AAMI - Anatomy 2 - Final

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Hyoid bone number

Coccyx vertebrae number in adults and infants

1,4

Sacrum vertebrae number in adults and infants

1,5

Process is which bone forms in cartilage

Endochondral ossification

A less prominent ridge of bone than a crest

Line or linea

Ear ossicles and their shapes

Malleus/hammer, Incus/Anvil, Stapes/Stirrups

Two types of digestion

Mechanical/physical and chemical digestion

Anterior fontanel location

at the angles of the 2 parietal bones and the frontal bone

4 main regions of the large intestine

Secum, Colon, Rectum and anal canal

Deglutition

The act of swallowing

Face

The anterior aspect of the head

Hard palate

The anterior portion of the roof of the mouth, formed by the maxillae and palatine bones and lined by mucous membrane

Bend or curved portion between the body and the rami in the mandible, where the body meets the rami

curve

Seven bones that help form the eye orbit/socket

frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal, zygomatic

The rounded portion of the stomach located above (superior) and to the left of the cardia

fundus

Hooked shaped carpal on the distal row

hamate

Anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

hard palate

The palatine bone helps form the posterior portion of the ____ ____, a part of the floor and lateral wall of the ______ _______ and a very small portion of the ____ ____

hard palate, nasal cavity, eye orbit

Greatest number of peyers patches found in the____

ileum

Superior border of the ilium

iliac crest

Superior and largest portion of the hip bone

ilium

Location of bruners glands

in the duodenum

The simpler and more direct method of ossification

intramembrano

Wormian bones form as a result of ________ _____

intramembranous ossification

Houses the internal and middle ear, the structures involved in hearing and equilibrium

petrous portion of the temporal bone

Triangular in shape and located in the floor of the cranial cavity

petrous portion of the temporal bone

Single finger bone is called a

phalanx

Throat aka

pharynx

Liver is located the _____ _____ region and ______ regions

right hypochondriac, epigastric

Location of secum

right side of body

The fibula Lies parallel and lateral to the ¬¬¬¬____

tibial

Large, rounded, usually roughened projection of the tibia

tibial tuberosity

Forms the floor of the oral cavity

tongue

The______ is an accessory organ is the special organ for the sense of taste (called gustation or gustatory) via taste buds

tongue

Acrom means

topmost

These secretions of enzymes are produced by cells along the____ and will break food down chemically

tract

A portion of the serosa covering is part of the____ ______

visceral peritoneum

Accessory

(auxiliary; assisting) This term is applied to a lesser structure that resembles in structure and function, a similar organ, as an example, the accessory pancreatic duct

Number of false ribs, including

10 including the two pair of floating ribs (11 and 12)

Number of ribs

12 pairs

Thoracic vertebrae number in adults and infants

12,12

Bones in appendicular skeleton

126

Number of phalanges per hand

There are __ phalanges in each foot

Phalanges number (lower)

14/foot

Phalanges (upper) number

14/hand

The stomach gently mixes food about every ___ to ___ seconds

15,25

Frontal fontanel closes in about

18 to 24 month

The ethmoid bone helps form (4)

1: part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, 2: medial wall of the eye orbits, 3: superior part of the nasal septum, 4: most of the sidewall of the nasal cavities

Clavicle number

Femur number

Fibula number

Humerus number

Patella number

Radius number

Scapula number

Tibia number

Ulna number

The big toe or hallux has __ phalanges while the remaining four toes have ___phalanges

2,3

Number of milk teeth

20 or 10/jaw

Adult human skeleton bone number

206

Skull includes how many bones

22, 8 cranium and 14 facial

Small intestine length and width

23 feet and 1 inch wide

Number of vertebrae in adults and infants

26, 33

Vertebral column number

26, 33 in infants

Number of permanent teeth

32 or 16/jaw

Weight of liver

4lbs

Large intestine length and diameter

5 feet, 2.5 inches

Lumbar vertebrae number in adults and infants

5,5

Metatarsal number

5/foot

Metacarpal (upper) number

5/palm

Auditory ossicles number

6, 3/ear

The lower extremities and pelvic girdle consist of ___ bones

The pectoral girdle and the upper extremities are composed of ____ bones

Ossification begins around the ___ or ___ week of embryonic life and continues into adulthood

6th or 7th

Cervical vertebrae number in adults and infants

7, 7

Tarsal number

7/ankle

Number of carpal bones in each wrist

Cartilage of ribs ___ ____ and ____ attach to each other and then attach to the cartilage of the 7th rib

8,9,10

Carpal number (upper)

8/wrist

Bones in axial skeleton

Length of esophagus

9 to 10 in

Saliva is ___ % water

Cecum

A blind pouch at the proximal end of the large intestine that attaches to the ileum

Vertebral canal

A cavity within the vertebral column formed by the vertebral foramina of all vertebrae and containing the spinal cord. Also called the spinal canal

Saliva

A clear, alkaline, somewhat viscous secretion produced mostly by the three pairs of salivary glands: contains various salts, mucin, lysozyme, salivary amylase and lingual lipase (produced by glands in the tongue)

Pancreatic islet

A cluster of endocrine gland cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin, glucagons, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. Also called an islet of Langerhans

Carpus

A collective term for the eight bones o the wrist

Metacarpus

A collective term for the five bones that make up the palm

Tarsus

A collective term for the seven bones of the ankle

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A continuous tube running through the ventral body cavity extending from the mouth to the anus. Also called the alimentary canal

Crista

A crest or ridged structure. A small elevation in the ampulla of each semicircular duct that contains receptors for dynamic equilibrium

External auditory canalor meatus

A curved tube in the temporal bone that leads to the middle ear; the lateral, outer opening of the external auditory canal

Fontanel

A fibrous connective tissue membrane-filled space where bone formation is not yet complete, especially between the cranial bones of an infant's skull

Ileocecal sphincter

A fold of mucous membrane that guards the opening from the ileum into the large intestine. Also called the ileocecal valve

Mesentery

A fold of peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

Diarthrosis

A freely moveable joint; types are gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle and ball-and-socket

Endocrine gland

A gland that secretes hormones into intestinal fluid and then the blood; a ductless gland

Exocrine gland

A gland that secretes its products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or the outer surface of the body

Fissure

A groove, fold or slit tat may be normal or abnormal

Sinus

A hollow in a bone (paranasal sinus) or other tissue; a channel for blood (vascular sinus); a cavity within a bone; a dilated channel for venous blood; any cavity having a relatively narrow opening

Cartilagenous joint

A joint without a synovial (joint) cavity where the articulating bones are held tightly together by cartilage, allowing little or no movement

Tongue

A large skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane located on the floor of the oral cavity

Lymphatic vessel

A large vessel that collects lymph from lymphatic capillaries and converges with other lymphatic vessels to form the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts

Submucosa

A layer of connective tissue located deep to a mucous membrane, as in the gastrointestinal tract or the urinary bladder; the submucosa connects the mucosa to the muscularis layer

Symphysis

A line of union. A slightly movable cartilaginous joint such as the pubic symphysis; a line of fusion between two bones that are separated in early development

Small intestine

A long tube of the gastrointestinal tract hat begins at the pyloric sphincter o the stomach, coils through the central and inferior part of the abdominal cavity and at ends at the large intestine; divided into three segments: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Thoracic duct

A lymphatic vessel that begins as a dilation called the cisternachili, receives lymph form the left side of the head, neck and chest, the left arm and the entire body below the ribs, and empties into the left subclavian vein. Also called the left lymphatic duct

Osteocyte

A mature bone cell that maintains the daily activities of bone tissue

Erythrocyte

A mature red blood cell

Serous membrane

A membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior. The external layer of an organ formed by a serous membrane. The membrane that lines the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities. Also called a serosa

Mucous membrane

A membrane that lines a body cavity that opens to the exterior. Also called the mucosa

Paranasal sinus

A mucus-lined air cavity in a skull that communicates with the nasal cavity; they are located in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Muscularis

A muscular layer (coat or tunic) of an organ

Foramen

A passage or opening; a communication between two cavities of an organ, or a hole in a bone for passage of vessels or nerves. Plural is foramina

Villus

A projection of the intestinal mucosal cells containing connective tissue, blood vessels and a lymphatic vessel; functions in the absorption of the end products of digestion. Pleural is villi

Bursa

A sac or pouch synovial fluid located at friction points, especially joints

Bile

A secretion of the liver consisting of water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, lecithin and several ions; it emulsifies lipids prior to their digestion

Spinous process

A sharp or thorn-like process or projection. Also called a spine. A sharp ridge running diagonally across the posterior surface of the scapula

Falciform ligament

A sheet of parietal peritoneum between two principal lobes of the liver. The ligamentum teres or remnant of the umbilical vein lies within its fold

