A&P 168 chapter 1

control center

-the "general" -recieves info from receptor, integrates it, and sends a signal to the effectors. -part of nervous or endocrine system

receptor

-the "lookout" -usually made of sensory neuron -detects a stimulus -signals control center that a stimulus has occurred

effector

-the "sniper" -structure that takes the final action to bring about change in a physiologic variable (stimulus) -most body structures can serve as this structure

negative feedback

-type of homeostatic control system that maintains a variable within a normal range -most homeostatic control systems work this way -the action taken will always move the variable in the away form direction of the stimulus.

false

Because the body has been the same for thousands of years, anatomy is considered a static classification system instead of a dynamic science. (T/F)

true. (For complete understanding, physiologists must have good anatomical knowledge of the organs they are studying.)

Cardiovascular physiologists must also have a good understanding of heart, blood, and blood vessel anatomy. (T/F)

structures visible to the unaided eye.

Gross anatomy refers to the study of

the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.

Homeostasis is BEST described as

true

If your body temperature starts to decline, your body responds by exciting skeletal muscles so that you shiver and your temperature returns to normal. This is an example of negative feedback. (T/F)

control center

In a homeostatic control mechanism, the receptor detects changes in the environment and relays that information to the ____________.

1. Integumentary 7. nervous 2. digestive 8. lymphatic 3. reproductive 9. endocrine 4. cardiovascular 10. muscular 5. skeletal 11. urinary 6. respiratory

Name the 11 organ systems:

true

Physiologists use chemistry to understand the workings of the body's organ systems. (T/F)

1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. tissues 4. organs 5. organ systems 6. organisms

Put the levels of organization in the human body in order, beginning with the simplest and ending with the most complex.

all apply

Select all that apply to homeostatic imbalances. 1. They may be caused by aging. 2. They often lead to disease. 3. Negative and/or positive feedback processes are not functioning properly. 4. Medication that targets an imbalance in one organ may alter homeostasis in other organs.

receptor

Sensory nerves that detect changes in a variable that is being regulated comprise the ________ of the control mechanism.

true

Some homeostatic imbalances cause a variable that is normally controlled by negative feedback to be abnormally controlled by positive feedback. (T/F)

skeletal

The body system that provides support and protection as well as being a site of blood cell production (hemopoiesis) is the ____________ system.

set point

The normal level at which a physiological variable is maintainied is known as its

endocrine

The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are typically grouped within the __________ system.

physiology

The scientific discipline that studies the function of body parts is called ___________.

1. organization 2. metabolism 3. growth/development 4. responsiveness 5. regulation 6. reproduction

The six characteristics of all living things:

respiratory

The system responsible for the exchange of gases between the blood and atmospheric air is the _____________ system.

true

The urinary system filters the blood, concentrates waste products, and removes waste products from the body. (T/F)

skeletal muslces

Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector?

positive feedback

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of

true

When a variable is regulated by negative feedback, its value fluctuates above and below the set point rather than being a constant. (T/F)

negative feedback

When blood sugar levels increase after a meal, insulin is released. This lowers sugar levels back toward normal. This is an example of

effector.

When you are exposed to bright light, a reflex is initiated and the muscles of your iris contract to decrease your pupil size. The iris muscles are acting as a(n)

effector

When you enter a dark room, the muscle of your iris cause the pupils to dilate to let in more light. The iris muscles are acting as ___________________.

The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily.

Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?

organ level

Which level of organization in the human body involves two or more tissue types working together to perform specific, complex functions?

Maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie

Which of the following is NOT an example of homeostasis? 1. Maintaining body temperature by sweating 2. Maintaining blood glucose levels by releasing insulin 3. Maintaining blood pH by hyperventilating 4. Maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie

Organs are made up of tissues, which are made up of cells, which are made up of organelles and molecules.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the organization of structures? 1. Organs are made up of tissues, which are made up of cells, which are made up of organelles and molecules. 2. Tissues are made up of organs, which are made up of cells, which are made up of individual atoms. 3. Organisms are made up of tissues, which are made up of organ systems, which are made up of DNA. 4. Organ systems are made up of cells, which are made up of tissues, which are made up of organelles. 5. Organs are made up of cells, which are made up of atoms, which are made up of molecules.

Integumentary

Which system is responsible for providing protection, regulating body temperature, and being the site of cutaneous receptors?

stimulus

a change in variable

positive feedback

stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic even occurs, then the body returns to homeostasis

homeostatic control system

system of organs/chemicals/nerves used by the body to maintain a specific physiologic variable within its set point.

catabolism

the breaking down of molecules

anabolism

the building of molecules

-receptor -control center -effector

the three components of a homeostatic control sytem: