a&p 2 test 4

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Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? - surfactant production - pseudo-stratified ciliated epithelium - C-shaped cartilage rings - surface tension of water

C-shaped cartilage rings

Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2, why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli & blood as there is O2?

CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2

__________ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the...

CO2; alveoli

Which way would O2 & CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?

O2 would diffuse into the cells, & CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries

How would the partial pressure of O2 & CO2 change in an exercising muscle?

The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, & the partial pressure of CO2 would increase

Boyle's Law

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Which of the following could be responsible for an increase in intrapulmonary pressure? - inspiration - an increase in lung volume - a decrease in intrapleural pressure - a decrease in lung volume

a decrease in lung volume

Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin & the blood? - a drop in blood pH - a decrease in blood temperature - increase in hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it already - decreases in plasma carbon dioxide

a drop in blood pH

Which of the following scenarios increases the respiratory rate? - acidosis - a drop in carbon dioxide levels in the blood - an increase in partial pressure of oxygen - alkalosis

acidosis

Which of these cells would be most effective in the disposal of inspired microorganisms that may enter the alveoli?

alveolar marcophages

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

alveoli

Which of the following is/are part(s) of the respiratory zone structures? - primary bronchi - terminal bronchioles - alveoli - trachea

alveoli

Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.

an active process; a passive process

Which of the following would likely result in a collapsed lung? - an opening in the chest wall that allows the intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure - a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure to atmospheric pressure - an increase in transpulmonary pressure - a strong enough contraction of the diaphragm

an opening in the chest wall that allows the intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure

type II cells

are cuboidal cells; secrete a fluid containing surfactant

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?

as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

A patient with a restrictive lung disease such as tuberculosis is likely to see an increase in her...

breathing rate

As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO2 ( pCO2) & pH?

decreased pCO2 & increased pH

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

diaphragm and external intercostals

Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?

dissolved in plasma

Your patient has several cracked ribs from a car accident, what would you expect from his or her blood gasses?

elevated PCO2 and decreased pH

During an allergic reaction, what would aid respiration?

epinephrine

type I cells

form a single squamous epithelium in the alveoli

What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration?

hydrogen ions

Which of the following best describes how Boyle's law relates to the mechanics of breathing? - if lung volume increases, intrapleural pressure increases, forcing air out of the lungs - if lung volume decreases, intrapleural pressure increases, forcing air out of the lungs - if lung volume decreases, intrapleural pressure decreases, forcing air out of the lungs - if lung volume increases, intrapleural pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs

if lung volume increases, intrapleural pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs

Which of the following factors benefits pulmonary ventilation by making inspiration easier? - increased airway resistance - reduced lung compliance - increased secretion of surfactant - increased alveolar surface tension

increased secretion of surfactant

Which lung volume tends to be the largest in healthy male & female adults?

inspiratory reverse volume

During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abdominal accumulation of...

interstitial fluid

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? - intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure - atmospheric pressure - transpulmonary pressure

intrapleural pressure

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

intrapleural pressure

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because...

intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment? - atmospheric pressure - transpulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure - intrapulmonary pressure

intrapulmonary pressure

Hemoglobin...

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

lungs will collapse

Which of the following regions contains the opening of a canal that equalizes pressure in the middle ear? - laryngopharynx - larynx - nasopharynx - oropharynx

nasopharynx

Which of the following creates an adhesive force that prevents separation of the parietal and visceral pleurae during ventilation? - negative intrapleural pressure - negative intrapulmonary pressure - alveolar fluid surface tension - lung elasticity

negative intrapleural pressure

Under ordinary circumstances, which of the following blood components is of no physiological significance? - carbaminohemoglobin - bicarbonate ions - nitrogen - chloride

nitrogen

segmental bronchi

no exchange of gases occurs here

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin? - partial pressure of carbon dioxide - partial pressure of oxygen - temperature - blood pH

partial pressure of oxygen

Which of the following is an organ shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system? - pharynx - esophagus - trachea - larynx

pharynx

Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve?

phrenic nerve

Which of the following modifies & smoothes the respiratory pattern? - ventral respiratory group (VRG) - pontine respiratory centers - diencephalon - dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

pontine respiratory centers

Which blood vessels supply deoxygenated systemic blood to the alveoli?

pulmonary arteries

Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs?

pulmonary stretch receptors

Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system? - pulmonary ventilation & transport of respiratory gases - pulmonary ventilation & external respiration - external & internal respiration - pulmonary ventilation & internal respiration

pulmonary ventilation & external respiration

This lung volume CANNOT be directly measured using a spirometer.

residual volume

A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration. What acts as the effector(s) in this system?

respiratory muscles

Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration? - reduced oxygen levels - arterial pH - rising carbon dioxide levels - an increase in blood pH

rising carbon dioxide levels

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae? - routing air & food into proper channels - filtering, heating, & moistening incoming air during inhalation - reclaiming heat & moisture from expired air - increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air

routing air & food in proper channels

What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise?

sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, & other factors

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following behaviors would most likely result in an increased alveolar ventilation rate as compared to that of normal breathing? - rapid, shallow breathing - breathing rapidly into a paper bag - breathing slowly into a paper bag - slow, deep breathing

slow, deep breathing

Which of the following inhibits/reduces the respiratory rate? - a rise in body temperature - partial pressure of oxygen below 60 millimeters of mercury at chemoreceptors - elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood - stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity?

submucosa

alveolar duct

terminates in alveoli

What serves as the origin for the phrenic nerve?

the cervical plexus

During inhalation,

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Which muscles are activated during forced expiration?

the internal intercostal, oblique, & transversus muscles

If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased,...

the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation

Internal & external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange? - partial pressure of the gases - the molecular weight of the gas - rate of blood flow through the tissue - available surface area

the molecular weight of the gases

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breathing through the nose? - the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae - filtration of the air entering the nasal cavity - recovering heat & moisture from the air leaving the nasal cavity - heating & moistening the air entering the nasal cavity

the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae

What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath?

tidal volume

True/False: Henry's law of partial pressure states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.

true

True/False: If your core temperature becomes colder, it is more difficult for oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin at any PO2.

true

True/False: To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.

true

The respiratory membrane consists of 3 layers: capillary endothelium, fused basement membrane, & alveolar epithelium consisting of...

type I cells

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job?

type II alveolar cells

Transpulmonary pressure is...

usually near 4mm Hg

What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm?

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Which of the following initiate(s) inspiration? - midbrain - dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - ventral respiratory group (VRG) - pontine respiratory centers

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed...

visceral pleura of the same lung

respiratory bronchioles

where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins


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