Pancreatic duct

A single large tube that unites with the common bile duct from the liver and fall bladder and drains pancreatic juice into the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vader). Also called the duct of Wirsung

Pubic symphysis

A slightly moveable cartilaginous joint between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones; the junction of the public bones in the midline in front; the bony eminence under the pubic hair

Sutural bone

A small bone located within a suture between certain cranial bones. Also called Wormian bone

Gall bladder

A small pouch located inferior to the liver that stores bile and empties by means of the cystic duct; a pear-shaped sac on the underside of the right lobe of the liver that stores bile received from the liver

Vestibule

A small space or cavity at the beginning of the canal, especially the inner ear, larynx, mouth, nose and vagina

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A small, raised area in the duodenum where the combined bile duct and main pancreatic duct empty into the duodenum. Also called the ampulla

Pancreas

A soft, oblong organ lying along the greater curvature of the stomach and connected by a duct to the duodenum. It is both an exocrine gland (secreting pancreatic juice) and an endocrine gland (secreting insulin, gluagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide)

Organ

A structure composed of two or more different kinds of tissues with a specific function and usually a recognizable shape

Cranial cavity

A subdivision of the dorsal body cavity formed by the cranial bones and containing the brain

Pyloric sphincter

A thickened ring of smooth muscle through which the pylorus of the stomach communicates with the duodenum. Also called the pyloric valve; the smooth muscle around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum

Membrane

A thin, flexible sheet of tissue composed of epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer, as in a epithelial membrane, or of areolar connective tissue only, as in a synovial membrane

Smooth muscle

A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers (cells), located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by automatic motor neurons

Common Bile Duct

A tube formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct that empties bile into the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

Vermiform appendix

A twisted, coiled tube attached to the cecum; a long, narrow, worm shaped tube connected to the cecum

Cartilage

A type of connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes in lacunae embedded in a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers and a matrix of chondroitin sulfate

Midsagittal plane

A vertical plane through the midline of the body that divides the body or organs into equal right and left sides. Also called a median plane

Right lymphatic duct

A vessel of the lymphatic system that drains lymph from the upper right side of the body and empties it into the right subclavian vein

Tendon

A white fibrous cord of regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Teeth

Accessory structures of digestion composed of calcified connective tissue and embedded in bony sockets of the mandible and maxilla that cut, shred, crush and grind food. Also called dentes

Gastrointestinal Tract aka (2)

Alimentary Tract, Alimentary Canal

Contains 16 sockets for the teeth

Alveolar Process

______breaks down carbohydrates into glucose

Amylase

Three enzymes secreted by the pancreas

Amylase, protease, lipase

Suture

An immovable fibrous joint that joins skull bones

Extension

An increased angle between two bones; restoring a body part to its anatomical position after flexion

Foramen ovule

An opening in the fetal heart in the septum between the right and left atria

Muscle

An organ composed of one of three types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac or smooth), specialized for contraction to produce voluntary or involuntary movement of parts of the body

Skeletal muscle

An organ specialized for contraction, composed of striated muscle fibers (cells), supported by connective tissue, attached to a bone by a tendon or an aponeurosis and stimulated by somatic motor neurons

Lymph node

An oval or bean-shaped structure located along lymphatic vessels

Two main fontanels

Anterior/Frontal and Posterior/Occipital

Orifice

Any aperture or opening; the mouth, entrance, or outlet of any anatomical structure; opening

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage cover the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation joint with another bone

Articular cartilage

The occipital condyle articulates with the _____, the first cervical vertebrae and allows you to nod your head up and down

Atlas

Cervical vertebrae that has no body or spinous process and is described as being a ring of bone

Atlas or C1

Inferior

Away from the head or towards the lower part of a structure. May also be referred to as caudad or caudal. Beneath; lower; used medically in reference to the undersurface of an organ or indicating a structure below another structure

_____acts as an emulsifying agent

Bile

Hemopoiesis

Blood cell production, which occurs in red bone marrow after birth. Also called hematopoiesis

Compact (dense)Bone Tissue

Bone tissue that contains few spaces between osteons

Osseous

Bony

Main function is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)

Bruners Glands

Supports the skull and articulates with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone

C1 or atlas

Cervical vertebrae the has a body or structure called the dens or odontoid process

C2 or Axis

Intervertebral discs location

C2 to Sacrum

Most prominent of the cervical vertebrae because it possesses a large Non-Bifid spinous process

C7 or cervical prominens

_____is the heel bone. It is a singular bone and is located in the posterior part of the foot. It is the largest and strongest tarsal bone

Calcaneus

Looks like a round know and articulates with the head of the radius, it is located on the _____ side of the humerus

Capitulum, lateral

Mastication

Chewing

Is a triangular process that serves as a point of attachment for the meninges, which are the membranes that cover the brain

Crista Galli

Projects superiorly from the cribiform plate

Crista Galli

Are three in number and are wedge shaped. They are located anterior to the navicular bone

Cuneiform Bones

Two major types of surface markings

Depressions / openings and Processes that are projections / outgrowths

Long, cylindrical, main portion of long bone

Diaphysis or shaft

Three division of the small intestine in order and their lengths

Duodenum (12in), Jejunum (8 ft), ileum (14 ft)

Its function is to simply transport the food (bolus) from the pharynx to the stomach

Esophagus

Least complex portion of the digestive tract

Esophagus

Distal

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or attachment; farthest from the center, from a medial line, or from the trunk; opposite to proximal

Lateral

Farther from the midline of the body or a structure; pertaining to the side

Estrogens

Feminizing sex hormones produced by the ovaries; govern development of oocytes, maintenance of female reproductive structures, and appearance of secondary sex characteristics; also affects fluid and electrolyte balance and protein anabolism. Examples are beta-estradiol, estrone and estriol

The skeleton of the human embryo is composed of either________ _______ or ______ ______.

Fibrous membrane , hyaline cartilage

Thin bones found wherever there is a need for extensive muscle attachment

Flat bones

Squamous

Flat or scale-like

Fibrous membranes in which ossification has not yet taken place

Fontanels

An opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass

Foramen

Ossification

Formation of bone. Also called osteogenesis

Bones of the cranium and number

Frontal Bone (1), Parietal Bone (2), Temporal Bone (2), Occipital bone (1), Sphenoid Bone (1), Ethmoid Bone (1)

Four paranasal sinuses

Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid

Function is to store and concentrate the bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the small intestines

Gall bladder

This is long continuous tube running through the ventral body cavity and extends from the mouth to the anus. These organs contain the food from the time it is ingested to the time it is eliminated as a solid mass

Gastrointestinal Tract

Two main groups of the digestive system

Gastrointestinal tract and Accessory Organs

Small smooth elevation that lies between the superciliary arches

Glabella

Parietal cells secrete (2)

HCL/hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Two main layers of bones

Hard outer shell/compact/dense and Inner spongy/porous/ called cancellous or spongy

The pancreatic duct and the common hepatic duct unit to form the...

Hepato-pancreatic duct or ampulla of vater

Costal cartilage

Hyaline cartilage that attaches a rib to the sternum

Activates the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin, an active enzyme necessary to break down proteins

Hydrochloric acid

Pelvic cavity

Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, and internal female and male reproductive structures

Slight upward projection between the medial and lateral condyle of the tibia

Intercondylar eminence of the tibia

Ossification that occurs within the fibrous membrane

Intramembrano ossification

Two types of bone formation

Intramembrano us ossification and Endochondral Ossification

Necessary chemical for the body's absorption of Vitamin B12, a vitamin necessary for hemopoiesis

Intrinsic factor

______breaks down fats into glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Lipase

All bones in the body can be classified into these six categories

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, wormian

Regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach

Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter

Surrounds the esophagus just as it enters the stomach

Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter

Three portions of the sternum

Manubrium, body or gladiolus, xiphoid or ensiform process

Name two sets of teeth

Milk/deciduous teeth and permanent teeth

The organs of the gastrointestinal tract include(6)

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Large intestine, Small intestine

Depression

Movement in which a part of the body moves inferiorly

Flexion

Movement in which there is a decrease in the angle between two bones

_______is a singular bone and is located immediately anterior to the talus bone. Like the navicular in the wrist, it is also shaped like a boat

Navicular or scaphoid bone

Proximal row of carpals from lateral to medial

Navicular/scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Medial

Nearer the midline of the body or a structure; pertaining to the middle

Posterior (dorsal)

Nearer to or at the back of the body; opposite of anterior

Lacteal

One of many lymphatic vessels in villi of the intestines that absorbs triglycerides and other lipids from digested foods

Connective Tissue

One of the most abundant of the four basic tissue types in the body; performing the functions of binding and supporting; consists of relatively few cells in a generous matrix (the ground substance and fibers betweenthe cells)

Parotid gland

One of the paired salivary glands located inferior and anterior to the ears and connected to the oral cavity via a duct (Stensen's) that opens into the inside of the cheek opposite the maxillary (upper) second molar tooth

Salivary gland

One of the three pairs of glands that lie external to the mouth and pour their secretory product (saliva) into ducts that empty into the oral cavity; the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands; a gland of the oral cavity that secretes saliva

Submandibular gland

One pair of salivary glands found inferior to the base of the tongue deep to the mucous membrane in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth, posterior to the sublingual glands, with a duct (Wharton's) situated to the side of the frenulum. Also called the submaxillary gland

Sublingual gland

One pair of salivary glands situated in the floor of the mouth deep into the mucous membrane and to the side of the lingual frenulum, with a duct (Rivinus') that opens into the floor of the mouth

Is a slight depression on the anterior surface of the femur situated between the condyles. The patella or kneecap is situated in front of this

Patella Surface

Costal

Pertaining to a rib

Caudal

Pertaining to any tail-like structure; inferior in position

Olfactory

Pertaining to smell

Gustatory

Pertaining to taste

Visceral

Pertaining to the organs or the covering of an organ; pertaining to viscera (internal organs enclosed within a cavity, especially the abdominal organs)

The small intestines also contain an aggregation (group) of lymph nodes, called ______ _____(Anatomy I), located along the entire length of the small intestine

Peyer's Patches

______make up the distal portion of the foot and resemble those in the hand both in number and arrangement

Phalanges

_____ or_____is a funnel shaped organ that is located posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and larynx

Pharynx or Throat

______breaks down proteins into amino acids

Protease

Perpendicular/Vertical portion of the mandible on each side

Rami

Hepatic

Refers to the liver

Lumbar

Region of the back and side between the ribs and pelvis; loin

Sesamoid bone

Small bones usually found in tendons; an oval nodule of bone or fibrocartilage in a tendon playing over a bony surface. The patella is the largest one

Marrow

Soft, sponge-like materials in the cavities of bone; Red bone marrow produces blood cells; yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue that stores triglycerides

Functions of saliva (3)

Softens and lubricates food, Dissolves a portion of the food so that it can be tasted, Cleanses the mouth and teeth.

Gland

Specialized epithelial cell or cells that secrete substances; may be exocrine or endocrine; a secretory organ or structure; a cell or group of cells that can manufacture secretion discharged and used in some other part of the body

The region of bone may be categorized as

Spongy or compact

Peristalsis

Successive muscular contractions along the wall of a hollow muscular structure

Five functions of a skeleton

Support and Stabilize surrounding tissue, Protect vital organs, Assists in body movement, storage area for mineral salts, manufacture blood cells

Two things that appear where the frontal bones thickens above both of the eye sockets

Supraorbital Margins

Xiphoid

Sword-shaped. The inferior portion of the sternum is the xiphoid process

_____ or _____ are accessory organs of the digestive system located in the alveolar sockets of the alveolar processes (the arch) of the mandible and maxillae

Teeth or dentes

Vertebral column

The 26 vertebrae of an adult and the 33 vertebrae of a child; encloses and protects the spinal cord and serves as a point of attachment for the ribs and back muscles. Also called the backbone, spine, or spinal column

Stomach

The J-shaped enlargement of the gastrointestinal tract directly inferior to the diaphragm in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions of the abdomen, between the esophagus and small intestine

Sigmoid colon

The S-shaped part of the large intestine that begins at the level of the left iliac crest, projects medially and terminates at the rectum at about the level of the third sacral vertebra

Upper limb

The appendage attached at the shoulder girdle, consisting of the arm, forearm, wrist, hand and fingers. Also called upper extremity

Abdomen

The area between the diaphragm and the pelvis

Pelvis

The basin-like structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx. The expanded, proximal portion of the ureter, lying within the kidney and into which the major calyces open

Orbit

The bony pyramid-shaped cavity of the skull that holds the eyeball

Defecation

The discharge of feces from the rectum

Carpal bones

The eight bones of the wrist. Also called carpals.

Epiphysis

The end of a long bone, usually larger in diameter that the shaft (diaphysis)

Duodenum

The first 25cm. (10 in.) of the small intestine, which connects the stomach and the ileum

Hepatic portal circulation

The flow of blood from the gastrointestinal organs to the liver before returning to the heart

Coccyx

The fused bones at the inferior end of the vertebral column

Esophagus

The hollow muscular tube that connects the pharynx and the stomach

Palate

The horizontal structure separating the oral and nasal cavities, the roof of the mouth

Laryngopharynx

The inferior portion of the pharynx, extending downward from the level of the hyoid bone that divides posteriorly into the esophagus and anteriorly into the larynx.

Oropharynx

The intermediate portion of the pharynx, lying posterior to the mouth and extending from the soft palate to the hyoid bone

Colon

The large intestine from the end of the cecum to the anal canal that surrounds the anus; the portion of the large intestine consisting of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions

Peritoneum

The largest serous membrane of the body that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the viscera

Anal canal

The last 2 or 3 cm. (1 in.) of the rectum; opens to the exterior through the anus

Rectum

The last 20 cm. (8 in.) of the gastrointestinal tract, from the sigmoid colon to the anus

Endocardium

The layer of the heart wall composed of endothelium and smooth muscle that lines the inside of the heart and covers the valves and tendons that holds the valves open

Digestion

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food to simple,molecules that can be absorbed and used by body cells

Periosteum

The membrane that covers bone and consists of connective tissue, osteogenic cells and osteoblasts; is essential for bone growth, repair and nutrition

Perichondrium

The membrane that covers cartilage

Jejunum

The middle part of the intestine

Chyle / Chyli

The milky-appearing fluid found in the lacteals of the small intestine after absorption of lipids in food.

Eversion

The movement of the sole laterally at the ankle joint

Viscera

The organs inside the ventral body cavity. Singular is viscus

Cisterna Chyli

The origin of the thoracic duct

Neck

The part of the body connecting the head and the trunk. A constricted portion of the an organ such as the neck of the femur or uterus

Trunk

The part of the body to which the upper and lower limbs are attached

Descending colon

The part of the large intestine descending from the left colic (splenic) flexure to the level; of the left iliac crest

Leg

The part of the lower limb between the knee and ankle

Forearm

The part of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

Arm

The part of the upper limb from the shoulder to the elbow.

Large intestine

The portion f the gastrointestinal tract extending from the ileum of the small intestine to the anus, divided structurally into the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal

Transverse colon

The portion of the large intestine extending across fro the abdomen from the right colic (hepatic) flexure of the left colic (splenic) flexure

Thigh

The portion of the lower limb between the hip and the knee

Back

The posterior part of the body; the dorsum

Erythropoiesis

The process by which red blood cells are formed

Excretion

The process of eliminating waste products from the body; also the products excreted

Chyme

The semi-fluid mixture of partly digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small intestine during digestion of a meal

Tarsal bones

The seven bones of the ankle

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone

Skull

The skeleton of the head consisting of the cranial and facial bones

Cranium

The skeleton of the skull that protects the brain and the organ of sight, hearing and balance; includes the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid bones

Axilla

The small hollow beneath the arm where it joins the body at the shoulder. Also called the armpit.

Medullary cavity

The space within the diaphysis of a bone that contains yellow bone marrow. Also called marrow cavity

Osteology

The study of bones

Head

The superior part of a human; cephalic to the neck. The superior or proximal part of a structure

Nasopharynx

The superior portion of the pharynx, lying posterior to the nose and extending inferiorly to the soft palate

Abdominal

The superior portion of the ventral body cavity containing the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, most of the small intestine and part of the large intestine.

Foot

The terminal part of the lower limb, from the ankle to the toes

Ileum

The terminal part of the small intestine

Mucus

The thick fluid secretion of goblet cells, mucous cells, mucous glands, and mucous membranes

Pharynx

The throat; a tube that starts at the internal nares and runs partway down the neck, where it opens into the esophagus posteriorly and larynx anteriorly

Epithelial tissue

The tissue that forms innermost and outermost surfaces of body structures and forms glands

Auditory tube

The tube that connects the middle ear with the nose and nasopharynx region of the throat.

Larynx

The voice box, a short passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea

Gingivae Gums.

They cover the alveolar process of the mandible and maxilla and extend slightly into each socket

Larger and medial bone of the leg

Tibia

Abduction

To take away from the midline of the body

Superior

Toward the head or upper part of a structure. Also called cephalad; higher than; situated above something else

Consists of skeletal muscleregulates the movement of food from the pharynx to the esophagus

Upper esophageal sphincter

The liver converts ammonia to ______ (which is harmless) that is then excreted by the_____ or the _____

Urea, kidney or the sweat glands

A space bounded externally by the cheeks and lips and internally by the gums/gingivae and teeth

Vestibule of the oral cavity

Margin

a boundary such as the edge of a structure of the anatomy

Carotid canal

a canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone that transmits the internal carotid artery and the internal carotid plexus of sympathetic nerves

Sphincter

a circular muscle constricting an orifice

Inferior nasal concha

a facial bone

Fossa

a furrow or shallow depression

Heterocrine :

a gland that has both endocrine and exocrine functions (ex:Pancreas]

Bladder

a membranous sac or receptacle for a secretion

Canal

a narrow tube, channel or passageway

Curvature

a normal or abnormal bending or sloping away; a curve

Protuberance

a part that is prominent beyond a surface, like a knob

Meatus

a passage or opening

Eminence

a prominence or projection, especially of a bone

Frontal eminence

a rounded prominence on either side of the median line and a little below the center of the frontal bone

Condyles

a rounded protuberance at the end of the bone forming an articulation

hormone

a secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiological activity of target cells in a body

Exocrine

a term applied to the external secretion of a gland

Zygomatic process

a thin projection from the temporal bone bounding its squamous portion; a part of the malar bone helping to form the zygoma

Islet

a tiny isolated mass of one kind of tissue within the another type

Nasal septum

a vertical portion of bone (perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer) and cartilage, covered with a mucous membrane, separating the nasal cavity into left and right sides; the partition that divides the nasal cavity into two nasal cavities

Septum

a wall dividing two cavities

Passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the cells of the body

absorption

The liver is an _____ organ of digestion

accessory

Salivary glands are (3)

accessory glands, exocrine glands, produce watery secretion of different chemical compounds called saliva

Organs that lie outside the gastrointestinal tract are called

accessory organs

Formed by the fusion of the ilium, pubis, and ischium

acetabulum

Articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle, forming the acromioclavicular articulation

acromian process

Flattened, expanded portion of the spine

acromion process

Lateral end of the spine of the scapula

acromion process

Salivary glands are located...

adjacent to the mouth

Arch or horse show shaped portion of the mandible that contains 16 alveolar sockets

alvelolar process

Is and arch or horse-shoe shaped portion of the bone

alveolar process

Teeth or Dentes are accessory organs of the digestive system located in the _________of the alveolar processes (the arch) of the _______ and ______

alveolar sockets, mandible and maxillae

Hepato pancreatic duct aka

ampulla of vater

Endocrine

an internal secretion, pertaining to a gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream

Frontal sinuses

an irregular cavity in the frontal bone on either side of the midline above the nasal bridge, One may be larger than the other

Is the terminal (last) 1 inch of the colon

anal canal

Oblique groove that lies distally to the head of the humerus

anatomical neck

Sternal angle aka

angle of Louis

You can feel the submandibular glands medial to the ...

angle of the mandible

Rectum lies ____ to sacrum and coccyx

Sternum location

anterior midline of the chest

The largest of the fontanels

anterior or frontal

Iliac crest ends anteriorly as the ____

anterior superior iliac spine

Tibial tuberosity location

anterior surface of the tibia

Patella location

anterior to the knee joint

Pylorus aka

antrum

The opening of the anal canal to the exterior of the body is called the_____

anus

Valve

any one of various membranous structures in a hollow organ or passage that temporarily closes to permit the flow of fluid in one direction only

Ossicles

any small bone, especially one of the three bones of the ear the small bones of the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes)

Later end of the clavicle

aromial end

The acromioclavicular articulation is made up of the

aromial end of the clavicle and the acromian process of the scapula

Reduces friction and shock at freely moveable joints

articular cartilage

"ascends" on the right side of the abdomen

ascending colon

4 parts of the colon

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

Tongue provides the following three functions

assists chewing, lubricates and boluses food, forces bolus to back of mouth for swallowing

Talus aka

astragalus

Perpendicular

at right angles to another surface

C1 vertebrae aka

atlas

The right and left pectoral girdle attach the bones of the upper extremity to the _____ skeleton

axial

Human skeleton divisions

axial and appendicular

Thick lateral border of the scapula, located near the axilla

axillary border

Each of the metacarpals has a proximal ____, ____ and distal ____

base, shaft, distal

Anterior (ventral)

before or in front of; refers to the ventral or abdominal side of the body

Greater sciatic notch location

below the posterior superior iliac spine

Obturator foramen location

between the pubis and the ischium

The C2 through C6 vertebrae has a _____ spinous process

bifid/split/forked

Series of small ducts that transfer secretions produced and stored in the liver, gall bladder and pancreas into the small intestine

biliary system

The periosteum contains ____ _____ and _____

blood vessels, nerves

Tubercles are usually

blunt

Large disc shaped portion of the vertebrae

bodies

Horizontal portion of the mandible

body

Spongy bone locations

body of short, flat, irregular shaped bones and ephiphysis of long bones

Middle and largest portion of the sternum

body or gladiolus

Mandible consists of (3)

body, rami, angle

Large central portion of the stomach inferior to the fundus

body/corpus

Round mass of soft, flexible, easily swallowed food

bolus

When blood calcium levels are increased, the excess calcium is stored in the ____ ____ of bones

bond matrix

The endosteum contains_____ ______ cells

bone forming

Domelike superior portion of the cranium

calvaria or calivarium

Portion of the skull removed during cranial autopsy

calvaria or calivarium

Tube like opening or a tunnel coursing through a bone

canal or meatus

Spongy bone aka

cancellous bone

Head shaped carpal on the distal row

capitate

Distal end features of the humerus (4)

capitulum, trochlea, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa

The area of the stomach that surrounds the cardiac sphincter/lower esophageal sphincter

cardia/cardiac

Four parts of the stomach

cardia/cardiac, fundus, body/corpus, pylorus/antrum

Lower esophageal sphincter aka

cardiac sphincter

The petrous portion of the temporal bone contains the ______ _____ or ______, through which the internal carotid artery passes

carotid canal, foramen

Bones of the wrist called the _____ bones

carpal

Proximal portion of the hand

carpus/wrist

Chondro

cartilage

Beginning of the large intestine

cecum

Small intestine located in the ____ and ____ portion of the abdominal cavity

central, lower

Hyoid is located in the _____ region and is inferior to the _______ and superior to the ______ cartilage of the _____

cervical, mandible, thyroid cartilage, larynx

Vertebrae from top to bottom

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

The spaces between bones provide ____ for blood vessels and make bones ____

channels, lighter

Bucca means

cheek

Mouth is formed by the (4)

cheeks, hard and soft palate and tongue.

No ______digestion occurs in the esophagus

chemical

Mechanical digestion in the mouth results from_____ or ______

chewing or mastication

Three types of stomach secreting cells

chief/zymogenic cells, parietal cells, mucous cells

Food becomes a milky white substance known as

chime or chili

Mentum

chin

Located around the pituitary gland

circle of willis

Collar bones

clavicle

Sternum articulates with the

clavicle

Pectoral girdle composed of

clavicle and scapula

Pectoral girdle consists of these (2)

clavicle and scapula

Slender S shaped bone that lies horizontally in the superior and anterior part of the thorax

clavicles

Articulates with the sternal end of the clavicle forming the sternoclavicular articulation

clavicular notch

Islets of Langerhans

cluster of cells in the pancreas

Most inferior portion of the vertebral column

coccyx

Triangular in shape and formed by the fusion of the four coccygeal vertebrae

coccyx

Largest part of large intestine

colon

Gaster-

combining form that means stomach

The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct unite and form the...(2)

common bile duct or ductus choledochus.

Bile flows out of the liver through the right and left hepatic ducts, which come together to form the _________

common hepatic duct

The right and left hepatic duct unit to form the...

common hepatic duct

What two ducts join to form the common bile duct?

common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

Provides protection, support and helps long bones resist the stress of weight placed on them

compact/dense bone

Function of large intestine (3)

completion of water absorption, manufacture and absorption of certain vitamins, formation and elimination of feces

Portal

concerning an entrance to an organ, especially that through which the blood is carried to the liver

Pectoral

concerning the chest; Pertaining to the chest or breast

Articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone forming the temporomandibular joint

condylar process

Each ramus has a (3)

condylar process, coronoid process and mandibular notch

Large, roundlike protuberance at the end of a bone at a point of articulation with another bone

condyle

Tubulo-alveolar

consisting of tubes and alveoli; as in a tubulo-alveolar salivary gland

Hook like projection located on the anterior, superior surface of the lateral end of the scapula

coracoid process

Immovable joint found only between skull bones

coronal suture

Anterior depression of the humerus and receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed

coronoid fossa

The coronoid process receives the _____ of the ____ when the forearm is flexed. It also receives the ____ of the humerus

coronoid fossa, humerus, trochlea

Anterior portion of the ramus and serves as the point of attachment for the temporalis muscle

coronoid process

Anterior projection of the ulna

coronoid process

Body aka

corpus

Joints of the cranial bones are called

cranial sutures

The portion of the skull that encloses the brain

cranium

Narrow ridge of bone

crest

Located on the anterior floor of the cranium and forms the roof of the nasal cavity

cribiform plate

Contains olfactory foramina through which the olfactory nerves pass

cribiform plate or horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone

Is a singular and cubed shaped bone that lies lateral to the cuneiform bones

cuboid bone

Bile will leave the gall bladder by the ____ _____

cystic duct

The common hepatic duct joins with the duct coming from the gall bladder called the _____ _____ to form the common bile duct

cystic duct

Milk teeth aka

deciduous teeth

Swallowing aka

deglutition

A tooth or peg-like process that process that projects upward and articulates with the atlas

dens or odontoid process

Allows the head to pivot and permits a side to side motion of the head, saying No, Is on the axis

dens or odontoid process

The Axis has a body and a structure called a _____ or ______ process

dens, odontoid

Teeth aka

dentes

Goes down (descends) on the left side of the abdomen to the iliac crest (part of the colon)

descending colon

The medullary canal is a hollow chamber located within the

diaphysis

Compact or dense bone is thicker in the _____ than in the ____

diaphysis, epiphysis

Breakdown of food by both mechanical and chemical means

digestion

Oropharynx is both ____ and ____ in function

digestive and respiratory

Pharynx is both ______ and _____in function and takes air from the nasal cavity to the larynx and food from the mouth to the esophagus

digestive and respiratory

Olecranon fossa

distal and posterior portion of the humerus

Trochlea location

distal end of the humerus and medially to the capitulum

Base of the metacarpals articulate with the ____ row of the _____ bones

distal, carpal

Tibia articulates _____ with the fibula and the talus bone of the ankle

distally

Are called false ribs because their costal cartilage...

do not attach directly to the sternum

Hyoid bone articulation

does not articulate with any other bone

Scapula location is located in the ______ portion of the thorax, situated between the ___ and ___ ribs

dorsal, 2nd, 7th

Common bile duct aka

ductus choledochus

Bruners gland aka

duodenal gland

Fontanels ___ the process of birth because they allow bones to ______ each other to help accommodate the skull to the size of the birth canal -

ease, override

superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates) are located on

either side of the nasal septum.

Semi lunar notch also forms part of the ____ joint

elbow

Defecation from those substances that are indigestible and cannot be absorbed

elimination

Most bones in the body are formed in this way

endochondral ossification

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

endosteum

Suffix -ase will always indicate an

enzyme

Chemical digestion is accomplished by

enzymes

Different organs secrete difference _____ to chemically act on different foods

enzymes

A projection above a condyle

epicondyle

It lies inferior to the diaphragm in the ______, _____ ______ and _____ regions of the body on the left side of the body

epigastric, left hypochondriac and umbilical regions

Distal and proximal ends of long bones

epiphyses

An opening in the diaphragm

esophageal hiatus

Esophagus passes through the _______ _____(an opening in the diaphragm)

esophageal hiatus

Lies anterior to the sphenoid bone and posterior to the nasal bone... is a bone

ethmoid bone

Major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity

ethmoid bone

Singular, light, spongy irregular shaped bone located on the midline in the anterior part of the floor of the cranium between the orbits

ethmoid bone

Cavities that communicate, drain or empty into the nasal cavity

ethmoidal sinuses

The _____ ______ of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes called pancreatic juices which leave the pancreas through the pancreatic duct

exocrine portion

The olceran process and fossa unite with this body action

extension of forearm

External

exterior; the opposite of internal

Ear canal aka

external auditory meatus

It runs from the outer ear to the middle ear allowing sound to enter the ear

external auditory meatus

Lies below the squama and in front of the mastoid process

external auditory meatus

Is a prominent midline projection on the posterior surface just above the foramen magnum

external occipital protuberance

It is the bump you feel at the back of the head

external occipital protuberance

Eye socket aka

eye orbit

Smooth flat articular surface

facet

Liver is separated into a right and left lobe by the_____ ______

falciform ligament

The liver is divided into two principal lobes, a right lobe and a smaller left lobe, by the _____ _____

falciform ligament

Ribs 8 through 12

false ribs

The liver Produces bile salts that breakdown ____. These bile salts are sent to the _______ of the small intestines for the emulsification and absorption of fats by the right and left _____ _____

fat, duodenum, hepatic ducts

An opening between the oral cavity and the pharynx

fauces

Largest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body

femur

The lateral and medial condoyle is a large roundlike protuberance of the ____

femur

The medial epicondyle is a projection above a condyle in the ____

femur

Lower extremities consist of

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges

Pubis consists of a disc of ______

fibrocartilage

Both are shaped like bones and provide the medium for the process of bone formation which is known as ossification or osteogenesis

fibrous membrane or hyaline cartilage

Articulates proximally with the tibia

fibula

Ribs increase in length from the ____ to the ____ then decrease in length to the _____

first, seventh, twelfth

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass

fissure

Part of pelvic bone is a ____ bone

flat

Ribs are ____ bones

flat

Scapula is a ____ bone

flat

Some cranial bones are ____ bones

flat

Sternum is a ____ bone

flat

Usually curved and afford considerable protection for soft or vital parts of the body

flat bones

Ribs 11 and 12 (pairs) are designated as

floating ribs

Ribs having no anterior attachment to the sternum directly or indirectly

floating ribs

Maxillae help form (3)

floor of the eye orbits, lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity, most of the hard palate (roof of the mouth)

Large opening located in the inferior portion of the occipital bone

foramen magnum

The medulla oblongata and the vertebral arteries pass through this opening

foramen magnum

Plural of foramen

foramina

All cervical vertebrae have three _____ , they are:

foramina, singular vertebral foramen and the paired transverse foramen

Frontal bone forms the (3)

forehead, anterior portion of the roof of the skull, part of the eye orbit

Shallow depression

fossa

The acetabulum is a deep ____

fossa

The frontal sinus is a cavity of the ____ bone

frontal

Coronal suture located between the

frontal and two parietal bones

Two rounded prominences located at the upper part of the forehead

frontal eminences

Cloanae

funnel-shaped openings, especially of the posterior nares; one of the communicating passageways between the nasal fossae and the pharynx

The cystic duct comes out of the _____ _____

gall bladder.

Combination of all muscle cell secretions

gastric juice

Gums aka

gingivae

The alveolar processes are covered by the _____

gingivae

Small bump you can feel between the medial ends of the eyebrows

glabella

Body of the sternum aka

gladiolus

Slight indentation on the lateral aspect of the scapula

glenoid cavity or glenoid fossa

Glenoid fossa aka (2)

glenoid cavity, cavity of the scapula

Glenoid cavity aka

glenoid fossa

Head of the humerus that articulates with the ________ or _______

glenoid fossa, cavity of the scapula

When needed, the liver can then transform _____ and ____into glucose

glycogen and fat

Excess glucose (sugar) can be stored as ________ (animal starch) or converted to ___ in the liver

glycogen, fat

Two very large projections found only on the femur

greater and lesser trochanter of the femur

Blunt projections of the humerus

greater and lesser tubercle

Pacrease lies posterior to the...

greater curvature of the stomach

Left side of stomach is referred to as the _____ ______, has a _____ _______ border, and is supplied by the ____ _____ artery

greater curvature, convex lateral, left gastric

In the ilium, this allows for passage of the sciatic nerve

greater sciatic notch

Large roughened projection, located on the lateral side of the femur

greater trochanter

Lateral projection just distal to the head of the humerus

greater tubercle

Metaphyses is where bone _____

grows

Sense of taste aka (2)

gustation or gustatory

Trochlear notch shape

half moon

Large rounded portion of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid fossa or cavity of the scapula

head

Part of the ulna that articulates with the carpal bones

head

Rounded articular projection supported on the constricted portion of the neck

head

The ___ of the metacarpals articulates with the proximal phalanges

head

The ____ of the pancreas fits in the C shaped curve of the duodenum

head

Articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone

head of the femur

Rounded articular projection of the femur

head of the femur

Articulates with the inferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia below the level of the knee joint

head of the fibula

3 portions of the pancreas

head, body, tail

The glenohumeral articulation is formed by the articulation of the ______ of the _____ and the ______ ______

head, humerus, glenoid cavity

Knuckles are formed by the _____ of the ______ bones when the hand is closed

head, metacarpal

The manufacture of blood cells is known as

hematopoiesis

The liver manufactures the anticoagulant _____ and most other plasma proteins, such as ______ and _______ which are involved in the clotting mechanism of blood

heparin, prothrombin, thrombin

The pancreas is a ______ gland

heterocrine

This complete ring of bone made up of the 2 _____, _______ and the ____ forms a deep basin-like structure called the bony pelvis

hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum

Pelvic girdle composed of

hip or coxal bone

The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum forming the ____ joint

hip/coxal

Foramen

hole

Cribiform plate aka

horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone

The actual part of the palatine bone that forms the posterior portion of the hard palate

horizontal plate of the palatine bone

Arm bone

humerus

Largest and strongest bone of the upper extremeties

humerus

The coronoid fossa is a shallow depression of the _____

humerus

Ulna articulates proximally with the ______ and distally with the _____ bones and is longer than the ____

humerus, carpal/wrist, radius

Examples of long bones in extremities (6)

humerus, radia, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula

Bones of upper extremities

humerus, ulna radius, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges

Articular cartilage is a thin layer of _____ cartilage at articulation joints

hyaline

Provides attachment sites of the tongue and neck muscles

hyoid bone

Singular, U shaped or horse shoe shaped bone that supports the tongue

hyoid bone

Laryngopharynx begins at level of _____ bone and opens ______ to the larynx and ______ to the esophagus

hyoid, anteriorly, posteriorly

Pituitary gland aka

hypophysis

Ileum joins the ______ _____, the opening into the large intestines which allows materials from the small intestines to pass into the large intestines

ileocecal valve

Large intestine extends from the ____ to the ____

ileum, anus

Narrow ridge of bone of the hip bone

iliac crest

Sigmoid colon begins near the _____ ____ and projects medially

iliac crest

Occipital Fontanel location

in the midline between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone

The inferior nasal conchae are completely _______ of the superior and middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone

independent

Located inferior to the middle conchae, these filter and warm air

inferior nasal conchae

Two, thin, scroll shaped bones on the lateral walls of the nasal cavities

inferior nasal conchae or turbinates

The temporal bones lie _____ to the _____ bones

inferior, parietal

The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae project _____

inferiorly

Taking food into the body

ingestion

Five basic activities of digestion

ingestion, peristalsis, digestion, absorption, elimination

Both tubercles function as _______ for many muscle of the upper extremeties

insertions

The endocrine portion is called the Islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets and secretes the hormone ______directly into the bloodstream

insulin

Depression on the posterior surface of the femur, situated between the medial and lateral condyles

intercondylar fossa

Anus guards the ____ _____ ____, made up of "involuntary" smooth muscle and an external anal sphincter composed of _______muscle (voluntary)

internal anal sphincter, skeletal

Main blood supply to the brain

internal carotid artery

Pieces of fibrous cartilage located between the bodies of each vertebrae from C2 to sacrum

intervertebral discs

Ossification that occurs only in formation of bones in the cranium

intramembrano

Ear ossicles and some facial bones are _____ bones

irregular

Vertebrae is considered an ______ bone

irregular

Bones of very complex space that do not fit into any other category

irregular bones

Posterior and inferior portion of the hip bone

ischium

What we sit on

ischium

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is called the ______ or _______ and secretes the hormone insulin directly into the bloodstream

islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets

Bones have surface marking that function in (3)

joining one bone to another, attaching muscle to bone, or allowing structures to pass

Depression in the medial superior portion of the manubrium

jugular notch or suprasternal notch

Sphenoid bone referred to as the _______ of the cranial floor, because it articulates with all other cranial bones

keystone

Smallest of the facial bones and are located posterior

lacrimal

Paired thin bones the size and shape of fingernails

lacrimal bones

The villi contain_____, small ducts that convey chyme or chyli from the villi of small intestines to the thoracic duct so that these nutrients may enter the circulatory system to be transported to the trillions of cells in the body

lacteals

Found between the parietal and occipital bones

lambdoidal suture

Found between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone

lambdoidal suture

It extends from the ileum to the anus and is wider, not longer, than the small intestine

larger

Esophagus begins at the inferior end of the______

laryngopharynx

Inferior portion of the pharynx

laryngopharynx

Is a lateral projection of the fibula that articulates with the talus bone of the ankle. You can also feel this at the lateral surface of the ankle

lateral malleolus of the fibula

The cheeks form the...

lateral walls of the oral cavity.

When the transverse colon reaches the inferior end of the spleen on the left side, it turns and forms the...

left colic splenic flexure

The left hepatic duct emerges from the...

left lobe of the liver.

Right side of stomach is referred to as the _____ ______, has a _____ _______ border, and is supplied by the ____ _____ artery

lesser curvature, concave medial, right gastric artery

Inferior and medial to the greater trochanter

lesser trochanter

Anterior projection of the humerus

lesser tubercle

Carpal bones are united to each other by ____

ligaments

Line aka

linea

Less prominent ridge of bone than a crest of the femur

linea aspera

Vertical ridge located on the posterior surface of the diaphysis of the femur

linear aspera

Destroys certain bacteria and old, worn out white and red blood cells

liver

Gall bladder is attached to the underside of the _____

liver

Largest digestive organ

liver

The _____contains various enzymes that either breakdown poisons or transforms them into less harmful substances. If the body cannot break them down and excrete them, the_____ will store them

liver, liver

Finger bones, toe bones, metacarpal and metatarsals are _____ bones

long

Bones with greater length than width and consists of a main portion called the diaphysis

long bones

Functionally this pelvis provides strong support for the_____

lower extremities.

Largest and strongest vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae

Moon shaped carpal in the proximal row

lunate

Is a singular bone and forms the lower jaw

mandible

Largest and strongest of the facial bones

mandible

Maxillae articulate with every other facial bone except the

mandible

Only moveable bone of the skull

mandible

Is a depression located on the inferior, posterior surface of the zygomatic process on each temporal bone

mandibular fossa

Notch or depression between the condylar and coronoid process

mandibular notch

Superior triangular portion of the sternum

manubrium

Where the clavicles and the first rib articulate

manubrium

Is located posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus (the ear canal, where you insert the Qtip) which directs sound waves into the ear

mastoid process of the temporal bone

It's the bump you feel behind your ear

mastoid process of the temporal bone

Paired bones that unite to form the upper jaw

maxillae

What two bones form the hard palate

maxillae and palatine bone

Each maxilla contain the ______ _____ and are filled with a mucous membrane and communicate with the nasal cavities

maxillary sinus

Canal aka

meatus

Is accomplished by a process known as peristalsis and by chewing which grinds the food into smaller particles

mechanical / physical digestion

The lacrimal bones help form the ______ border of the eye orbits

medial

Articulates with the medial and lateral condyle of the femur respectively

medial and later condyle of the tibia

Are expanded portion of the metaphysis and articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia

medial and lateral condyles

Expanded proximal ends of the tibia

medial and lateral condyles

Proximal end of the tibia contains (2)

medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity

Is a medial projection which articulates with the talus bone of the ankle. You can feel this on the medial side of the ankle

medial malleolus

The _____ is on the distal end of the tibia

medial mealleolus

The inferior portion of the brain stem that connects to the spinal cord

medulla oblongata

Hollow chamber within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow which consist of a lot of fat cells

medullary canal or cavity

Although the obturator foramen is covered by a ______, it allows blood vessels and nerves to pass

membrane

The chin or bony projection of the chin

mental eminence

Carpal bones in the distal row will articulate with the ______ bones

metacarpal

Middle region of the hand is made up of these five bones

metacarpal bone

Middle region of the hand

metacarpus

Regions in mature bones where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis

metaphyses

In growing bones ______ is where the cartilage is replaced with bone

metaphysis

Is the innermost layer of the stomach, which secretes mucous to protect the stomach from its own digestive juices

mucosa

Mucous cells secrete _____ which protects the stomach from its own digestive juices

mucous

What type of membrane covers the hard palate

mucous membrane

Distal row of metacarpals from lateral to medial

multangular major, multangular minor, capitate, hamate

Four sided carpal figure with two sides parallel

multangular major/Trapezium

Four sided carpal figure with NO two sides parallel

multangular minor/trapezoid

Is located under the serosa and is composed of visceral (smooth involuntary) muscle tissue

muscularis/muscular coat

Paired oblong shaped bones that sit side by side at the upper and middle parts of the face

nasal bones

Sit side by side and form part of the bridge of the nose

nasal bones

Nasopharynx lies posterior to the ______and extends to the_____

nasal cavity, soft palate

Part of the pharynx behind the nose

nasopharynx

Three divisions of the pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Boat shaped and largest carpal bone

navicular or scaphoid

Proximal

nearest point of attachment, center of body or point of reference, the opposite of distal

Constricted portion of the femur located just distal to the head

neck

The ____ of the femur is usually the part that gets broken

neck

Largest foramen of the skeleton

obturator foramen

The foramen magnum is an foramen of the _____ bone

occipital

Singular bone situated at the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium

occipital bone

Two oval shaped processes locate on either side of the foramen magnum

occipital condyle

Cystic

of or pertaining to a cyst; pertaining to the gallbladder; pertaining to the urinary bladder

Receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the forearm is extended

olecran fossa

Forms the bump in the elbow

olecran process

This inserts into the olecran fossa of the humerus when the forearm is extended or straightened

olecran process

Part of the ulna that forms the prominence of the elbow

olecranon process

Clavicular notch location

on each side of the jugular notch

Glabella location

on the lower part of the forehead just above the medial ends of the eyebrows

Concha

one of the three nasal conchae; a scroll-like bone

Auditory ossicle

one of the three small bones of the middle ear called the malleus, incus and stapes

A space that extends from the gums and teeth to the fauces

oral cavity proper

Oropharynx lies posterior to the...

oral cavity proper.

The mouth also referred to as the ______ or ______ ___

oral, buccal cavity

Is the central portion of the pharynx

oropharynx

Portion of the pharynx behind the mouth

oropharynx

Soft palate is located between the ______ and the ______ and is covered by a ____ _____

oropharynx, nasopharynx, mucous membrane

Bone formation aka (2)

ossification or osteogenesis

Process of bone formation

ossification or osteogenesis

Ossification aka

osteogenesis

Allows for passage of the vertebral arteries through the cervical vertebrae

paired transverse foramen

To facial bones described as L-shaped

palatine bones

Horizontal portion that forms the anterior portion of the hard palate

palatine process of the maxilla

A major portion of digestion and absorption occurs here, the small intestine, and receives pancreatic juice and bile from ducts which lead from the ____ _____ ______, into the duodenum

pancreas, liver and gall bladder

The pancreatic duct emerges from the...

pancreas.

Two bones that form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

parietal bones

Falciform ligament is a fold of the _____ _____

parietal peritoneum

Parotid glands secretion gain entrance to the mouth by way of the (2)

parotid duct or stensens duct

Largest of the three salivary glands

parotid glands

These salivary glands become infected with the mumps

parotid glands

Name the three pair of salivary glands

parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

Largest sesamoid bone

patella

The kneecap

patella

Gall bladder shape

pear shaped sac/organ

Bones of appendicular skeleton

pectoral/shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, lower extremities

Three muscles that attach to the coracoid process

pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii

The _______ of the bony pelvis connects the bones of the lower extremity to the axial skeleton

pelvic girdle

The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins by the enzyme_____

pepsin

Dense connective tissue that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage

periosteum

Protects, nourishes and assists in fracture repair of bones

periosteum

Involuntary muscle contractions

peristalisis

Involuntary physical movement of food through the body

peristalsis

No mechanical digestion occurs in the esophagus as a result of ______

peristalsis.

Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Projects inferiorly from the cribiform plate

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Nasal septum is formed by these three structures

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superior), vomer (inferior and posterior), septal cartilage (anterior and inferior)

Appendicular

pertaining to an appendix; pertaining to the limbs

Biliary

pertaining to bile

Skeletal

pertaining to the skeleton

Parietal

pertaining to, or forming, the wall of a cavity; pertaining to the parietal bone

Salivary

pertaining to, producing or formed from saliva

Hardest part of the temporal bone

petrous portion of the temporal bone

Pea shaped carpal in the proximal row

pisiform

In the sella turcica, the depression of the saddle contains the ______ ____

pituitary gland

Both spines of the iliac crest serve as ______ ___ _____ for the muscle of the abdominal wall

points of attachment

Thumb aka

pollex

Sphenoid bone location

posterior and slightly superior to the nasal cavities

Iliac crest ends posteriorly as the _____

posterior superior iliac spine

The sacrum if is positioned at the ______ portion of the pelvic cavity, _____ to the two hip bones and serve as a strong foundation for the _____ _____

posterior, medial, pelvic girdle

Ribs attach ____ to the thoracic vertebrae and _____ to the sternum by way of the ______ cartilage

posteriorly, anteriorly, costal

Chief cells secrete...

principle enzyme pepsinogen

The zygomatic ______ of the temporal bone articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic ____ forming the zygomatic ____

process, bone, arch

The cervical prominens is the most _____ of the cervical prominens and possesses a large ____ _____ spinous process

prominent, non bifid

Main function is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate) in order to (3)

protect duodenum from acidic content of chyme, provide alkaline conditions for intestinal enzymes to be active, lubricates the intestinal walls

Functionally, sesamoid bones _____ the tendon and increase its ______ _____

protect, mechanical effort

Tibia articulates _____ with the femur and fibula

proximally

The two pubic portions (right and left) unite and join anteriorly to form the

pubic symphysis

These two hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the _______ and posteriorly with the sacrum at the ______

pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joints

Anterior, inferior portion of the hip bone

pubis

The small intestine is a gastrointestinal organ that originates at the _____ ______of the stomach and terminates at the _____ _____of the large intestine

pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve

This valve or sphincter prevents the back flow of partially digested food-stuff and digestive juices from the duodenum to the stomach

pyloric valve / sphincter

Antrum/pylorus connects with the duodenum by the _____

pyloric valve/sphincter

Narrow inferior portion of the stomach that connects with the duodenum (first part of the small intestines) by the pyloric valve /sphincter

pylorus/antrum

_____ bone marrow can be found in the large spongy spaces of spongy/cancellous bones

red

Detoxification

reduction of toxic properties of a poisonous substance

Sutural

relating to a suture (the line of union in an immovable articulation, as those between skull bones)

Buccal

relating to the cheek or mouth

Nasopharynx functions only in

respiration

Laryngopharynx function in both____ and ____

respiratory, digestive

When the ascending colon reaches the inferior or undersurface of the liver, it turns to the left to form the...

right colic hepatic flexure

The right hepatic duct emerges from the...

right lobe of the liver.

Sublingual duct aka

rivinus duct

Petrous means

rock

Allow for expansion and contraction when the stomach contains food

rugae

When there is no food in the stomach, the mucosa lies in large muscular folds called____

rugae

Triangular bone formed by the union of the five sacral vertebrae of the infant

sacrum

Found between the two parietal bones

sagittal suture

Is a combination of the different enzymes produced by each of the salivary gland

saliva

Navicular aka

scaphoid

Navicular bone aka

scaphoid bone

Large, flat, triangular bone referred to as your shoulder blade

scapula (s)

Humerus articulates proximally with the _______ and distally with the ____ and ____

scapula, radius, ulna

Longest nerve in the body is the

sciatic nerve

Dorsal

see posterior

A bony saddle shaped structure on the superior surface of the sphenoid bone

sella turcica

Large curved area of the humerus between the olecranon process and the coronoid process

semi lunar or trochlear notch

Olfactory meaning

sense of smell

The outermost (superficial) layer of the stomach

serosa

Name the four layers of the stomach

serosa, muscularis/muscular coat, submucosa, mucosa

Muscularis is located under the ______ and is composed of _______ (_____ _____) muscle tissure

serosa, visceral, smooth involuntary

Small nodular bones typically found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint

sesamoid bones

The number of these bones varies in everyone

sesamoid bones

Diaphysis aka

shaft

Intervertebral discs as a

shock absorbers

Bones that make up the wrist and ankle

short bones

Cube shaped bones nearly equal in length and width

short bones

The various processes of the lumbar vertebrae are ____ and ____

short, thick

Salivary glands located and the side of the ______... and _____ and ______ to the ear

side of the rami of the mandible, infererior, anterior

S shaped portion of the colon

sigmoid colon

Terminates at the rectum

sigmoid colon

Each hip bone is a _____bone, but is discussed as if it were ______ separate bones. In the infant, the bone is three separate pieces separated by cartilage which fused together by the time we reach ____ years old

single, three, 23

Allows for passage of the spinal cord through the cervical vertebrae

singular vertebral foramen

Cavity within a bone

sinus

Central

situated at or pertaining to a center

Axial skeleton major bones

skull, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

Long bones are ____ _____ for strength

slightly curved

Pancreas shape and size

small oblong shaped organ 6in long

Patella size, shape and type of bone

small, triangular, sesamoid

Although it is longer, it is considerably ______ than the tibia

smaller

Posterior fontanel is _____ than the anterior fontanel

smaller

The bodies of the cervical vertebrae are ______ than the other vertebrae

smaller

Cardiac sphincter is composed of _____ ______

smooth muscle

As the stomach fills the rugae ______ out and ______

smooth, disappear

Posterior portion of the mouth and located between the oropharynx and nasopharynx

soft palate

Oropharynx extends from the ____ to the ____ bone

soft palate to hyoid

Fontanels aka

soft spots

All the food that we eat must be changed into a _____ and _____ form before our cells can use it

soluble and absorbable

All bone has some ___ between its hard components

space

Superior orbital fissure is a narrow slit of the ___ bone

sphenoid

The petrous portion of the temporal bone is located between the

sphenoid and occipital bones

Helps form part of the floor, side walls and rear wall of the eye orbit

sphenoid bone

Singular bone, bat or wing shaped, and situated at the middle part of the base of the skull

sphenoid bone

Cavities within the sphenoid bone that are lined with a mucous membrane and drain into the nasal cavity

sphenoidal sinuses

Vertebral column encloses and protects the ____ ____, supports the _____ and serves as a point of attachment for the _____

spinal cord, head, ribs

Any sharp, slender process

spine

Sharp ridge that runs diagonally along the dorsal aspect of the scapula

spine

Sharp, slender process of the vertebra

spinous process of the vertebra

Short bones texture

spongy except for a thin layer of compact bone at surface

Form the anterior and superior part of the temple (region of the head in front of the ear)

squama / squamous portion

Thin vertical, flat portion of the temporal bone

squama or squamous portion

Found between the parietal and temporal bone

squamosal suture

Parotid duct aka

stensens duct

Found where the manubrium meets the body

sternal angle or angle of Louis

Where the second rib articulates

sternal angle or angle of Louis

Medial end of the clavicle that articulates with the clavicular notch forming the sternoclavicular articulation

sternal end

Sternoclavicular articulation is made up of the

sternal end of the clavicle and the clavicular notch

Singular bone, flat, sword or dagger shaped and called the breast bone

sternum

It connects the esophagus to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestines and has the capability of stretching, BUT is not meant to hold large quantities of food

stomach

It serves as a reservoir for food

stomach

The ______is described a being a J-shaped organ

stomach

Projects from the inferior surface of the temporal bone

styloid process

Serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the tongue,neck and hyoid bone

styloid process

Slender process that projects form the posterior portion of the ulna for muscle attachment

styloid process

Hyoid bone is suspended from the _____ _____ of the ______ bone by ligaments and muscles

styloid process, temporal

Are located beneath the tongue; superior to the submandibular glands in the anterior portion of the floor of the mouth

sublingual duct

Sublingual ducts gain entrance into the mouth by way of the ...

sublingual ducts or the Rivinus duct

Submandibular glands gain entrance to mouth by the (2)

submandibular duct or whartons duct

Salivary gland found below the base of the tongue and in the floor of the mouth

submandibular glands

It binds the mucosa to the muscularis

submucosa

Layer under the muscularis where the blood vessels and nerves are found

submucosa

The Supraorbital margins lie inferior to the

superciliary arches

Two things that extend laterally from the glabella

superciliary arches

The frontal sinuses lie medially behind the ________ arches and drain into the _____ cavities

superciliary, nasal

Clavicle lie ____ to the first rib

superior

Allow for filtration of the inhaled air and to also warm and moisten air

superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates)

Are 2 thin, scroll shaped projections on the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone

superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates)

Provide a turbulence for inhaled air trapping many inhaled particles in the mucous membrane

superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates)

Smooth flat articular surface of the vertebra

superior facet

Are two bony ridges that extend laterally from each side of the external occipital protuberance

superior nuchal line

Serves as the origin for the occipitofrontalis muscle

superior nuchal line

Esophagus terminates in the...

superior portion of the stomach

Upper rim of the eye socket

supraorbital margins

Jugular notch aka

suprasternal notch

Wormian aka

sutural bones

Xiphoid means

sword

Mnemonic for learning the ankle bones

tall centers never take shots from corners (Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Third Cuneiform, Second Cuneiform, First Cuneiform, Cuboid)

Fibula Articulates distally with the _____

talus bone of the ankle

A singular bone and is the most superior bone of the ankle. It articulates with the tibia and fibula forming the ankle joint

talus/astragalus

The foot is made up of the ____ bones

tarsals

Organs that lie outside the gastrointestinal tract include (6)

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

Articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone forming the zygomatic arch

temporal bone

The external auditory meatus is a canal of the

temporal bone

Two bones situated at the sides (lateral aspect of the cranium) and the base of the skull (cranial floor)

temporal bones

Projects posteriorly from the zygomatic bone

temporal process

The mandibular fossa of the ______ bone articulates with the ______ process of the mandible (lower jaw) forming the_______

temporal, condylar, temporamandibular articulation (TMJ)

Condylar process articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and forms the

temporoandibular joint

As a sesamoid bone the patella develops in the _____ of the quadriceps femoris muscle

tendon

______ is the thinner, flatter, and broader end of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion process of the scapula form the _________ _______

the aromial end, acromioclavicular articulation

Appendicular skeleton

the bony structure that makes up the shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvis and lower extremities

Thorax

the chest

The temporomandibular joint if formed by

the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Mandibular fossa

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits

Alimentary canal

the digestive system tube from the mouth to the anus, including the mouth or buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and small and large intestines

Hepar

the liver

Biliary tract

the organs and ducts that participate in the secretion, storage and delivery of bile in the duodenum

Ascending colon

the part of the large intestine that passes superiorly from the cecum to the inferior border of the liver, where it bends at the right colic (hepatic) flexure to become the transverse colon

Articulation

the place of union between two or more bones; a joint

Joints

the point of juncture between two bones; A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage

Linear Aspera serves as muscle attachments for the ____ muscles

thigh

Both trochanters of the femur serve as points of attachment for the muscles of the ____ and ____

thigh, buttocks

Floating ribs only point of attachment is posteriorly to the ____ vertebrae

thoracic

Large in size than the cervical vertebrae and the spinous processes project inferiorly

thoracic vertebrae

The ribs articulate with these vertebrae

thoracic vertebrae

Shin bone aka

tibia

Is a roughened process for the attachment of the patellar ligament

tibial tuberosity

Goes across the abdomen

transverse colon

Carpal bones are arranged in two _____ rows, one proximal and distal of ___

transverse, four

3 cornered shaped carpal in the proximal row

triquetrum

Very large projection found only on the femur

trochanter

Part of humerus that looks like a pulley or spool shaped surface

trochlea

Process shaped like a pulley or spool of thread

trochlea

Process shaped like a pulley or spool of the humerus

trochlea of the humerus

Semi lunar notch aka

trochlear notch

First 7 pair of ribs that attach directly to the sternum by their own costal cartilage

true ribs

Small rounded projection, usually blunt

tubercle

Large, rounded, usually roughened projection larger than a tubercle

tuberosity

Bruners glands are compound ______ ______ glands

tubular submucosal

Shaped like a top or any of the nasal conchae

turbinates

The pelvic girdle consist of

two hip bones called the coxal bones

Occipital fontanel closes about ___ _______ after birth

two months

The esophagus has ____ sphincters. Name them

two, upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter

Medial/pinky side bone of the forearm

ulna

Trochlea articulates with the ____

ulna

The _________ (worm shaped) appendix projects from the cecum

vermiform

Thin medial border of the scapula

vertebral border

Strong, flexible group of vertebrae that allows us to move anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally

vertebral column

The pectoral girdle does not articulate with the ______ _______

vertebral column

Vertebral border lies closer to the ______ _____

vertebral column

Skeleton of the trunk of the body is formed by

vertebral column, sternum, ribs

An entrance to a canal

vestibule

Finger-like projections located along the mucosal lining of the small intestines

villi

They increase the absorption area for nutrients of the small intestines

villi

Single triangular shaped bone that form the inferior and posterior portion of the nasal septum

vomer

Submandibular duct aka

whartons duct

The periosteum contains bone forming cells that enables bones to grow in ___ but not ___

width, length

Small clusters of isolated bones that are found in the joints of cranial bones

wormian or sutural bones

These bones are never included in the total number of bones as the number greatly varies with the individual

wormian or sutural bones

Styloid process also provides attachment for the ligaments of the ___

wrist

Sesamoid bones can be found in the ____ and ____

wrist, foot

Forms the most inferior portion of the sternum

xiphoid or ensiform process

Smallest portion of the sternum

xiphoid or ensiform process

The medullary canal contains ____ bone marrow

yellow

Help form the prominences of the cheek and the latter wall and floor of the eye orbit

zygomatic bones or malar bones

Commonly called cheek bones

zygomatic or malar bones

The ______ ______ projects from the inferior portion of the squama

zygomatic process

The zygomatic arch is formed by the

zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone

Number of ribs

Tail bone aka

coccyx

Posterior portion of the ramus

condylar process

Liver located just below the _____

diaphragm

Also known as the calf bone

fibula

Coxal bone aka

hip

Endo

inside

Magnum

large

Last 8 in of the GI tract

rectum

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