A&P 2 Connect Hwk Chapter 24-25
When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the tubular maximum (Tm) and:
-glucose appears in the urine
The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid is determined by the relationship between the:
-net hydrostatic and net colloid osmotic pressures
Extracellular fluids in the body consist of: 4 all
-interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and lymph *If the ECF is hypertonic with respect to the ICF, water will move from the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored
Potassium ions are found in the highest concentrations in which of the following fluid compartments?
-intracellular fluid (ICF)
Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration can have a profound effect on the buffering capacity of body fluids by
-lowering or raising the Pco2
The collecting system in the kidney is responsible for
-making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine
When antidiuretic hormone levels rise the distal convoluted tubule becomes?
-more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases
When water is lost but electrolytes are retained, the osmolarity of the ECF rises and osmosis then moves water
-out of the ICF and into the ECF until isotonicity is reached
Hormones that INCREASE fluid OUTPUT
-ANP ->INCREASES Fluid OUTPUT Hormones that DECREASES Fluid output -Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, and ADH all decrease fluid output
Hyperventilating Causes?
-Blood pH increasing -Hyperventilation will decrease blood CO2 and carbonic acid levels, raising pH. -Respiratory alkalosis may result?
Which mechanisms and results are associated with reabsorption of glucose?
-Glucose is transported into tubule cells via a sodium symporter. -Movement of glucose across tubule cells is called secondary active transport -Glucose is moved out of tubule cells by facilitated diffusion. **Glucose is transported into tubule cells via a sodium symporter, which is referred to as secondary active transport. Glucose is moved out of tubule cells by facilitated diffusion and glucose is normally completely reabsorbed in the PCT.
The result of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism is?
-Increased solute concentration in descending limb of loop of Henle
The portion of the renal segment that is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation is the?
-Loop of Henle
two distinct regions of the kidney and components associated with each region.
-Medulla -> Innermost region of the kidney: Medulla -Renal Pyramids ->Striated portions of the kidney medulla: Renal Pyramids -Renal Columns ->Extensions of the cortex that subdivide the medulla: Renal Columns -Cortex ->Outermost region of the kidney: Cortex
The respiratory rate will ___________ in compensation for metabolic _________?
-Respiratory rate will decrease. -In compensation for metabolic alkalosis -This is in response to decreased blood H⁺ concentration that results in lower than normal amounts of CO₂ expired -Generally, respiratory compensation is less effective in addressing metabolic acid-base disturbances than renal compensation. -The ability to decrease respiratory rate in response to metabolic alkalosis is limited by the development of hypoxia.
Ingesting too much sodium may lead to?
-a hypertonic extracellular fluid. *Excess sodium ingestion will lead to excess in the extracellular space, which may cause water to leave the cells and raise blood pressure.
The primary site for secretion of substances into the filtrate is the?
-distal convoluted tubule
Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole causes?
-elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels
An individual's conscious decision to urinate is due to altering nerve signals relayed from the cerebral cortex through the spinal cord and along the pudendal nerve to cause relaxation of the?
-external urethral sphincter.
A decrease in BP?
-results in the release of renin from the kidneys. *results in the release of renin from the kidneys.
Correct order of each statement
1.Each nephron is composed of two parts: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. 2.The renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule 3.This area is where the filtrate is formed from the plasma. 4.Leading away from the corpuscle is the renal tubule, which consists of three regions. 5.The regions include the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the loop of Henle.
Formation and Reabsorption Malfuntions
1.Increased ISF Formation: -CHF -Incompetent heart valves -Poor venous return 2.Decreased Lymph Formation: -Obstruction of lymph vessels -Elephantiasis 3.Decreased Reabsorption into Capillaries: -Excessive loss of protein by the kidneys
Acid/base Disorders
1.Metabolic Acidosis: -Hyperkalemia (High K+) (Causes): -Diabetes mellitus -Excess consumption of Alcohol -Renal dysfunction -Diarrhea 2.Metabolic Alkalosis: -Hypersecretion of Aldosterone (Causes): -Taking too many antacids -Vomiting -Overuse of diuretics 3.Respiratory Acidosis: -Asthma -Emphysema 4.Respiratory Alkalosis: -Hyperventilation
Urinary Bladder
Detrusor muscle contraction and internal urethral sphincter relaxation --Micturition reflex Inability to voluntarily control urination --Incontinence Failure to eliminate urine normally --Retention Continuous contraction of the internal urethral sphincter --Storage reflex
Mesangial Cells
FUNCTION: -One of the functions of the mesangial cells is to phagocytize macromolecules (e.g., immunoglobulins) that become caught within the basement membrane in glomerular filtration, thus helping to keep the filtration membrane clean
Indicate whether each of the following would increase or decrease filtration.
Increases Filtration: -An Increase in BP -Constriction of the Efferent Arteriole Decreases Filtration: -An increase in capsular pressure -An increase in plasma protein concentration -An obstruction in the proximal tubule
Differences in Chemical and Physiologic Buffering System
Physiologic Buffering System -May take minutes to days (slower) -Involves the Urinary System -Involves the RespiratorySystem Chemical Buffering System -Works within seconds (faster) -Phosphate buffering system -Protein buffers -Bicarbonate buffering system
Match the organ of the urinary system with its function.
Reservoir for urine until micturition (urination) occurs -Urinary bladder Transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder via peristalsis -Ureter Transports urine from urinary bladder to outside the body -Urethra Filters blood and processes filtrate into tubular fluid, then urine -Kidney
The primary site of regulating water, sodium, and potassium ion loss in the nephron is the?
loop of Henle and collecting duct
Acidosis is a more common problem than alkalosis because many acids are by-products of metabolic reactions. Which of the following acids fits that description?
-carbonic acid -sulfuric acid -lactic acid -phosphoric acid
What are the primary organs of the Urinary System?
-2 Kidneys -2 Ureters -1 Urinary Bladder -1 Urethra -1 Urethra Meatus
At a volume of ________ mL, there may be sufficient pressure in the bladder to force the opening of the internal urinary sphincter, and consequently the external urinary sphincter.
-500
The avg. pH for normal urine is about?
-6.0
Physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance are mediated primarily by
-ADH -Aldosterone -ANP
Afferent Arterioles - Efferent Arterioles
-Afferent Arterioles carry away -Efferent Arterioles towards
Fluid Sequestration
-Edema -Ascites -Pleural effusion -Hemorrhage
The initial factor that determines if urine production occurs is?
-Filtration
Glomerular hydrostatic (arteriole) pressure is typically?
-Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is typically 60 mm Hg. This is higher than the 20-40 mm Hg that is typically found in systemic capillaries.
The kidneys help regulate blood pH by excreting ___________in the urine and by reabsorbing _____________.?
-H+; bicarbonate *
The pressure forces involved in glomerular filtration.
-Hpg 60 OUT -NFP 10 OUT -OPg 32 IN -HPc 18 IN
Electrolyte
-Hydrochloric Acid HCl- -Sodium Chloride (NaCl-) -Sodium Hydroxide +human body fluids contain common electrolytes, both -Cations: Na⁺ and K⁺ -Anions: Cl⁻ and (HCO₃)⁻. Functions contribute to exertion of osmotic pressure. -To carry out these functions effectively, each electrolyte must be maintained within a normal concentration range in the blood plasma. --Regulating normal concentration of the different electrolytes in the blood plasma requires input to be equal to output.
The high osmotic concentrations found in the kidney medulla are primarily caused by the presence of
-Sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea
Specific Gravity
-Specific gravity is the density of a substance compared to the density of water.
Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for?
-Stimulation of renin release -direct stimulation of water and sodium ion reabsorption -regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure
Bicarbonate Buffering System
-The bicarbonate buffering system in the blood is the most important buffering system in the ECF. -Bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid are the key components of this buffering system. 1.The weak base bicarbonate serves to buffer the strong acid H⁺. 2.The buffer to the strong base OH⁻ is carbonic acid. The byproduct of these reactions is water.
The tubuloglomerular mechanism of renal auto regulation involves?
-The juxtaglomerular apparatus and regulation of NaCl
What are the renal processes that form urine?
-Tubular Secretion -Tubular Reabsorption -Filtration **Urine is formed through the three interrelated processes called filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
organic wastes is generated from the catabolism of amino acids?
-Urea
Nonelectrolyte
-Urea -Creatinine -Glucose
The body content of water or electrolytes will rise if?
-intake exceeds outflow
The two important effects of increased release of ADH are?
1. reduction of urinary water losses 2. stimulation of the thirst center
Stimulates Release of ADH
1.Increased blood osmolarity 2.Reduction in total body water
Normal Blood pH
7.35 to 7.45
After a person consumes a meal, the levels of which ion rise in the blood in response to more acid being produced in the stomach?
Bicarbonate
Whenever the rate of sodium intake or output changes, there is a corresponding gain or loss of water that tends to
keep the sodium concentration constant
Systems used to excrete wastes from the body?
-Digestive system, respiratory system and integumentary system *Lymphatic IS NOT
As a means of regulating pH, which of the following would not be secreted into the fluid in the collecting system?
-Iron
Which of the following body organs has the greatest measure of control over body fluid and composition levels?
-Kidneys
The major contributors to the osmolarities of the ECF and the ICF are
-Na++ and K+
A Nephron consists of?
-a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
The concentration of potassium in the ECF is controlled by adjustments in the rate of active secretion
-along the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron
The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by?
-an imbalance between sodium gains and losses
Under normal circumstances, during respiratory acidosis the chemoreceptors monitoring the Pco2 of the plasma and CSF will eliminate the problem by calling for
-an increase in pulmonary ventilation rates
Sodium levels are figured as a balance between?
-both absorption of sodium across the digestive epithelium and excretion at the kidney and other sites
Which of the following conditions could cause muscle cramps or spasms?
-both hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia
Angiotensin II is a potent hormone that?
-causes constriction of the efferent arteriole at the nephron, -triggers the release of ADH in the CNS, -stimulates secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and epinephrine by the adrenal medulla
Sympathetic innervation of the afferent arterioles causes?
-decrease in GFR and slowing of filtrate production
Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing
-dehydration
The triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions is the
-detrusor
Sodium ions enter the ECF by crossing the digestive epithelium via?
-diffusion and active transport
Deviations outside of the normal pH range due to change in H+ concentrations?
-disrupt the stability of cell membranes -alter protein structure -change the activities of important enzymes
All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the?
-extracellular fluid
What can affect fluid levels in blood?
-fever -hypoaldosteronism -diarrhea
The thin segments in the loop of Henle are?
-freely permeable to water; relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes
Pulmonary and renal mechanisms support the buffer systems by
-generating additional buffers when necessary -controlling the excretion of acids and bases -secreting or generating H+
When pure water is consumed, the extracellular fluid becomes:
-hypotonic with respect to the ICF
The major cause(s) of metabolic acidosis is (are):?
-impaired ability to excrete H+ at the kidneys -a severe bicarbonate loss -production of a large number of fixed or organic acids
During periods of strenuous exercise, sympathetic activation causes the blood flow to?
-increase to skin and skeletal muscles; decrease to kidneys
Respiratory alkalosis develops when respiratory activity?
-lowers plasma Pco2 to below-normal levels
When an individual loses body water?
-plasma volume decreases and electrolyte concentrations rise
Important homeostatic adjustments occur in response to changes in
-plasma volume or osmolarity
The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to?
-prevent changes in pH caused by organic and fixed acids in the ECF
A metabolic alkalosis can occur as a result of
-prolonged vomiting
Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone:
-reduces thirst -blocs the release of ADH -blocks the release of Aldosterone
Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct, causing
-reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine
The principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) are:
-sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
Ketone bodies would accumulate in the blood during conditions of?
-starvation
What causes hypokalemia?
-the administration of diuretic drugs -excessive aldosterone secretion -an increase in the pH of the ECF
The hemoglobin buffer system helps prevent drastic alterations in pH when
-the plasma Pco2 is rising or falling
The thick segments in the loop of Henle contain?
-transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate
Match the component of Urine Formation
Water and solutes passively move out of the glomerulus -Filtration Active transport or diffusion of substances into the blood -Tubular reabsorption Active transport of solutes into the tubular fluid -Tubular secretion
Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be?
- Na++ to be reabsorbed and water to be reabsorbed.
The renal corpuscle consists of
-Bowman capsule and glomerulus
Chronic diarrhea causes a severe loss of bicarbonate ions, resulting in
-metabolic acidosis
Results of ADH Release
1.Reduction in urine volume 2.Increased H2O reabsorption from kidney tubules 3.Increased aquaporin production 4.Drinking water
What are the four major stages in the formation of urine?
1.There are four major stages in the formation of urine. 2.The first stage involves creating a filtrate in the glomerulus. 3.Second, the filtrate flows through the tubules and useful substances are reabsorbed. 4.Waste products will then be secreted by the tubules. 5.The last stage is water conservation occuring in the renal tubule.
Which of the following would not be associated with a sensation of increased thirst?
(decrease in the production of ADH)
Hormone Response
-Renin -->Low blood pressure causes the kidneys to increase the secretion of renin from the JG cells. -Angiotensin II -->The activation of angiotensin II stimulates widespread vasoconstriction, release of ADH from the posterior pituitary, as well as the adrenal cortex, to release aldosterone. -Aldosterone-->Aldosterone acts on the DCT of the kidney tubules to reabsorb greater amounts of sodium from the tubular fluid. -ADH-->The release of ADH directly stimulates the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water reabsorption from the tubular filtrate. -Angiotensin II-Aldosterone-ADH-->The net result of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH cooperatively is a(n) increase in blood pressure resulting largely from increased blood volume.
The mechanism important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high is
-facilitated transport
Kidney stones, or calculi, can be formed by of?
-magnesium salts -calcium -Uric acid
The primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron is the?
-proximal convoluted tubule
What are functions of the Urinary System?
-removal of organic waste products from body fluids -elimination of waste into the environment -homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma -NOT introduction or plasma proteins into the blood plasma
The three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys are the?
-renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia
In response to decreasing blood pH, the kidneys?
-retain bicarbonate. *In response to decreasing blood pH, the kidneys will retain bicarbonate and secrete H+, raising blood pH.
Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the extracellular fluid volume by?
-stimulating thirst -causing the release of ADH -triggering the secretion of aldosterone
Urinary incontinence is caused by
-the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles
After vomiting profusely, a patient has a decreased respiratory rate. This can be explained as
-the respiratory response to metabolic alkalosis. *Chronic vomiting can lead to metabolic alkalosis. The respiratory system will compensate by decreasing respiratory rate, allowing CO2 and carbonic acid to accumulate in the blood plasma, lowering pH.
Metabolic Acid-base Disturbance vs Respiratory Acid-base Disturbance
Metabolic Acid-base Disturbance: -Diabetes mellitus -Renal dysfunction -Severe diarrhea -Vomiting Respiratory Acid-base Disturbance: -Emphysema -Muscular dystrophy -CHF -Aspirin overdose
The majority of glucose is reabsorbed through the walls of the?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Respiratory Acidosis vs Alkalosis
Respiratory ACIDOSIS: 1.Partial Pressure of CO2> 45 mmHg 2.Trauma to the respiratory center 3.Airway obstruction 4.Reduced respiratory surface area in emphysema Respiratory Alkalosis: 1.Hyperventilation 2.Severe anemia 3.Overstimulation of the respiratory center 4.CHF
Properties of the respiratory or renal compensation mechanism for acid-base balance.
Respiratory Compensation: 1.Marked by Hypercapnia 2.Increased respiratory rate increases the amount of CO2 expired 3.The faster acting compensation mechanism 4.Useful for acute imbalances due to surprise or emotional strain 5.Requires hyperpnea to release acid to the evnvironment RENAL COMPENSATION: 1.Relies on the secretion of H+ 2.Slower to respond to pH imbalances but better at restoring a fully normal pH 3.Effective at compensating for pH imbalances that last for a few days longer
Indicate whether each of the following substances is reabsorbed from the filtrate or secreted into the filtrate.
SECRETED: -NH4+ -Drugs -H+ REABSORBED: -Glucose -H2O -Mg2+ -HCO3- -Amino Acids -Vitamins
Sources and Losses of Electrolytes
Sources of Electrolytes/Electrolyte INTAKE: -1. Foods -2. Fluids 3. Metabolic Reactions Electrolyte Losses OUTPUT: -1. Perspiration -2. Feces -3. Urine *food= source/input, perspiration=loss
Treatment for hyperkalemia includes the
Treatment -use of diuretics -give buffers ->sodium bicarbonate -administer enemas or laxatives Causes -renal failure -diuretic drugs -excessive Aldosterone secretion -an increase in pH of the ECF
Indicate whether each of the following would result in a more dilute urine or a more concentrated urine.
Would Result in a MORE CONCENTRATED Urine: -Working outside on a hot day without access to drinking H2O -Overexpression of Aquaporins -Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to H2O Would Result in a MORE Dilute Urine: -Drinking a large volume of H2O on a day when you rested & stayed inside -Overdosing on Losartan, a drug that blocks the action of angiotensin II -Overproduction of Aldosterone -A new virus that attacks & damages the pituitary gland
The opposing forces of the filtration pressure at the glomerulus are the
capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure
The outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall is the
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
When blood osmolarity is low?
-ADH release is decreased. **When blood osmolarity is low, water concentration may be high. ADH release is inhibited, which will cause the kidneys to produce a dilute urine and rid the body of excess water volume.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
-Antidiuretic hormone provides a means of controlling water output. -The increased osmolarity of the blood stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate the posterior pituitary to release ADH. -ADH will work on the kidneys to reabsorb water into the bloodstream. **?During dehydration blood volume declines and sodium concentration rises. **A negative feedback system is used until the blood volume and osmolarity return to normal levels.
60-70% Sixty of the water is reabsorbed in the?
-Collecting duct
The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the?
-Renal corpuscle
What can increase the rate of glomerular filtration?
-Increased BP
The filtration process within the renal corpuscle involves passage across three physical barriers, the?
-capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and glomerular epithelium
During the micturition reflex, increased afferent fiber activity in the pelvic nerves facilitates?
-parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord
Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the?
-peritubular capillaries
The respiratory system attempts to compensate for metabolic?
- metabolic Acidosis. If H⁺ concentration increases, respiratory rate will increase and increased amounts of CO₂ are expired.
Atrial Natriurectic Peptide (ANP)
-ANP causes the relaxation of the afferent arteriole, relaxation of the mesangial cells of the glomerulus, inhibits the release of renin from the granular cells, and causes an increase in the GFR.
In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the?
-proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the loop of Henle
What is renal plasma clearance?
-If renal plasma clearance is a test to measure the volume of a substance that can be completely cleared in 1 minute, and if the GFR of urea is 125 mL/min, and renal plasma clearance of urea is 70 mL/min, that means the remainder of the urea is reabsorbed.
What are the primary components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
1. Macula Densa Cells 2. Granular Cells (JG Cells) ->Granular cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole. *The two primary components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the macula densa and granular cells or juxtaglomerular cells.
Filtration of fluid and solutes
1.Water and solutes are ingested 2.Absorption of nutrients occurs in the digestive tract 3.Fluid from the blood is filtered into the tissue fluid around cells. 4.The fluid around cells, interstitial, fluid can move into cells, or into lymphatics. 5.Fluid in the lymphatic system is brought back to the blood.
Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the nephron loop.
ASCENDING LIMB: -Tubular fluid osmolarity decreases as it passes through -Permeable to solutes -Impermeable to H2O DESCENDING LIMB: -Tubular fluid osmolarity Increases as it passes through -Permeable to H2O -Impermeable to solutes
In the kidneys, blood goes from the afferent arterioles to the ___________, and then enters the _______________, which then delivers the blood to the ___________.?
-glomeruli; efferent arteriole; peritubular capillaries **Kidneys are unique in that blood from the capillary network (glomeruli) does not enter a venule, but instead goes to an arteriole, where it is delivered to another capillary bed. You may review the flow of blood through the kidneys in section 24.4 of the text.
The results of the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct are?
-increased conservation of sodium ions and water
When a normal pulmonary response does not reverse respiratory acidosis, the kidneys respond by
-increasing the rate of hydrogen ion secretion into the filtrate
Acid-base disturbance
-An acid-base disturbance occurs when the buffering capacity of chemical buffering systems is exceeded, and there is a transient or temporary change in blood H⁺ concentration, resulting in a change in blood pH beyond the normal range of 7.35 to 7.45. --Compensation is the response of physiologic buffering systems to acid-base disturbances that results in the return of blood pH to normal is . --Uncompensated If these physiologic buffering systems are not effective in returning the pH to normal, then pH disturbance is referred to as uncompensated. --Acid-base IMBALANCE -When a temporary pH disturbance results in a persistent pH change. ^^If this occurs for any extended period of time it can be life-threatening. If there is no intervention, an acid-base imbalance continues to worsen, and if the pH reaches values below 7.0 or above 7.7, it is fatal within a few hours. #The most common acid-base disturbance occurs because of impaired elimination of CO₂ by the respiratory system. -Respiratory acidosis is defined as occurring when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood becomes elevated above 45 mm Hg. -It can be caused by injury to the respiratory center, disorders of the nerves or muscles involved with breathing, airway obstruction, or decreased gas exchange at the respiratory membrane. -Continued impairment can eventually cause an increase in blood carbonic acid and a subsequent increase in H⁺ concentration.
Process of GFR
-During renal autoregulation, the kidneys maintain a relatively constant GFR despite changes in blood pressure, and without the input of nervous or hormonal control. -The process whereby the flow of filtrate through the distal tubule results in changes in GFR is termed tubuloglomerular feedback. -The three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the JG cells, the macula densa, and the mesangial cells. -Epithelial cells found where the distal tubule passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles are called the macula densa. -The afferent arteriole contains cells called juxtaglomerular cells that secrete the enzyme renin. -The afferent arteriole reflexively contracts in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus preventing a rise in GFR. This form of regulation is called the myogenic mechanism. -An increase in the rate of filtrate flow through the distal tubule results in contraction of the afferent arteriole and a decrease in GFR. -When blood pressure drops, renin is released into the blood, resulting in an increase in the hormone angiotensin II, which acts to decrease GFR while simultaneously raising blood pressure.
Increase in Blood Pressure Promoted by?
-Increased release of RENIN -Vasoconstriction -Increased activity of ACE -Increasing levels of Aldosterone
What are the H2O components of the body?
-Membranes of body cells: material that separates compartments -Intracellular Fluid (63%): water inside the cells -Interstitial Fluid: water between cells -Plasma: water in blood -Lymph: water draining back to the blood -Transcellular Fluid: water in joints, eyes, CSF -Extracellular Fluid (37%): all water outside the cell
Where does salt and water reabsorption take place in the nephrons?
-Most of the reabsorption of glomerular filtrate occurs in the proximal tubules and descending limbs of nephron loops. -In the proximal tubules, sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate, and water follows by osmosis. -Salt is actively transported across the membrane of the ascending loop of Henle, into the interstitial fluid
___________ cells in the collecting ducts are responsive to the hormones aldosterone and ADH?
-Principal Cells -in the collecting ducts are responsive to the hormones aldosterone and ADH.
What are possible causes of respiratory acidosis?
-Pulmonary edema -Emphysema -Airway Blockage *Severe diarrhea may lead to metabolic acidosis.
What effects are related to the stimulation of ANP?
-Relaxes Afferent Arteriole -Inhibits the release of Renin from the granular cells(JG cells) -Relaxtion of the mesangial cells
The region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and interlobar arteries is called the?
-Renal medulla
The myogenic mechanism of renal auto regulation involves?
-The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation involves contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the wall of the afferent arteriole.
The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?
-Transitional
Due to the sodium-potassium pump, most potassium in the body is found in the intracellular fluid?
-True. The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium out of the cells and potassium into cells.
Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the
-Urethra
Decrease in Blood Pressure Promoted by?
-Vasodialation -Declining levels of ADH -Decreased sodium reabsorption
Volume Factors
-Volume Depletion 1. Severe burns 2. Chronic vomiting -Volume Excess 1. Renal Failure -Dehydration 1. Overexposure to cold weather 2. Diabetes mellitus -Hypotonic Hydraton 1. Water intoxication -Fluid Sequestration 1. Ascites
ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in?
-both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system
Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by?
-both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.
The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the?
-capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
What is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle?
-chloride -potassium -Sodium *Bicarbonate IS NOT
Autoregulation controls the GFR by all of above
-constriction of the efferent arteriole -dilation the afferent arteriole -dilation of the glomerular capillaries
In countercurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between?
-fluids moving in opposite directions
During exercise, dehydration will cause a net movement of water?
-from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid. *Water will move out of the cells via osmosis.
Indicate whether the provided renal function results from the creation of urine or through other mechanisms.
DIRECTLY Resulting from Urine Formation: -BP Regulation -Blood Volume Regulation -Electrolyte Regulation -Filtration of blood -Reduction of blood acidity -Removal of nitrogenous wastes NOT Resulting from Urine Formation: -Calcitriol (Vitamin D) conversion -Erythropoiesis Stimulation