a&p 2 test 4
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? - surfactant production - pseudo-stratified ciliated epithelium - C-shaped cartilage rings - surface tension of water
C-shaped cartilage rings
Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli & blood as there is O2?
CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2
__________ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the...
CO2; alveoli
Which way would O2 & CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?
O2 would diffuse into the cells, & CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries
How would the partial pressure of O2 & CO2 change in an exercising muscle?
The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, & the partial pressure of CO2 would increase
Boyle's Law
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
Which of the following could be responsible for an increase in intrapulmonary pressure? - inspiration - an increase in lung volume - a decrease in intrapleural pressure - a decrease in lung volume
a decrease in lung volume
Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin & the blood? - a drop in blood pH - a decrease in blood temperature - increase in hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it already - decreases in plasma carbon dioxide
a drop in blood pH
Which of the following scenarios increases the respiratory rate? - acidosis - a drop in carbon dioxide levels in the blood - an increase in partial pressure of oxygen - alkalosis
acidosis
Which of these cells would be most effective in the disposal of inspired microorganisms that may enter the alveoli?
alveolar marcophages
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
alveoli
Which of the following is/are part(s) of the respiratory zone structures? - primary bronchi - terminal bronchioles - alveoli - trachea
alveoli
Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.
an active process; a passive process
Which of the following would likely result in a collapsed lung? - an opening in the chest wall that allows the intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure - a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure to atmospheric pressure - an increase in transpulmonary pressure - a strong enough contraction of the diaphragm
an opening in the chest wall that allows the intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
type II cells
are cuboidal cells; secrete a fluid containing surfactant
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
A patient with a restrictive lung disease such as tuberculosis is likely to see an increase in her...
breathing rate
As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO2 ( pCO2) & pH?
decreased pCO2 & increased pH
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?
diaphragm and external intercostals
Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?
dissolved in plasma
Your patient has several cracked ribs from a car accident, what would you expect from his or her blood gasses?
elevated PCO2 and decreased pH
During an allergic reaction, what would aid respiration?
epinephrine
type I cells
form a single squamous epithelium in the alveoli
What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration?
hydrogen ions
Which of the following best describes how Boyle's law relates to the mechanics of breathing? - if lung volume increases, intrapleural pressure increases, forcing air out of the lungs - if lung volume decreases, intrapleural pressure increases, forcing air out of the lungs - if lung volume decreases, intrapleural pressure decreases, forcing air out of the lungs - if lung volume increases, intrapleural pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs
if lung volume increases, intrapleural pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs
Which of the following factors benefits pulmonary ventilation by making inspiration easier? - increased airway resistance - reduced lung compliance - increased secretion of surfactant - increased alveolar surface tension
increased secretion of surfactant
Which lung volume tends to be the largest in healthy male & female adults?
inspiratory reverse volume
During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abdominal accumulation of...
interstitial fluid
Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? - intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure - atmospheric pressure - transpulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?
intrapleural pressure
In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because...
intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment? - atmospheric pressure - transpulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure - intrapulmonary pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
Hemoglobin...
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?
lungs will collapse
Which of the following regions contains the opening of a canal that equalizes pressure in the middle ear? - laryngopharynx - larynx - nasopharynx - oropharynx
nasopharynx
Which of the following creates an adhesive force that prevents separation of the parietal and visceral pleurae during ventilation? - negative intrapleural pressure - negative intrapulmonary pressure - alveolar fluid surface tension - lung elasticity
negative intrapleural pressure
Under ordinary circumstances, which of the following blood components is of no physiological significance? - carbaminohemoglobin - bicarbonate ions - nitrogen - chloride
nitrogen
segmental bronchi
no exchange of gases occurs here
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin? - partial pressure of carbon dioxide - partial pressure of oxygen - temperature - blood pH
partial pressure of oxygen
Which of the following is an organ shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system? - pharynx - esophagus - trachea - larynx
pharynx
Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve?
phrenic nerve
Which of the following modifies & smoothes the respiratory pattern? - ventral respiratory group (VRG) - pontine respiratory centers - diencephalon - dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
pontine respiratory centers
Which blood vessels supply deoxygenated systemic blood to the alveoli?
pulmonary arteries
Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs?
pulmonary stretch receptors
Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system? - pulmonary ventilation & transport of respiratory gases - pulmonary ventilation & external respiration - external & internal respiration - pulmonary ventilation & internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation & external respiration
This lung volume CANNOT be directly measured using a spirometer.
residual volume
A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration. What acts as the effector(s) in this system?
respiratory muscles
Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration? - reduced oxygen levels - arterial pH - rising carbon dioxide levels - an increase in blood pH
rising carbon dioxide levels
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae? - routing air & food into proper channels - filtering, heating, & moistening incoming air during inhalation - reclaiming heat & moisture from expired air - increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air
routing air & food in proper channels
What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise?
sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, & other factors
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following behaviors would most likely result in an increased alveolar ventilation rate as compared to that of normal breathing? - rapid, shallow breathing - breathing rapidly into a paper bag - breathing slowly into a paper bag - slow, deep breathing
slow, deep breathing
Which of the following inhibits/reduces the respiratory rate? - a rise in body temperature - partial pressure of oxygen below 60 millimeters of mercury at chemoreceptors - elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood - stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs
stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity?
submucosa
alveolar duct
terminates in alveoli
What serves as the origin for the phrenic nerve?
the cervical plexus
During inhalation,
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
Which muscles are activated during forced expiration?
the internal intercostal, oblique, & transversus muscles
If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased,...
the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation
Internal & external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange? - partial pressure of the gases - the molecular weight of the gas - rate of blood flow through the tissue - available surface area
the molecular weight of the gases
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breathing through the nose? - the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae - filtration of the air entering the nasal cavity - recovering heat & moisture from the air leaving the nasal cavity - heating & moistening the air entering the nasal cavity
the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae
What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath?
tidal volume
True/False: Henry's law of partial pressure states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.
true
True/False: If your core temperature becomes colder, it is more difficult for oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin at any PO2.
true
True/False: To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
true
The respiratory membrane consists of 3 layers: capillary endothelium, fused basement membrane, & alveolar epithelium consisting of...
type I cells
In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job?
type II alveolar cells
Transpulmonary pressure is...
usually near 4mm Hg
What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm?
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Which of the following initiate(s) inspiration? - midbrain - dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - ventral respiratory group (VRG) - pontine respiratory centers
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed...
visceral pleura of the same lung
respiratory bronchioles
where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins
