school enrollment was eliminated, with equal numbers of boys and girls attending school. -New infections of HIV declined by 40% globally.

NGO SCAR

Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Overview: SCAR is an interdisciplinary body established in 1958 to facilitate international scientific research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. It comprises national scientific organizations from around the world, collaborating to address scientific questions and promote cooperation. Role in Governance: SCAR provides scientific advice and expertise to support the governance of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, particularly regarding environmental protection and management. It conducts scientific assessments, coordinates research programs, and contributes to the development of policies and regulations. Successes: SCAR has played a vital role in advancing scientific understanding of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, contributing to landmark discoveries and breakthroughs in various fields. Its research informs decision-making processes and helps identify emerging environmental threats, guiding efforts to conserve biodiversity and mitigate climate change impacts. Challenges: SCAR faces challenges in securing funding for scientific research and maintaining international collaboration in an increasingly competitive research landscape. The committee must address gaps in scientific knowledge and prioritize research areas to effectively support governance efforts and address emerging environmental challenges.

SOIL MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE

Soil Problems and Their Management in Agriculture Soil Erosion Causes: Wind and water erosion due to deforestation, overgrazing, and poor agricultural practices. Loss of topsoil reduces soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Management: Contour plowing, terracing, and planting cover crops to reduce runoff. Agroforestry and windbreaks to protect soil from wind erosion. Conservation tillage to maintain soil structure and organic matter. Waterlogging Causes: Poor drainage, excessive irrigation, and high water tables. Waterlogged soils reduce oxygen availability to plant roots, affecting crop growth. Management: Installation of drainage systems to remove excess water. Use of raised beds and contour farming to improve water management. Selection of water-tolerant crops in areas prone to waterlogging. Salinization Causes: Accumulation of salts in soil due to high evaporation rates, poor irrigation practices, and low rainfall. Common in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation water is the primary source. Management: Improved irrigation practices such as drip irrigation to reduce evaporation. Leaching excess salts through increased irrigation with good quality water. Use of salt-tolerant crop varieties and soil amendments (gypsum) to reclaim saline soils. Structural Deterioration Causes: Compaction from heavy machinery, loss of organic matter, and continuous monoculture. Reduces soil aeration, water infiltration, and root growth. Management: Crop rotation and incorporation of organic matter to improve soil structure. Reduced tillage and controlled traffic farming to minimize compaction. Use of cover crops and green manures to enhance soil organic matter and biological activity.

CHINA AND THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL ?

Stage 1: High Fluctuating Characteristics: High birth and death rates, resulting in a stable and low population growth. China's Fit: Before the mid-20th century, particularly pre-1949, China experienced high birth and death rates typical of Stage 1. High fertility rates were necessary to offset high infant mortality, and life expectancy was low due to limited medical knowledge and poor living conditions. Stage 2: Early Expanding Characteristics: High birth rates with rapidly declining death rates, leading to high population growth. China's Fit: From the 1950s to the 1970s, China entered Stage 2. Public health improvements, better nutrition, and the establishment of a more stable government after 1949 led to a significant decline in death rates. However, birth rates remained high, resulting in rapid population growth. Stage 3: Late Expanding Characteristics: Declining birth rates and low death rates, leading to a slowdown in population growth. China's Fit: China began transitioning into Stage 3 in the late 1970s. The implementation of the One-Child Policy in 1979 drastically reduced birth rates. Improved access to education, particularly for women, and increased urbanization also contributed to declining fertility rates. The death rates remained low due to continuous improvements in healthcare and living standards.

DTM

Stage 4: Low Fluctuating Characteristics: Both birth and death rates are low, stabilizing the population growth. China's Fit: Since the 1990s, China has fit into Stage 4. Birth rates have stabilized at a low level due to the lingering effects of the One-Child Policy, even after its relaxation. Death rates remain low, but the population growth rate is minimal. The total fertility rate (TFR) is below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman, leading to concerns about future population decline. Stage 5: Decline (Proposed) Characteristics: Birth rates fall below death rates, leading to a declining population. China's Fit: China is arguably entering this proposed Stage 5. The birth rate has continued to decline despite policy changes allowing for more children per family. The population is ageing, with a significant proportion of elderly individuals, and the country faces a potential population decline. This stage also comes with increased economic and social challenges associated with an ageing population, such as higher dependency ratios and increased healthcare costs.

LINCOLN

The Lincoln Anti-Poverty Strategy aimed to address various socio-economic challenges to improve the well-being of the city's residents. The key objectives were: Maximizing Income: Reduces stress and anxiety associated with financial instability. Allows for better access to nutritious food and healthcare services. Reducing Debt: Alleviates mental health issues related to financial stress. Enables individuals to focus on maintaining physical health and well-being. Improving Health: Directly addresses health disparities by increasing access to medical services and promoting healthy lifestyles. Reduces the incidence of chronic diseases through preventive care and health education. Raising Educational Attainment: Improves long-term health outcomes by increasing awareness and understanding of health-related issues. Enhances job prospects, leading to better income and access to health resources. Increasing Financial Resilience: Builds capacity to handle financial shocks, reducing stress and its associated health impacts. Promotes long-term stability, contributing to overall well-being. Tackling Worklessness: Employment provides financial stability, reducing poverty-related health issues. Engages individuals in meaningful activities, improving mental health and social well-being. Housing Improvements: Ensures safe, stable, and healthy living conditions, reducing respiratory and other health issues. Provides a secure environment, which is foundational for good mental health and overall well-being. By addressing these socio-economic determinants, the strategy aimed to create a healthier, more resilient population, reducing health inequalities and improving quality of life in Lincoln.

PAIS AGREEMENT

The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is a landmark accord aimed at addressing climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. As an example of global governance, the Paris Agreement has achieved significant milestones, but it also faces notable challenges. Achievements of the Paris Agreement Broad Participation and Commitment: Universal Adoption: As of 2023, 195 countries have signed the Paris Agreement, and 189 have ratified it, making it a near-universal pact. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Countries submit their NDCs, outlining their climate action plans and commitments. This approach respects national sovereignty and encourages widespread participation. Long-Term Goals and Flexibility: Temperature Goals: The agreement sets clear long-term temperature goals (well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit to 1.5°C), providing a strong signal to governments and the private sector. Review Mechanism: The agreement includes a five-year review cycle to assess progress and increase ambition over time. Global Governance and Cooperation: Transparency Framework: The agreement establishes a robust transparency framework for tracking progress, including reporting and review mechanisms. Global Stocktake: Every five years, a global stocktake will assess collective progress towards achieving the agreement's long-term goals.

INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS - (UN) agencies such as (UNEP) and the International Whaling Commission. The Antarctic Treaty (1959), the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991); IWC Whaling Moratorium (1982) - their purpose, scope and systems for inspection and enforcement.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Purpose: UNEP's role is to coordinate global environmental activities and assist countries in implementing environmentally sound policies. It supports the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) by promoting international cooperation and sustainable practices. Scope: UNEP addresses global environmental issues, including those affecting Antarctica, such as climate change, biodiversity conservation, and pollution control. Inspection and Enforcement: UNEP collaborates with other international bodies to monitor environmental impacts in Antarctica and supports compliance with environmental protocols through technical assistance and capacity building. international whaling commission: Purpose: The IWC regulates whale hunting and ensures the conservation of whale populations. IWC Whaling Moratorium (1982): This moratorium aims to protect whale populations by suspending commercial whaling. It has been a crucial measure in preventing the depletion of various whale species. Scope: The moratorium covers all commercial whaling activities. However, it allows for scientific research whaling, which some countries, such as Japan, have used controversially. Inspection and Enforcement: The IWC relies on member countries to self-report their whaling activities and enforce regulations. Compliance is monitored through national reports, satellite tracking, and, occasionally, independent observers.

SUCCESFUL?

While progress varied across different goals and regions, significant achievements were made in areas such as reducing extreme poverty, improving access to primary education, and reducing child mortality. Despite these shortcomings, the MDGs represented a significant step forward in global governance by providing a framework for international cooperation and mobilizing resources towards common goals. The initiative fostered collaboration between governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector, emphasizing the importance of partnerships in development efforts. The MDGs also raised awareness about global challenges and mobilized political will to address them, paving the way for the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015. In conclusion, while the MDGs made notable progress in reducing poverty, improving education and healthcare, and fostering global partnerships, they fell short of achieving all targets and addressing systemic issues such as inequality and environmental degradation. Nevertheless, the MDGs represented a milestone in global governance by galvanizing international efforts towards common objectives and laying the groundwork for a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to development through the SDGs. in conclusion, while the Millennium Development Goals represent a significant milestone in global governance by the UN, their success is tempered by their limited scope and effectiveness. The subsequent adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals reflects a broader and more inclusive approach to addressing global challenges. By learning from the strengths and weaknesses of the MDGs, the SDGs offer a more comprehensive and ambitious framework for sustainable development.

LINCOLN

a £3 million restoration project has overhauled the local arboretum and provided a range of recreational facilities including a childrens play area and a community access centre. a 7 day ohs walk in centre opened in 2009 community and attitudes: mobile population such as migrants an students traditionally feel less ownership of an area that they may have lived in for a short period of time still the areas has a long history of community involvement, e.g. monks road working mens club recently celebrated its ceterneary year. the local residents group was created in 1998 and produces a successful newsletter. hold regular meetings to keep local residents informed of key activities in the area. action LN2, from din 2013 is a group of residents who volunteer in the monks road area and aim to bring about positive change by involving local people in small scale, practical projects that make a difference to people's everyday lives as well as celebrating the diversity, culture heritage of the area. smaller projects have included lanky and culture swap session to encourage social mixing and also football session for children and families in the adjacent aboeturm. -University of Lincoln contributes to a significant student population, influencing the city's demographics and economy. -issues such as unemployment, low income, and poor housing conditions can affect health outcomes. Areas like Abbey, Park, and Birchwood wards are among the most deprived. -Lincoln County Hospital is a major healthcare provider in the region. -Availability of GP practices, dental clinics, and mental health services. -Health inequalities exist, with some areas experiencing lower access to healthcare services.

BEFORE THE ATS

explotation wasnt until 18th century. southern ocean islands were discovered and seals were the first creatures to be exploited, hunting seals on the islands to extinction - whaling at 19th century UK, Norway, USA main countries involved having whaling stations on the island IN 1938 25, 000 WHALES KILLED TODAY POPULATION IS UNDER 2000 - overfishing as well - in 21st century, development in shipping, fish finding and cold weather clothing means humans now have even more ability to easily exploit southern ocean resources but we also more aware of the impact and maximum sustainable yield has been put forward. max sus yield is the amount of a resource that can be harvested without affecting the og population - IN 2001 LEGAL FISHING TOOK 112,934 TONNES BUT THIS NUM BER THOUGHT TO BE OVER 5 TIMES HIGHER WHEN ILLEGAL FISHING IS INCLUDED. -ILLEGAL UNREPORTED UNREGULATED FISHING IS THE GREATEST THREAT TO SOUTHERN OCEAN AFTER GLOBAL WARMING

THREATS FISHING AND WHALING

fishing & whaling: whaling was more popular in 19th century but stocks became seriously depleted due to over killing and whaling was no longer commercially viable and species became endangered. fishing has now replaced whaling in the area. -in 1960s russian ships began to exploit the southern ocean for a number of fish species. concerns been expressed recently over number of fish being taken particularly fishing for krill by japan and russia. commercial fishing has become a threat to the southern ocean and antarctica. There is a high risk of overfishing of target species. the ships also dump waste into the ocean contaminating water and killing organisms

MATLOCKS LIVED EXPERIENCE IN PAST & PRESENT

history rich with industrial and social change, signif influenced by Industrial Revolution. Industrial Heritage: Lead Mining and Quarrying: was known for its lead mining and limestone quarrying, which shaped its economic base and community life. Hydrotherapy: In the 19th century, Matlock Bath became renowned for its hydropathic establishments, attracting visitors seeking health treatments, which significantly influenced the local economy and social life. Community Life: Victorian Era: During the Victorian period, the town saw the development of amenities such as parks, public baths, and improved housing for workers. Social Structures: The community was primarily working-class, with strong ties to mining and later, tourism industries. Local traditions and social events were often centered around these industries. People's Lived Experiences at Present: Economic Shifts: Service Economy: The decline of traditional industries has led to the rise of a service-based economy, with many residents working in tourism, retail, and public services. Commuter Town: Proximity to larger cities like Derby and Sheffield has made Matlock a commuter town, influencing daily life and local business dynamics. Community and Identity: Local Initiatives: Contemporary Matlock has a vibrant community spirit, with numerous local initiatives focusing on sustainability, heritage conservation, and community welfare. Diverse Population: Increased mobility and the appeal of the area have brought more diverse demographics, including younger families and professionals.

IQUALUIT CANADA POLAR TUNDRA CLIMATE

occurs mostly along arctic coast of North America & Eurasia and coastal margins of greenland, found in high latitudes -4m live in arctic area - influenced by polar cell in global atmospheric circulation. Cold, dense air descends at the poles, creating high-pressure systems and leading to cold, dry conditions. The lack of significant precipitation is due to the descending air which limits the formation of clouds and precipitation.-Short, cool summers with temperatures barely rising above 10°C. -Long, harsh winters with temperatures often dropping below 30°C. Low precipitation, mostly in form of snow, avg less than 250 mm annually. -limits to biological productivity bc it is too cold and dry, vegetation does not grow, humans cannot eat this and sustain living, those who live in the area restore and adapt to imports on food instead by boats and planes and the indigenous people rely on hunting of animals instead such as fishing and trade with humans for other goods such as vegetables. in this climate, you cannot farm and no agriculture to live off -Sami of northern Eurasia and Inuit of North America Buildings well-insulated raised to prevent heat loss and avoid thawing permafrost. snowmobiles and dogsleds for transportation. Clothing and housing designed to withstand extreme cold. Climate Change and Agriculture: Thawing permafrost affects infrastructure and traditional lifestyles. Changes in wildlife migration patterns impact hunting and fishing.Shortened periods of sea ice affect transportation and accessibility. Global warming is causing areas of ​permafrost to decrease ​and temperatures to rise, meaning ​arable land in polar climates (or at least subpolar climates) is increasing. Human activities are therefore changing in these areas, with arable farming becoming a more attainable source of food in some regions.

DETROIT QUALITATIVE DATA

songs such as "I care about detroit" by money Robinson and the miracles 1968- "Is it friendly, warm, hospitable? And are there good job opportunities Educational facilities, and a cultural center? Are you proud to call it your hometown? When you come right down to it I bet you to say, you'll all agree to a resounding "yes" When you're talking about Detroit, my hometown" - was the starting of Motown music, lyrics like these show the place character of detroit to be positive, welcoming, a community and a place where there are good opportunities and people should move there, Now it is from from this -"Detroit, Michigan" by Kid Rock (2001): Lyrics and Context: This song reflects on both the pride and struggles of Detroit. Kid Rock's lyrics convey a sense of resilience and determination amidst economic hardship. Cultural Impact: As a native of the Detroit area, Kid Rock's music often touches on themes of blue-collar struggle, reflecting the experiences of many residents during the city's economic downturn. -"Lose Yourself" by Eminem (2002): Lyrics and Context: Featured in the film "8 Mile," this song captures the gritty reality of life in Detroit. Eminem's portrayal of an aspiring rapper from a struggling background mirrors the city's challenges. Cultural Significance: "Lose Yourself" won an Academy Award for Best Original Song, bringing global attention to Detroit's hip-hop scene and the resilience of its artists amidst adversity.

DETROIT QUANTITATIVE DATA

total population in 1950s: 1.85 million total population 2010: 713777 total population 2020: 639,111 white: 68,407 black: 496,534 asian alone: 10,193 using 2020 us census data: Us as a whole income median: $69,717, poverty 12.8%, employment 58.6% Detroit: $36,140, poverty 30.2%, employment 45.3&% Past (1950): Predominantly White, with a significant African American population. Present (2020): Approximately 77.1% African American, 14.4% White, 7.6% Hispanic or Latino. Past (2013): Detroit filed for bankruptcy, with estimated debt ranging from $18 to $20 billion. Past (Peak): During the height of the auto industry, median household income was relatively high compared to national averages. Present: Median household income varies, with many residents earning below the national average. Life Expectancy (2018): Overall: 74.7 years White: 79.6 years African American: 72.7 years Past (1950) Employment by Industry: Manufacturing: Approx. 60% of workforce Automotive Industry: Dominant employer, accounting for the majority of manufacturing jobs Present (2020) Employment by Industry: Manufacturing: Approx. 10% of workforce The primary industries in the Detroit region are health services (14% of employment), government (12%), manufacturing (12%), and retail trade (10%). total annual number of crimes: 41,000, violent: 12,800, property: 28200