A&P 2 test questions

An elderly male with dementia frequently micturates at inappropriate times (during meals, not in the toilet). What is most likely causing the difficulty?

Incontinence due to end stage dementia

Which of the following is false concerning spermatogenesis?

Males have all the sperm at birth that will be made during the lifetime.

This is the smallest region of the male urethra.

Membranous

Describe how memories are stored and retrieved in the brain. Include a specific brain region.

Memories are not stored in one specific area within the brain but instead are stored throughout the cerebral hemispheres. The hippocampus acts as a memory center to help with memory storage and retrieval. The involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories.

Which type of immune cell continues to produce a small amount of antibody after the infection is over:

Memory B cells

The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?

Motor (Efferent)

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve axon. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of their arms and legs. Explain why this would occur.

Myelin increases nerve conduction speed and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage without the myelin present for protection.

Which layer of heart is composed of the contractile cardiac muscle?

Myocardium

This layer of the uterus contracts during labor.

Myometrium

These lymphocytes are highly effective against abnormal body cells, such as tumor cells:

NK cells

Describe the function and release of neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals stored inside secretory vesicles (axon terminal vesicles) at the end of the axon terminals. When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another.

Match the cell with its best description. Has granules in the nucleus and is the most abundant of the white blood cells.

Neutrophil

Match the cell with its best description. Stains light pink in the cytoplasm with a multi-lobed nucleus.

Neutrophil

Which of the following statements is true about reflexes?

Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex.

What control mechanism can remove acids and bases from the body?

Renal control (Kidneys)

Interlobar veins converge to form the___.

Renal vein

Which of the following statements is true concerning the RAA system?

Renin is released by the cells inside the nephron.

The ______ sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated.

Right, pulmonary circuit

The pacemaker of the heart is the:

SA node

A patient damaged the radial nerve. What action is most likely limited?

Wrist extension

Discuss the supportive cells of the blastocyst and their purpose during pregnancy.

(The amnion, placenta and umbilical cord.) The amnion forms a sac filled with fluid to cushion and protect the fetus. The placenta is a temporary organ that carries out nutritive, respiratory, excretory and endocrine functions for the embryo. The baby continues to grow in the uterus with nutrition provided by the placenta for nine months until it is time for delivery. The umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the placenta.

Describe the steps in the taste pathway. Begin in the mouth and end in the specific lobe of the brain.

-Chemicals contact Gustatory hairs wrapped around -gustatory cells. -Facial nerve & Glossopharyngeal nerve -Parietal lobe The taste pathway begins as food chemicals contact the gustatory hairs which generate an action potential in dendrites which are wrapped around the gustatory cells. The nerve impulse is carried by afferent fibers through two cranial nerve pairs, the facial nerves and the glossopharyngeal nerves which transmit the impulses to the thalamus and ultimately to the parietal lobe to be interpreted as taste. The facial nerve carries information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; while the glossopharyngeal nerve carries information from the posterior one-third of the tongue.

Hypoventilation is a part of what control mechanism? Explain what hypoventilation accomplishes.

-Respiratory control- If blood pH begins to rise (become more alkaline), the respiratory center is depressed, causing hypoventilation. -During hypoventilation, the respiratory rate slows down, allowing more CO2 to accumulate, forming more hydrogen ions. The pH falls (becomes more acidic) and restores correct blood pH. -(Optional) this reaction shifts to the right: CO2+ H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-

Contrast the osmolarity of the PCT and the bottom of the loop of Henle. Explain why there is such a contrast.

-The osmotic characteristics of the filtrate entering the PCT is identical to the surrounding plasma, around 300 mOsm/L. In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the solute concentration increases as it descends. Once the filtrate reaches the hairpin turn of the loop in the inner medulla, the filtrate increases to about 1200 mOsm/L. -The concentration of the solute increases drastically because water leaves the descending limb but not salt

The thymus secretes which of the following hormones? (Select all that apply.)

-Thymosin -Thymopoietin

Which of the following people would you expect to have the largest thymus gland?

5-year-old

The average pH of blood is near:

7.4

Your elderly patient is discussing her vision problems. She describes her vision as cloudy and dark. Her vision has progressively worsened over the last year. What most likely is causing the vision problem? Explain your reasoning. A. Cataracts B. Cranial nerve damage C. Brain tumor in the occipital lobe D. Medial rectus damage E. Lateral rectus damage

A Cataracts, due to lens that slowly become hardened over time. Light is not able to be refracted onto the retina.

These are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus:

A. Cytotoxic T cells B. Helper T cells E. A&B

What is false about the flexor withdrawal reflex?

A. It does not involve interneurons. D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles E. A&D

Which of the following is false concerning the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acts to increase the heart rate.

A postsynaptic neuron would be found:

After the synapse

Which of the following is false concerning a CVA?

An ischemic stroke is also known as a "brain bleed".

A patient is admitted to the ER with hives and difficulty breathing. What is most likely happening?

Anaphylaxis

Your patient is admitted to the hospital for an angioplasty. Use your own words to explain to your patient about what is going to happen in this procedure.

Angioplasty is a procedure where a surgeon threads a plastic tube into the artery of an arm or a leg. The tube is then guided through the blood vessel toward the heart. When the tube reaches the segment clogged by plaque in a coronary artery, the balloon attached to the end of the tube is inflated, forcing the vessel open.

A patient has lost his sense of smell following a car accident. What term should be documented should to describe his loss of smell?

Anosmia

What is the correct order of blood flow starting from the heart?

Artery → arteriole → capillary → venule → vein

This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.

Axon

Discuss how antibody-mediated immunity defends the body against diseases. Give an example of what type of cell uses this form of immunity in the body.

B cells work through antibody-mediated immunity (humoral response) because B cells work against pathogens through the secretion of antibodies. Antibody-mediated immunity defends the body against pathogens through the secretion of antibodies. The antibodies bind to the pathogen, making it unable to cause further damage in the body and marking it for phagocytosis.

Which of the following is true about the location of the bladder?

B. In females, the vagina is behind the bladder.

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the spleen?

B. It acts as a filtering center to remove debris.

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning lymph nodes?

B. Lymph nodes act as a filtering center to remove debris.

Which of the following statements is true concerning oogenesis?

B. The primary oocyte divides to produce a secondary oocyte

Which statement is true concerning the cardiac cycle?

B. The ventricular contraction time is longer than the atrial contraction time.

For micturition to occur, the _____ sphincter _____.

B. internal; relaxes D. external; relaxes F. B&D

A patient had a stroke in their pons portion of the brainstem. What vessel was most likely blocked?

Basilar artery

Which of the following is an abnormal solute in urine?

Bile pigment

A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged?

Broca's area

A patient is found to have blindness of the right visual field of both eyes. What part of the vision pathway was most likely damaged? Explain your response. A. Left optic nerve B. Right optic nerve C. Left LGN D. Right LGN

C All the sensory information from the right visual fields travels together after the optic chiasm to the left side of the brain.

Find the steps that correctly order neurulation:

C. Ectoderm→ convergence→ neural fold → neural tube → spinal cord

A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What region of the spine is most likely damaged?

C03-C05

Where is the integration center of a reflex located?

CNS (central nervous system)

An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the:

Central nervous system

What is the largest portion of the brain?

Cerebrum

What portion of the eye supplies blood supply to the other layers of the eye?

Choroid (of the middle layer)

The papillae that contain taste buds are ______.

Circumvallate Circumvallate and fungiform papillae both contain taste buds

A patient sustains an injury to the malleus. What type of deafness does this patient most likely have? Explain your answer.

Conduction deafness -Occurs from damage to the outer or middle ear structures. The malleus is part of the middle ear structures.

What is the correct order of how light passes through the eye?

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, retina (Aqueous humor fills the space between the cornea and lens)

A patient is found to have blindness in the right eye. What part of the vision pathway was most likely damaged? Explain your response. A. Optic chiasm B. Occipital lobe C. Left optic nerve D. Right optic nerve

D Information from the right visual field has not yet crossed at the optic chiasm. Both peripheral and nasal fields of the right eye would be missing.

