A&P 2 - 22.5 lymphatic - Adaptive immunity
Antigens can be presented to helper T cells by B cells when the antigen is paired with an MHC ______ molecule. III I II
C
The cells that produce antibodies are called ______ cells. T B plasma
C
The elimination of T and B cells that target self-antigens occurs through a process called ______ selection. neutral positive negative
C
The lymphocytes that lyse cells and produce cytokines are _____. helper T cells B cells cytotoxic T cells
C
What is the fate of a cytotoxic T cell once it destroys a target cell? It can destroy another target cell with any MHC/foreign antigen complex displayed. It is also destroyed. It can destroy another target cell but only one displaying the same MHC/antigen complex as the first target cell.
C
An antigen is a substance that ______. promotes fever when activated promote lysing of cells and inflammation stimulates an adaptive immune response regulates activities of immune cells
C Reason: Pyrogens stimulate fever. Active complement promotes lysing and inflammation. Cytokines regulate activities of immune cells.
Antigen presentation followed by costimulation of a helper T cell will promote the helper T cell to ______. produce antibodies release perforins and lymphotoxins differentiate into plasma cells proliferate
D
Pre-B cells mature into B cells within the ______. Pre-T cells mature into T cells within the ______. liver, thymus liver, spleen bone marrow, spleen bone marrow, thymus
D
Where do you find MHC class II molecules? In tears In cancer cells On the surface of viruses On the surface of antigen-presenting cells
D
Where do you find MHC class II molecules? On the surface of viruses In cancer cells In tears On the surface of antigen-presenting cells
D
MHC class _____ molecules are found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
II
Autoimmune diseases occur when defense mechanisms attack Blank 1 of 1 antigens.
self
True or false: A single cytotoxic T cell can destroy multiple target cells, all of which display the same MHC/antigen complex. True False
T Reason: After connecting with and destroying one target cell, the cytotoxic T cell can move on to other cells.
A substance that stimulates an adaptive immune response is a(n) Blank 1 of 1.
antigen
The hormone, produced by the thymus, that stimulates T-cell maturation is Blank 1 of 1.
thymosin
A(n) ______-mediated immune response is effective against extracellular antigens. antibody cell
A
The primary cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are ______ cells, while ______ cells are the primary cells involved in antibody-mediated immunity. B, T T, B
B
What cells are activated by a self-cell with MHC class I/antigen complex on its surface? B cells T cells
B
What specific cell type is the effector cell for cell-mediated immunity (i.e., the cell type that destroys the antigen-containing cell)? Natural killer cell Cytotoxic T cell Helper T cell B cell
B
The term Blank 1 of 1 refers to a group of identical lymphocytes, all of which target the same antigen.
clone
A(n) Blank 1 of 1-mediated immune response is effective against extracellular antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins when they are outside the cell..
antibody
The cells that phagocytize foreign antigens, process them, and insert them on their cell membranes along with MHC class II proteins, are called Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 cells.
antigen presenting
A group of identical lymphocytes, all of which target the same antigen, is called a(n) ______. clone hapten immunoglobulin
A
An MHC class II/antigen complex on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) binds to a T-cell receptor. What results from this interaction? Other immune cells are stimulated to respond to the antigen The T cell responds by directly destroying the APC The antigen is phagocytized by the T cell
A
Antibodies are found ______. in body fluids outside of cells. in intracellular fluids.
A
Antigens can be differentiated based on their source. An antigen that is produced by the body is a ______ antigen while an antigen that is introduced from outside of the body is a ______ antigen. self, foreign foreign, self
A
A self-cell with MHC class ______/antigen complex on its surface can activate T cells, leading to destruction of the self-cell. II I
B
An allergic reaction is ______. a normal reaction to foreign antigen an overreaction to an antigen a normal reaction to a self-antigen
B
An overreaction to a foreign antigen is an ______. autoimmune disease allergic reaction
B
True or false: T cells can be directly activated by unbound antigens encountered in the body.
F Reason: This is false because T cells can only respond and become activated when an antigen is presented on a major histocompatibility complex molecule of an antigen-presenting cell.
During a response to an antigen, the first type of lymphocyte to proliferate is Blank 1 of 1 T cells.
helper
The class of lymphocytes called Blank 1 of 1 T cells respond to MHC class II/antigen complexes; they activate B cells and effector T cells.
helper
Autoimmune diseases target ______ antigens. self foreign
A
Cell-mediated adaptive immunity targets primarily ______ antigens, while antibody-mediated immunity targets ______ antigens. intracellular, extracellular extracellular, intracellular
A
Extracellular proteins that are produced during an immune response and bind to antigens, aiding in their destruction or neutralization, are called ______. antibodies haptens interleukins cytokines
A
Identify the function of regulatory T cells. Inhibit helper and cytotoxic T cell activity Enhance helper and cytotoxic T cell activity Co-stimulate helper T cells Co-stimulate cytotoxic T cells
A
Negative selection is the process that ______. prevents development of T and B cells that target self-antigens allows development of T and B cells that target self antigens prevents development of T and B cells that target foreign antigens allows development of T and B cells that target foreign antigens
A
T cell activation results when a foreign antigen, presented with a self _____ protein, is presented to the T cell for binding and recognition. MHC cytokine antibody B cell
A
The purpose of an MCH II molecule/antigen complex is to ______. present the antigen to an immune cell thus stimulating other cells to respond flag an infected cell to be destroyed by other immune cells
A
The role of plasma cells in adaptive immunity is ______. to produce antibodies provide long-term "memory" and a rapid response to subsequent exposure to their target antigen to aid in activation of other immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells
A
The thymus is the site of maturation of ______ cells (lymphocytes). The ______ cells (lymphocytes) mature in the bone marrow. T, B B, T
A
There are approximately 5 _____ lymphocytes for every one _____ lymphocyte. T, B B, T T helper, B B, T helper
A
What type of cell can phagocytize foreign antigens and then put pieces of the antigens on their surface? Antigen-presenting cells Natural killer cells Plasma cells Cytotoxic T cells
A
When comparing number of T cells present in the body with the number of B cells, which is more abundant? T cells B cells
A
Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface? Antigen-presenting cell Naive T lymphocyte Anergic cell Effector T lymphocyte
A Reason: An APC is a cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system; chiefly dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells.
______ T cell is the class of T cells that is directly responsible for the cell-killing activity of a cell-mediated immune response. Cytotoxic Helper Killer
A Reason: Recall that helper T cells activate B cells and effector T cells. Reason: Killer T cell is not a type of T cell. In innate immunity, natural killer cells lyse tumor and virus-infected cells.
Antigens produced within a cell (such as viral proteins made within a virally-infected cell) are displayed on the cell surface by MHC class ______ molecules. II I
B
B cells can display antigens for helper T cell activation when the antigen is paired with an MHC _____ molecule. III II I
B
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells are all examples of ______. complement-secreting cells antigen-presenting cells lymphocytes
B
During a secondary response, what cell type responds to the exposure to the antigen? Plasma cells Memory B cells Inactivated B cells
B
Immune responses are inhibited by ______ T cells. helper regulatory cytotoxic
B
Intracellular antigens are predominately targeted by ______ immunity. antibody mediated cell mediated
B
Intracellular antigens are targeted primarily by ______ -mediated adaptive immunity while extracellular antigens are targeted primarily by ______ -mediated immunity. antibody, cell cell, antibody
B
MHC class I molecules are found on ______. antigen-presenting cells nucleated cells
B
MHC class II molecules are found on ______. all nucleated cells antigen-presenting cells
B
Memory B cells respond to an antigen during a ______ immune response. primary secondary
B
Name some examples of antigen-presenting cells. B cells and T cells B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells T cells, natural killer (NK) cells
B
Once a helper T cell has been presented with an antigen and costimulated the helper T cell will ______. start making antibodies proliferate release perforin which destroys the antigen-presenting cell
B
T Cells are the primary cells involved in _____ immunity. antibody mediated cell-mediated humoral
B
The function of thymosin, the hormone produced by the thymus gland, is to ______. inhibit B cell production stimulate maturation of T lymphocytes inhibit T cell production stimulate maturation of B lymphocytes
B
Which type of T cells responds to MHC class II/antigen complexes? Plasma Helper Cytotoxic
B
List the actions of the cell-mediated immune response. Select all that apply. Targets antigens within extracellular fluid Targets tumor cells Targets intracellular microorganisms Responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions Responsible for immediate hypersensivity reactions
B C D
dentify the basic functions of cytotoxic T cells. Select all that apply. Production of antibodies Lysing of cells Phagocytizing infected cells Secretion of cytokines Activation of other immune cells
B D Reason: Plasma cells, which are derived from B cells, produce antibodies. Reason: Cytotoxic T cells are not phagocytic; they lyse cells. Reason: Helper T cells activate B cells and effector T cells
Normally the first type of lymphocyte to proliferate is during a response to an antigen is the ______. B cell cytotoxic T cell helper T cell
C
Cells that display a foreign antigen along with a MHC-II molecule in order to display the antigen to other immune cells is called a(n) ______. antigen receptor cell clone primary lymphatic cell antigen presenting cell
D
True or False: MHC Class I molecules are displayed on many more cells types than MHC class II antigens. True False
T Reason: MHC Class II antigens are found on antigen-presenting cells such as B cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. MHC Class I molecules are displayed on many more cells types, as long at the cell has a nucleus