A&P 1, Chapter 1 - Lesson Objectives & Test Yourself Q&A's
How does the anatomy of a muscle or bone differ from its physiology? Which describes appearance and location and which describes function?
Anatomy deals with the form and structure of a muscle or bone. Physiology deals with their function.
How do homeostatic mechanisms influence the health of an animal?
As conditions inside and outside change, homeostatic mechanisms influence the health of an animal by helping to maintain a fairly constant internal environment inside the body, making life possible.
List and describe common regional terms for the body.
Barrel - trunk of the body; formed by the rib cage and the abdomen Brisket - Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum Cannon - large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals Fetlock - joint between cannon bone (large metacarpal/metatarsal) and the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals Flank - lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs Hock - tarsus Knee - carpus of hooved animals Muzzle - rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones Pastern - area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals Poll - top of the head between the bases of the ears Stifle - femorotibial/femoropatellar joint; equivalent to human knees Tailhead - dorsal part of the base of the tail Withers - area dorsal to scapula
Differentiate between the study of regional anatomy and the study of systemic anatomy.
Regional anatomy - is a method of studying anatomy that examines all the component structures that make up each region of the body. For example, the regional approach to abdominal anatomy would examine all the cells, tissues, organs, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that are present in the abdomen. Systemic anatomy - is a method of studying anatomy that examines each system of the body (e.g., skeletal system, reproductive system) as a separate topic.
If you are facing a cat head-on, is its left ear on your left or right side?
Right side.
List the components of the dorsal body cavity.
The dorsal body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord, that is, the central nervous system. It consists of two parts; a somewhat spherical cranial cavity in the skull and a long, narrow spinal cavity running down the spine.
How might abnormalities in an animal's anatomy or physiology have a negative impact on its health and well-being?
The functions of the parts of an animal's body are extremely interrelated. Therefore an abnormality with the anatomy or physiology of one part can affect other parts.
How does the normal anatomy and physiology of cells in an animal's body impact the health of the animal as a whole? How does the normal anatomy and physiology of the animal's body as a whole impact the health of its cells?
The health of cells affects the health of tissues, which affects the health of organs, which affects the health of systems, which affects the health of the whole body. Similarly, the health of the body affects the health of the systems, which affects the health of the organs, which affects the health of the tissues, which affects the health of cells.
If your left hand is on a goat's belly and your right hand is on its back, which hand is on the animal's dorsal surface and which is on its ventral surface?
The left hand is on the ventral surface, and the right hand is on the dorsal surface.
The next time you see a dog, differentiate between the medial and lateral surfaces of one of its elbows and the proximal and distal ends of one of its legs.
The medial surface is toward the center line of the animal's body, and the lateral surface is on the outer side of the elbow. the proximal part of the leg is closer to the body relative to, for example, the toes, which are located distally.
What surface of a hamster's front leg is in contact with the ground when it is walking normally? What surface of the hind leg?
The palmar surface of the front leg and the plantar surface of the hind leg are touching the ground.
How does each of the anatomic planes of reference (sagittal, median, transverse, and dorsal) divide a cow's body?
The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts, which are not necessarily equal. The median plane divides it into equal left and right halves. The transverse plane divides the body into cranial and caudal parts, which are not necessarily equal. The dorsal plane divides the animal's body at a right angle to the sagittal or transverse plane and divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts, which are not necessarily equal.
Define homeostasis.
A state of equilibrium maintained in the body by feedback and regulatory processes in response to internal and external changes; the maintenance of balance in the body. The concept of homeostasis includes the many mechanisms that monitor critical levels and functions in the body and stimulate corrective actions when things stray from normal. By keeping important activities within relatively narrow ranges, the process of homeostasis helps maintain normal body structure, function, and therefore health.
According to the principle of bilateral symmetry, single structures in the body are located on or near which anatomical plane of reference?
Median plane
Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy - is the study of the form and structure of an animal body and its parts (healthy). Through anatomy, we can describe where things are located in or on the animal body and what they look like. Physiology - is the study of the functions of the animal body and its parts. Through physiology, we can describe how parts of the body work and what their functions are.
Why must the term rostral be used instead of cranial to describe structures on a hedgehog's head, but the term caudal works just fine?
Caudal always means toward the tail end of the body. The cranium is part of the head, therefore the term cranial loses its meaning. Rostral specifically means toward the tip or nose.
List the 4 basic types of body tissue.
Epithelial tissue - is composed entirely of cells, and its main jobs are to cover body surfaces, secrete materials, and absorb materials. Connective tissue - tissue made up of cells and extracellular substances that connect and support cells and other tissues. Muscle tissue - a collection of tissues that support the body and enable it to move, thermoregulate, and transport materials. Some muscles may be controlled voluntarily, whereas others act involuntarily. Examples of involuntary muscle include cardiac and smooth muscle; voluntary muscle includes all of the skeletal muscles. Nervous tissue - A collection of tissues that collect, process, and convey information. Nervous tissue includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Sensory (afferent) nerves convey information about the body's surroundings to the brain, whereas motor (efferent) nerves send instructions from the brain to the body. Some nervous tissues, called mixed nerves, can perform both functions.
List and describe the anatomic terms of direction.
Left - individual's left Right - individual's right Cranial - toward the head end of the body Rostral - toward the tip of the nose (head only) Caudal - toward the tail end of the body Dorsal - toward the back Ventral - toward the belly Medial - toward the median plane Lateral - away from the medial plane Deep (internal) - toward the center (whole body or part) Superficial (external) - toward the surface (whole body or part) Proximal - toward the body (extremity) Distal - away from the body (extremity) Palmar - "back" of forelimb from carpus distally Plantar - "back" of hindlimb from tarsus distally Dorsal - "front" of forelimb and hindlimb from carpus and tarsus distally
Differentiate between microscopic and macroscopic anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy - is the study of anatomic parts too small to be seen with the unaided eye, such as cells and tissues. Macroscopic anatomy - is also called gross anatomy; the study of body parts large enough to be seen without magnification, such as lung, leg, or brain.
Describe the four anatomic planes of reference.
Sagittal plane - a plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves. Median plane - a special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves. It could also be called a midsagittal plane, but that term is not commonly used. Transverse plane - a plane across the body that divides it into cranial (head-end) and caudal (tail-end) parts that are not necessarily equal. Dorsal plane - a plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. It divides the body into dorsal (toward the animal's back) and ventral (toward the belly) parts that are not necessarily equal. If an animal stands in water with its body partially submerged, the surface of the water describes a dorsal plane. In humans, this plane is called the frontal plane.
Where is the pleura found? The peritoneum?
The pleura is found in the thoracic cavity and the peritoneum is in the abdominal cavity.
If you insert a hypodermic needle into a horse's muscle to give an injection, which end of the needle (tip or hub) is located deep in the muscle and which end is located superficially?
The tip is deep and the hub is superficial.
List the components of the ventral body cavity.
The ventral body cavity is much larger than the dorsal one. It contains most of the soft organs (viscera) of the body. It is divided by the thin diaphragm muscle into the cranial thoracic cavity, also known as the thorax or chest, and the caudal abdominal cavity, also known as the abdomen.
What is the difference between the visceral and parietal layer of the pleura and peritoneum?
The visceral layer covers the organs and the parietal layer lines the whole cavity.