Which of the following is false concerning human cells?

D. A zygote has 23 chromosomes.

The aortic arch turns to become the _______?

Descending aorta

What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone?

Dopamine

Discuss how the body induces a fever. (Be sure to include the cells and regions of the body involved)

During an infection, certain subtypes of interleukins called pyrogens reset the body's thermostat in the hypothalamus. The temperature set-point during homeostasis (normal body temperature) is raised to create a fever.

A person cannot perceive tastes from the anterior portion of the tongue. What nerve is most likely damaged?

Facial (CN VII)

True or False: Colostrum has a similar composition to milk but contains a lower concentration of protein.

False

True or False: In the loop of Henle, water can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb.

False

True or False: Lymph flows from the heart out to the tissues via the lymphatic vessels.

False

True or False: Lymph fluid moves in the following order: Lymphatic Duct→ lymph vessels → Lymph capillaries → Veins

False

True or False: Olfaction is a mechanical sense activated by mechanoreceptors in the nasal mucous membranes.

False

True or False: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain.

False

True or False: The bladder drains into the ureters.

False

True or False: The liquid portion of blood is called formed elements.

False

True or False: The mammary alveoli begin at the nipple and divides into numerous other lobules.

False

True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the strength of the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your reasoning.

False There is no variation in the strength of action potentials. (It is an all-or-nothing response). There is variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing.

True or False: The lateral fibers of the optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm.

False (medial fibers cross)

Which statement is false concerning the events in the coagulation cascade?

Fibrin is converted to fibrinogen.

All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except:

Filters out unimportant sensory information

An afferent neuron carries information:

From the peripheral to the central nervous system

This region of the brain controls decision making skills.

Frontal lobe

This is a collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system.

Ganglia

What is graft rejection and why does it occur?

Graft rejection is the rejection of a transplanted organ by an organ donor. Tissue grafts and organ transplants most often originate from another person's body. The MHC on the surface of the graft are recognized by the host body as a foreign pathogen.

Blood leaving the spleen flows into this vessel which also carries blood drained from the intestines, stomach and pancreas.

Hepatic portal system

A patient sustained damage to their femoral nerve. What is most likely limited?

Hip flexion, knee extension

This is the pressure that depends upon a person's blood pressure from the heart and vessels:

Hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is most likely a symptom of ALS?

Impaired ability to swallow

These arteries feed the afferent arterioles.

Interlobular

These two arteries of the circle of Willis arise from the common carotid arteries in the neck.

Internal carotid arteries (left and right)

Water in the body is primarily found in what body compartment?

Intracellular

Which of the following statements is true regarding the middle ear?

It is filled with air.

What is TRUE concerning the MHC?

It is genetically determined and unique to each person

Which of the following statements is false concerning the functions of the vagina?

It secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

What is the location and function of Astrocytes?

Location: Central nervous system (CNS) Function: Regulation of chemical environment inside CNS, forming a physical barrier (blood-brain-barrier) by wrapping around blood capillaries

Match the cell with its best description. Select all that apply. Has the greatest phagocytic properties of the white blood cells.

Macrophage Monocyte

All the following are functions of the ovaries EXCEPT:

Maintaining the development of a fetus

A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the T5 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not?

No, the kidneys lie between the T-12 and L-3

A patient's spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not?

No; Only peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is in the central nervous system.

Describe the consistency and purpose of the renal adipose capsule.

Outside of the renal capsule is a fatty layer that protects the kidney from trauma.

Ovulation occurs when an egg is released from the ______________ .

Ovarian follicle

The greatest amount of reabsorption occurs in the:

PCT

These small lymphoid organs are found bilaterally in the posterior portions of the throat.

Palatine tonsils

The heart is contained in the _______ cavity.

Pericardial

Which of the following is not one of the primary odors in humans?

Pheromones

This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain.

Pia mater (menix)

_______ is a cell fragment from a large bone marrow cell:

Platelets

At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:

Polarized (around -70mV)

Your patient's EKG results indicate difficulty with left and right ventricular systole. What part of the conduction system is not functioning properly?

Purkinje fibers

You are reviewing your patient's results from an EKG. The findings indicate a problem with ventricular depolarization. Where should you look on the EKG to find this abnormal rhythm?

QRS complex

The posterior portion of the outer fibrous layer of the eye is called the _____.

Sclera

Blood tests indicate that progesterone and estrogen levels are both increased. Your patient is most likely in what phase of the female uterine cycle?

Secretory phase

The _____________ join with the vas deferens to form an ejaculatory duct.

Seminal vesicles

Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and hydrogen in the filtrate.

Sodium is removed from the filtrate while hydrogen is pumped inside the filtrate.

Blood enters the spleen via the _______________.

Splenic artery

Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex.

Stretch reflex: -Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon) -Muscle spindle detects stretch -Afferent (sensory) neuron through DRG -Spinal cord -Synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent) *No interneuron* -Action: To muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)

Which vessel would you expect to be the best place to feel a strong pulse?

Subclavian artery

The ________ is controlled by the trochlear nerve.

Superior oblique

The circulatory system is response for which of the following functions?

Supply cells with oxygen Transportation of gases Rid cells of waste Prevents loss of blood All the above

A patient has a diagnosis of right sided heart failure. Which of the following signs/symptoms would they most likely present with?

Swollen ankles

This part of the autonomic system accelerates the heart beat and increases breathing rate.

Sympathetic

These contain the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system that controls the effector organs in the trunk, head and limbs.

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

In Rheumatoid arthritis, immune cells attack the ______.

Synovial lining/joints

Which of the following is a part of the specific immune response system? (Select all that apply.)

T cells B cells

The lumbar plexus is from spinal nerves:

T12-L04

Which of the following statements is true concerning the neuromuscular junction?

The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber.

One of your patients sustained a hemorrhagic CVA. You notice they have rigid movements when moving their arms. They also have difficulty forming a plan to move their body. What area of the brain is most likely impacted? Explain your reasoning.

The basal ganglia is responsible for executing a motor plan and to slow and control fine movements (creating the rigid movements). Apraxia, or impaired motor planning. Apraxia results in rigid movements and difficulty executing a motor plan.

Which of the following is false concerning the cerebellum?

The cerebellar peduncles are located posteriorly.

Which of the following statements is false regarding the external ear?

The external acoustic meatus travels through the parietal bone.

What is the purpose of the fossa ovalis in a fetus?

The fossa ovalis marks the place of an opening between the atria which is present in all developing fetuses. It allows fetal blood to move directly from right to left atrium, bypassing he undeveloped lungs. The fossa ovalis closes during birth so that the lungs can receive oxygen once the baby is born.

Describe the function of the glomerular capillaries.

The glomerular capillaries are highly coiled capillary beds formed from the afferent arteriole, leaving as the efferent arteriole. Because of the porosity and high pressure in the glomerular capillaries, they are specialized for filtration as it forces fluid and solutes out of the blood and into the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

This is a located response in the tissue, causing increased blood flow, redness, and pain.

The inflammatory response

Which of the following is true about the trigeminal nerve?

The maxillary branch receives information from the upper lip.

Which statement is false concerning the brainstem?

The midbrain helps to regulate breathing.

What is true about the stretch reflex?

The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.

Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump?

The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane. (False, the effect of the pump is a negative charge inside the membrane, positive on the outside.)

A patient is suspected to have peripheral edema due to heart failure. Which side of the heart would be in failure? Explain your answer.

The right side of the heart would be in failure. If the right side of the heart cannot pump blood into the heart efficiently, blood and fluid will back up into the veins, causing swelling in body tissues.

Which of the following is true concerning the organs of the male reproductive system?

The testes function to produce sperm.

Describe the function of the brain ventricles.

There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid which is produced there. Once formed the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space bathing and floating the brain.

Which of the following is true concerning the lumbar plexus?

There are two divisions: anterior and posterior.

Which of the following statements is false regarding the inner ear?

There are two semicircular canals which house sensory receptors.

How is a message sent from one neuron to another?

There is a minute fluid-filled space, called a synapse, between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These bind with a receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in the receiving dendrite which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried.

Which of the following is true concerning cardiovascular baroreceptors?

They are mechanoreceptors found in the aortic arch and carotid sinus.

Describe in detail how the kidney controls its own rate of blood flow through the nephron.

This is called renal autoregulation because the kidney determines its own rate of blood flow by controlling the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles. By means of this autoregulatory system, the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure in the rest of the body.

Describe the action of a drug that increases the rate of flow through the nephron.

This would be a diuretic. When the filtrate moves at a faster rate through the nephron it allows less time for ions to be removed from the filtrate.

A patient has lymphedema in his right leg. What lymph vessel would most likely be obstructed?

Thoracic Duct

A patient is admitted to the ER with a thromboembolism. Your patient is given t-PA. Why?

To help dissolve blood clots

A bolus is formed by the ____?

Tongue

What sense does not have specialized sense organs?

Touch

The ______ fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

Transverse

True of False The tongue contains nociceptors and thermoreceptors in addition to chemoreceptors.

True

True or False: Fluid inside tissues that is not returned via the veins is returned to the heart through the lymph system.

True

True or False: Hydrostatic pressure is the net pressure which pushes fluid into the tissues.

True

True or False: Veins carry blood towards the heart.

True

True or false: Neurons do not physically touch one another.

True

True or false: The more numerous type of photoreceptors are rods

True

True or False: Action potentials travel in one direction within the same neuron.

True (only one direction in the same neuron)

Which layer of a vessel contains the muscular layer?

Tunica media

A patient is unable to extend his fourth and fifth digits when asked to open his hand. What is most likely the cause?

Ulnar nerve damage

Which of the following is false concerning ADH?

When ADH is in circulation dilute urine is excreted.

Describe the purpose of the cervix during pregnancy.

When a female becomes pregnant a mucus plug develops in the cervix and prevents any bacteria or pathogens from entering the uterus, thus protecting the health of the developing fetus. A firm, closed cervix also holds the developing fetus in the uterus until it reaches full term.

Your patient has a diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Would you expect your patient to also have hypertension? Why or why not?

Yes. Atherosclerosis is an accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, often cholesterol, inside arteries. These deposits called plaque accumulate beneath the inner linings of arteries. As plaque continues to build up it tends to protrude into the vessel, interfering with normal blood flow.

A patient comes into the ER following an accident. She is scared and starting to hyperventilate. You talk with her in a calm, reassuring manner as she receives medical care. You are trying to increase the activity in which division of her nervous system? Explain your answer.

You are trying to increase the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system as it is also sometimes called the "housekeeper system" because it promotes all the internal responses we associate with a relaxed state. The parasympathetic system also acts to slow the heart rate.

Discuss the developmental steps of how a fertilized egg becomes implanted in the uterus. Include specific locations, names, and amounts of time in your answer.

Zygote→ morula→ blastocystThe zygote (fertilized egg) begins frequent mitotic cell divisions as it travels in the oviducts. The zygote spends about three to four days undergoing mitosis in the oviducts forming the morula and another three to four days undergoing mitosis while unattached in the uterus, forming the blastocyst as the endometrium prepares for implantation. Because of progesterone release from the corpus luteum, the endometrium increases its blood supply and secretes glycogen. The blastocyst implants into the endometrium of the uterus around day 7.

The bicarbonate buffer system:

is the main buffer system of the interstitial fluid.

Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the ____________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central nervous system.

sensory (afferent)

Urine with a pH of 7.0 is:

within normal range; neutral

Describe the purposes of the urethral sphincters.

● The involuntary-controlled internal urethral sphincter is located near the bladder and keeps the urethra closed to prevent urine from leaving the bladder. ● The voluntary-controlled external urethral sphincter, composed of skeletal muscle, surrounds the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor.