A&P 3310 Test 3
Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways? -Schwann cells form myelin; oligodendrocytes do not -oligodendrocytes are only found in the PNS; Schwann cells are only found in the CNS -Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around several axons, while oligodendrocytes form sheaths around only one axon -Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons -none of there choices are true differences
Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons
Gray matter has little myelination, whereas white matter has abundant myelination True False
True
Arrange the following in order from the diencephalon downward. (1) spinal cord (2) midbrain (3) medulla (4) pons a. 2, 4, 3, 1 b. 3, 2, 4, 1 c. 4, 1, 3, 2 d. 4, 2, 3, 1 e. 1, 2, 3, 4
a. 2, 4, 3, 1
The spinal cord ends at the a. 2nd lumbar vertebrae b. sacrum c. 5th lumbar vertebra d. coccyx
a. 2nd lumbar vertebra
What is summation? a. Graded potentials added to create a bigger change in membrane potential. b. Graded potentials added to create a smaller change in membrane potential.
a. Graded potentials added to create a bigger change in membrane potential.
If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur? a. Temporal summation occurs. b. Hyperpolarization occurs. c. Spatial summation occurs. d. The direction of the action potential is reversed. e. Depolarization always occurs.
a. Temporal summation occurs.
Which of the following cranial nerves does not innervate the tongue? a. accessory b. hypoglossal c. facial d. All of these would innervate the tongue e. glossopharyngeal
a. accessory
A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called a. all or none response b. a relative refractory response c. a graded response d. a latent period response e. a local response
a. all or none response
In the golgi tendon reflex a. alpha motor neurons are inhibited causing muscle relaxation b. gamma motor neurons cause muscle contraction c. there is reciprocal innervation to facilitate the reflex d. alpha motor neurons are stimulated causing muscle contraction e. muscle spindles detect tension in a tendon
a. alpha motor neurons are inhibited causing muscle relaxation
the middle, thin, spider-like meninx is the a. arachnoid mater b. ectomater c. dura mater d. pia mater
a. arachnoid mater
When someone taps you on your shoulder, they stimulate the ____ nerve. A) axillary B) brachial C) radial D) musculocutaneous E) ulnar
a. axillary
A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+ ions. The use of this anesthetic will a. block sensory input into the CNS b. cause Cl- ions to enter the cells instead of Na+ ions c. depolarize the cell d. enhance the development of EPSPs e. cause RMP to move closer to threshold
a. block sensory input into the CNS
Which of the following activities is not associated with the cerebrum a. controlling the autonomic nervous system b. making moral judgements c. writing poetry d. initiating voluntary movements e. interpreting smell and taste
a. controlling the autonomic nervous system
What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres? a. corpus callosum b. intermediate mass c. infundibulum d. gyrus e. vermis
a. corpus callosum
Postsynaptic potentials a. depend on which membrane channels open. b. only involve sodium channel opening and closing. c. always move the postsynaptic membrane toward threshold. d. are always inhibitory.
a. depend on which membrane channels open.
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) can result from the a. either influx of chloride ions or outflow of potassium ions b. influx of chloride ions c. outflow of potassium ions d. influx of calcium ions e. influx of sodium ions
a. either influx of chloride ions or outflow of potassium ions
an action potential is a good example of which of the following a. feedback loops b. structure vs function c. gradients d. cell to cell communication
a. feedback loops
What structure anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx? a. filum terminale b. cauda equina c. pia mater d. denticulate ligaments
a. filum terminale
Ridges of the cerebellar cortex are called a. folia. b. the vermis. c. arbor vitae. d. cerebellar peduncles.
a. folia.
Which lobes of the brain control motor activity? a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital
a. frontal
The opening of more and more Na ion channels during depolarization a. is an example of a positive feedback cycle. b. is the cause of hyperpolarization. c. is an example of a negative feedback cycle. d. is the result of the sodium-potassium exchange pump. e. is possible only if K channels remain closed.
a. is an example of a positive feedback cycle.
The glossopharyngeal nerve a. is involved in the sense of taste b. controls facial expressions. c. innervates pectoralis minor. d. innervates the latissimus dorsi. e. transmits sensory information from the abdominal viscera.
a. is involved in the sense of taste
What is the group of structures in the brain that is primarily involved with emotions and memory? a. limbic system b. reticular formation c. basal nuclei
a. limbic system
The spinal cord a. links the peripheral nervous system to the brain. b. stores reflexive memory. c. forms memory engrams. d. controls the reticular activating system. e. is characterized by conscious activity.
a. links the peripheral nervous system to the brain
A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a/an a. local potential. b. after potential. c. action potential. d. summated potential. e. resting membrane potential.
a. local potential
EPSPs a. move the postsynaptic membrane toward threshold. b. are inhibitory. c. result from potassium channels opening. d. are usually large local potentials.
a. move the postsynaptic membrane toward threshold
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following? a. muscles of the arm and forearm b. the diaphragm c. intercostal muscles d. abdominal muscles e. muscles of the lower limb
a. muscles of the arm and forearm
The embryonic structure that gives rise to the structures of the central nervous system is called the a. neural tube. b. notochord. c. brainstem. d. forebrain
a. neural tube.
A(n) ____ can cause muscles to contract or relax and glands to secrete products a. neurotransmitter b. interneuron c. synaptic knob d. axon diameter
a. neurotransmitter
Viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction by prolonging the effects of _____ on blood vessels. a. nitric oxide (NO) b. dopamine c. GABA d. substance P
a. nitric oxide (NO)
Which of these is the most delicate layer of the meninges, which sits directly on top of the brain and spinal cord and holds blood vessels onto the surface of these structures? a. pia mater b. arachnoid mater c. dura mater d. subarachnoid space
a. pia mater
Consider the following five terms and determine which does not belong. a. pons b. medulla oblongata c. cardiac center d. pyramids e. olives
a. pons
the part of the brain that connects the medulla to the midbrain is the a. pons b. cerebral peduncle c. thalamus d. cerebellum e. hypothalamus
a. pons
Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid? a. provides oxygen to CNS tissue b. provides nutrients to CNS tissue c. protects the brain from rapid, jarring head movements d. provides a protective cushion around the CNS
a. provides oxygen to CNS tissue
Branches of the ____ nerve are anesthetized before a doctor performs an episiotomy for childbirth. a. pudendal b. genitofemoral c. common fibular d. gluteal e. cutaneous
a. pudendal
The post synaptic cell contains a. receptors that can bind to neurotransmitters. b. vesicles containing neurotransmitters
a. receptors that can bind to neurotransmitters.
The knee jerk reflex involves which of the following? a. sensory and motor neurons b. sensory, motor and inhibitory interneurons c. sensory and association neurons d. the brain e. sensory, association and motor neurons
a. sensory and motor neurons
when two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron, a. spatial summation occurs b. hyperpolarization occurs c. temporal summation occurs d. threshold is never reached e. the direction of the action potential is reversed
a. spatial summation occurs
Which of the following does not belong to the peripheral nervous system? a. spinal cord b. peripheral nerve c. cranial nerve d. ganglion
a. spinal cord
The lateral fissure separates the _____ from the rest of the cerebrum. a. temporal lobe b. frontal lobe c. cerebellum d. parietal lobe e. occipital lobe
a. temporal lobe
What is found the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord a. the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons b. the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons c. the cell bodies of sensory neurons d. the cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons
a. the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
What is found in the dorsal root ganglion? a. the cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons b. the cell bodies of multipolar sensory neurons c. the cell bodies of bipolar sensory neurons d. the cell bodies of multipolar interneurons
a. the cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons
The cerebral gyri increase a. the surface area of the cortex. b. memory assimilation time. c. speech ability. d. the size of the thalamic nuclei. e. volume of the brain.
a. the surface area of the cortex.
When you walk up behind someone and tap their right shoulder, they will reflexively a. turn their head toward the right b. raise their arms c. sneeze d. hit you e. turn their head toward the left
a. turn their head toward the right
A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve a. vestibulocochlear b. trigeminal c. glossopharyngeal d. vagus
a. vestibulocochlear
Match the fiber track with its correct description -association fibers -projection fibers -commissural fibers a. connect parts of the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord b. connect the two cerebral hemispheres c. connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
association fibers: c commissural fibers: b projection fibers: a
the gastrocnemius muscle is most likely to be innervated by the ____ nerve a. femoral b. tibial c. obturator d. common fibular e. median
b. tibial
The sciatic nerve is composed of the a. common fibular nerve and the pudendal nerve. b. tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve. c. superior gluteal and inferior gluteal. d. femoral nerve and the tibial nerve. e. femoral nerve and the obturator nerve.
b. tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve
Action potentials at a chemical synapse a. travel from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane b. travel from presynaptic terminal to presynaptic membrane c. stop at the presynaptic terminal and are regenerated on the postsynaptic membrane d. travel from postsynaptic membrane to presynaptic terminal e. travel back and forth from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane
b. travel from presynaptic terminal to presynaptic membrane
Which of the following cranial nerves innervates only one muscle of the eyeball? a. facial nerve b. trochlear nerve c. trigeminal nerve d. optic nerve e. oculomotor nerve
b. trochlear nerve
The ____ nerve innervates the muscles in the stomach, intestines and heart a. hypoglossal b. vagus c. glossopharyngeal d. accessory
b. vagus
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the a. afferent root. b. ventral root. c. dorsal root. d. sensory root. e. posterior root.
b. ventral root.
Which of the following, also called efferent neurons, carry impulses to the peripheral nervous system and stimulate glands to secrete a. sensory neurons b. interneurons c. motor neurons d. microglia
c. motor neurons
In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called a. peduncles b. ganglia c. nuclei d. pyramids e. tracts
c. nuclei
Adduction of the thigh involves the a. femoral nerve. b. peroneal nerve. c. obturator nerve. d. tibial nerve. e. pudendal nerve.
c. obturator nerve.
Action potential arrive at the synaptic terminal causes a. opening of voltage-gated sodium channels b. opening of voltage-gated chloride channels c. opening of voltage-gated calcium channels d. opening of voltage-gated potassium channels
c. opening of voltage-gated calcium channels
Neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane a. opens or closes ligand-gated calcium channels. b. opens or closes voltage-gated sodium channels. c. opens or closes ligand-gated sodium channels. d. opens or closes voltage-gated potassium channels.
c. opens or closes ligand-gated sodium channels.
What structures connect the cerebellum to the brainstem and allow communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the CNS? a. commissures b. funiculi c. peduncles
c. peduncles
The central nervous system develops from a flat mass of tissue called the neural a. groove b. fold. c. plate. d. crest. e. tube.
c. plate
The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to a. remove the foot from the tack. b. reduce the pain sensations. c. prevent the person from falling down. d. increase the rate at which withdrawal of the limb occurs. e. slow the rate of removal of the foot from the tack.
c. prevent the person from falling down
Reciprocal innervation a. inhibits the stretch reflex. b. is associated with the Golgi tendon reflex. c. reinforces the withdrawal reflex. d. results in reduced resistance to the reflex. e. stimulates antagonistic muscles
c. reinforces the withdrawal reflex.
Which of the following is not a neuroglia of the CNS a. ependymal cells b. astrocytes c. satellite cells d. oligodendrocytes
c. satellite cells
When a person sits on a hard surface for a period of time, his foot or leg may "go to sleep." This sensation is the result of compressing the _____ nerve. a. obturator b. ulnar c. sciatic d. pudendal e. femoral
c. sciatic
Stimulation of the Golgi tendon organs result in which of the following changes in the reflex arc? a. stimulation of an inhibitory neuron b. stimulation of a stimulatory association neuron c. stimulation of an inhibitory neuron and decreased action potentials in alpha motor neurons d. decreased action potentials in alpha motor neurons e. contraction of skeletal muscle fibers
c. stimulation of an inhibitory neuron and decreased action potentials in alpha motor neurons
If cerebrospinal fluid does not drain properly, a. the arachnoid granulations halt their function. b. the cerebral cortex absorbs the fluid and swells. c. the excess fluid exerts pressure on the brain. d. the brain will shrink and shrivel. e. the choroid plexus enlarges
c. the excess fluid exerts pressure on the brain.
Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron? a. the size of the neuron involved b. whether the neuron is myelinated or non myelinated c. the number of EPSPs in relation to the number of IPSPs d. this situation is not possible in humans e. the kind of neuron involved
c. the number of EPSPs in relation to the number of IPSPs
The primary somatosensory area is located in a. the prefrontal gyrus b. the prefrontal cortex c. the postcentral gyrus d. wernickes gyrus e. the precentral gyrus
c. the postcentral gyrus
The difference in charges across the plasma membrane of an unstimulated cell is called a. the membrane potential. b. the action potential. c. the resting potential. d. the graded potential. e. the equilibrium potential.
c. the resting potential.
Which ventricle is located between the two halves of the thalamus a. fourth b. first c. third d. second
c. third
A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the a. abducens nerve. b. trochlear nerve. c. trigeminal nerve. d. vestibulocochlear nerve. e. oculomotor nerve
c. trigeminal nerve.
Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera? a. trigeminal nerve b. glossopharyngeal nerve c. vagus nerve d. accessory nerve e. facial nerve
c. vagus nerve
A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the a. alternating reflex. b. stretch reflex. c. withdrawal reflex. d. crossed extensor reflex. e. Golgi tendon reflex.
c. withdrawal reflex.
Which of the following are the membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord? a. axon diameters b. neurotransmitters c. interneurons d. meninges
d. meninges
Which of the following is mismatched? a. ependymal cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid b. oligodendrocytes - form myelin sheaths c. ependymal cells - choroid plexus d. microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body e. astrocytes - blood-brain barrier
d. microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body
Which of the following is not a type of neuroglial cell? a. ependymal cell b. oligodendrocyte c. astrocyte d. Nissl cell
d. nissl cell
The _____ lobes of the brain interpret visual stimuli. a. temporal b. frontal c. parietal d. occipital
d. occipital
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis a. astrocyte b. schwann cell c. ependymal cell d. oligodendrocyte e. microglial cell
d. oligodendrocyte
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the a. ependymal cell. b. astrocyte. c. microglial cell. d. oligodendrocyte.
d. oligodendrocyte
Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the a. trigger zone. b. axolemma. c. cell body. d. presynaptic terminals. e. dendrites.
d. presynaptic terminals
The refractory period of an action potential a. allows bidirectional ow of the action potential. b. is not a component of every action potential. c. has no effect on direction of action potential propagation. d. prevents ow of action potential toward cell body.
d. prevents ow of action potential toward cell body.
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L to S form the a. pelvic plexus. b. brachial plexus. c. femoral plexus. d. sacral plexus. e. lumbar plexus.
d. sacral plexus.
Structurally, the simplest reflex is the a. alternating reflex b. withdrawal reflex c. golgi tendon reflex d. stretch reflex e. reciprocal reflex
d. stretch reflex
The _____ is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater and contains cerebrospinal fluid. a. epidural space b. dura meter c. meninges d. subarachnoid space
d. subarachnoid space
A stimulus that results in a local potential that does not reach threshold is called a a. threshold stimulus b. maximal stimulus c. supramaximal stimulus d. subthreshold stimulus e. local stimulus
d. subthreshold stimulus
Which of the following are the grooves on the surface of the cerebrum a. corpus callosum b. cerebellum c. gyri d. sulci
d. sulci
The superior and inferior colliculi are located in which of the following portions of the midbrain? a. red nucleus b. cerebral peduncles c. substantia nigra d. tectum (roof) e. tegmentum (floor)
d. tectum (roof)
Sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the a. hypothalamus. b. subthalamus. c. pineal gland. d. thalamus. e. mammillary bodies.
d. thalamus
Which of the following statements about catecholamines is false? a. They include norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. b. They are inactivated by reuptake into the presynaptic axon. c. They are inactivated by monoamine oxidase. d. Their effects are increased by the action of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase. e. They may stimulate the production of cAMP in the postsynaptic axon.
d. their effects are increased by the action of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase
Which is not a general function of the nervous system? a. processing and evaluating information b. responding to information c. collecting information d. transporting materials throughout the body
d. transporting materials throughout the body
Reflexes involved in maintaining homeostasis may involve the ____ nerve a. facial b. optic c. trigeminal d. vagus
d. vagus
Nervous tissue of the CNS that is composed primarily of myelinated axons is often referred to as ____ matter a. gray b. light c. dark d. white
d. white
Identify the phases of an action potential -depolarization -afterpotential -hyperpolarization -repolarization
depolarization hyperpolarization repolarization
There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves. a. 31; 12 b. 30; 10 c. 12; 32 d. 10; 30 e. 12; 31
e. 12;31
Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor 1. motor neuron 2. interneuron 3. effector 4. sensory neuron 5. sensory receptor a. 5,3,2,4,1 b. 5,2,3,4,1 c. 5,1,2,3,4 d. 5,4,3,2,1 e. 5,4,2,1,3
e. 5,4,2,1,3
The nervous system a. monitors internal and external stimuli. b. transmits information in the form of action potentials. c. interprets or assesses information. d. maintains homeostasis. e. All of these choices are correct.
e. all of these choices are correct
Muscle spindles a. are specialized nerve cells. b. are found encapsulated in nerve endings. c. are innervated by alpha motor neurons. d. originate in the spinal cord. e. are innervated by gamma motor neurons.
e. are innervated by gamma motor neurons.
The mammillary bodies a. influence breast milk production. b. are found in the thalamus. c. influence the onset of puberty. d. produce reproductive hormones. e. are involved in emotional responses to odors.
e. are involved in emotional response to odors
Paralysis on the right side of the face could result from damage to the right _____ nerve. a. hypoglossal b. vagus c. None of these choices is correct. d. accessory e. facial
e. facial
If a person fell down the steps and then developed pain down his anterior thigh into the knee, which of the following spinal nerves was probably damaged? a. pudendal b. obturator c. tibial d. common fibular (peroneal) e. femoral
e. femoral
Which of the following events will lead to the depolarization phase in an action potential? a. an increase in the rate of diffusion of K+ ions from cells b. a decrease in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid c. an increase in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid d. an increase in Na+ ions in the extracellular fluid e. None of these events would cause depolarization.
e. none of these events would cause depolarization
A fracture of the cribriform plate might injure the ____ cranial nerve a. trigeminal b. glossopharyngeal c. optic d. facial e. olfactory
e. olfactory
The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the a. thalamic nuclei. b. basal nuclei. c. cerebellum. d. vermis. e. reticular formation.
e. reticular formation
During a lumbar puncture, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations? a. subdural space b. epidural space c. sagittal sinus d. dural sinus e. subarachnoid space
e. subarachnoid space
The brain and the spinal cord are parts of a. the autonomic nervous system b. the peripheral nervous system c. the endocrine system d. the enteric nervous system e. the central nervous system
e. the central nervous system
Chemical synapses are characterized by a. the presence of receptors for neurotransmitters on the presynaptic terminal. b. receptors located only on the presynaptic terminal. c. the absence of gap junctions. d. connexons that connect the pre- and postsynaptic cells. e. the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.
e. the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.
The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is a classic example of a. the withdrawal reflex. b. the Golgi tendon reflex. c. the crossed extensor reflex. d. reciprocal innervation. e. the stretch reflex.
e. the stretch reflex.
The cerebral gyri increase a. the size of the thalamic nuclei. b. volume of the brain. c. speech ability. d. memory assimilation time. e. the surface area of the cortex
e. the surface area of the cortex
Damage to which of the following cranial nerves might result in death a. trigeminal b. facial c. optic d. glossopharyngeal e. vagus
e. vagus
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the a. sensory root. b. dorsal root. c. posterior root. d. afferent root. e. ventral root
e. ventral root
If fibers in the ascending tract of the cord are cut, the affected person will have a loss of motor functions below the injury. True False
false
The arbor vitae is found in the cerebrum true false
false
The outermost layer of the meninges is the pia mater. True False
false
What effect does the binding of glycine have on the resting membrane potential? Depolarizing Hyperpolarizing
hyperpolarizing
A local potential may be exciting or inhibiting true false
true
Cutaneous sensory distribution of a spinal nerve can be mapped as a dermatome true false
true
Dendrites are processes of a neuron that conduct electrical signals toward the cell body true false
true
In the PNS, nerves are held together by the epineurium. True False
true
The enteric nervous system can monitor and control digestive functions independently of the CNS. True False
true
The gray commissure of the spinal cord surrounds the central canal true false
true
The nervous system and the endocrine system are the major control systems of the body true false
true
The nervous system has two subdivisions - the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. True False
true
The reflex arc is the basic functional unit of the nervous system and is capable of receiving a stimulus and producing a response true false
true
The ventral root of a spinal nerve consists of motor neuron axons. True False
true
What effect does the binding of acetylcholine have on the resting membrane potential? a. Hyperpolarizing b. Depolarizing
b. Depolarizing
Which of the following describes the gray matter of the spinal cord? a. Its divisions are called columns. b. It contains neuron cell bodies. c. It is the outer part of the spinal cord. d. It contains myelinated axons
b. It contains neuron cell bodies.
A cell has reached a threshold potential when it has depolarized to the point where voltage-gated a. K+ channels close. b. Na+ channels open. c. two of these. d. Na+ channels close. e. K+ channels open.
b. Na+ channels open.
Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation a. a. eating a bid meal b. a clock radio coming on in the morning c. getting a back rub d. a long lecture in a darkened auditorium e. a warm bath
b. a clock radio coming on in the morning
The pineal body a. modifies mood b. appears to play a role in controlling to onset of puberty c. connects the two cerebral hemispheres d. causes hot and cold flashes e. plays a role in the production of cerebrospinal fluid
b. appears to play a role in controlling to onset of puberty
IPSPs a. are usually large local potentials. b. are inhibitory. c. result from sodium channels opening. d. move the postsynaptic membrane toward threshold.
b. are inhibitory
Microglia a. produce cerebrospinal fluid. b. are phagocytic cells in the CNS. c. are part of the choroid plexus. d. form myelin sheaths. e. are part of the blood-brain barrier.
b. are phagocytic cells in the CNS.
What type of white fibers connect areas of the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere a. projection fibers b. association fibers c. basal fibers d. commissural fibers
b. association fibers
A change in the resting membrane potential has the following characteristics: non-propagated, graded, can summate. This type of change can a. be a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na b. be a local potential and a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na . c. be a local potential. d. result in repolarization. e. be an action potential
b. be a local potential and a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na .
White matter is composed of a. ganglial sheaths. b. bundles of myelinated axons. c. collections of nerve cell bodies. d. bundles containing both myelinated axons and nerve cell bodies. e. collections of unmyelinated axons.
b. bundles of myelinated axons.
Which of the following coordinates complex skeletal muscle contractions as well as fine movements a. brainstem b. cerebellum c. pons d. cerebrum
b. cerebellum
The _____ is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two halves. a. cerebellum b. cerebrum c. pons d. corpus callosum
b. cerebrum
The respiratory center of the brain (taking into account input from chemoreceptors, pulmonary stretch receptors and higher centers of the brain to determine respiratory output) is an example of a ______ circuit. a. diverging b. converging c. reverberating d. parallel after-discharge
b. converging
A thick bundle of nerve fibers called the ____ connects the two cerebral hemispheres. a. longitudinal fissure b. corpus callosum c. cerebrum d. gyri
b. corpus callosum
Where is the enteric nervous system located? a. brain b. digestive tract c. heart d. skin
b. digestive tract
If a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one leg, the crossed extensor reflex causes a. a withdrawal reflex in the opposite leg. b. extension of the opposite leg. c. flexion of both legs. d. inhibition of abduction in the opposite leg. e. both legs to extend.
b. extension of the opposite leg
The folds of brain material between the sulci are called the a. cranial nerves. b. gyri. c. basal nuclei. d. lobes
b. gyri.
Which of the following is not a general phase of the action potential a. depolarization b. hypopolarization c. hyperpolarization d. repolarization
b. hypopolarization
Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a(an) a. excitatory postsynaptic potential b. inhibitory postsynaptic potential c. action potential d. resting membrane potential e. gap junction potential
b. inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Which portion of a reflex arc is located entirely within the central nervous system? a. motor neuron b. interneuron c. sensory neuron d. receptor cell e. effector cell
b. interneuron
The conus medullaris a. marks the exit of nerves to the upper extremity. b. is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement. c. anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx. d. is located adjacent to the foramen magnum. e. is inferior to the cauda equina.
b. is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement
If you pinch your index finger in a door, pain sensations are carried via the ____ nerve a. axillary b. median c. musculocutaneous d. radial e. ulnar
b. median
Water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino acids move across the blood-brain barrier by a. filtration. b. mediated transport. c. endocytosis. d. exocytosis. e. diffusion.
b. mediated transport.
Based on structure, the most numerous type of neuron is the _____ neuron. a. pseudounipolar b. multipolar c. unipolar d. bipolar
b. multipolar
Which of the following nerves is associated with the lumbosacral plexus a. phrenic b. obturator c. median d. ulnar e. musculocutaneous
b. obturator
The _____ lobes of the brain interpret visual stimuli. a. parietal b. occipital c. frontal d. temporal
b. occipital
Continuous conduction of an action potential means that a. the whole axon depolarizes at the same time. b. one action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent region. c. an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node. d. once one action potential is created, it moves down the axon.
b. one action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent region.
Which of the following nerves is a branch of both the cervical plexus and the brachial plexus? a. splanchnic b. phrenic c. femoral d. axillary e. sciatic
b. phrenic
Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration? a. cerebrum, hypothalamus b. pons, medulla oblongata c. pons, thalamus d. pons, hypothalamus e. medulla oblongata, cerebral peduncles
b. pons, medulla oblongata
Identify the correct sequence of information in a chemical response a. presynaptic terminal; postsynaptic membrane; synaptic cleft b. presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane c. synaptic cleft; presynaptic terminal; postsynaptic membrane d. postsynaptic membrane; synaptic cleft; presynaptic terminal
b. presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane
The membranes of the ____ contain large amounts of myelin that insulate the axons and allow them to send nerve impulses quickly. a. dendrites b. schwann cells c. axon d. cell body
b. schwann cells
At which vertebral level does the spinal cord end? a. coccyx b. second lumbar vertebra c. twelfth thoracic vertebra d. first sacral vertebra
b. second lumbar vertebra
If an animal has had its cerebrum removed, it cannot a. regulate heart rate b. see c. live d. regulate body temp e. breathe
b. see
A bird hits the windshield of your car, and you reflexively duck and close your eyes. Which of the following is responsible for this action? a. medulla b. superior colliculi c. reticular formation d. cerebellum e. thalamus
b. superior colliculi
What structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root ? a. the dorsal root has a tract b. the dorsal root has a ganglion c. the dorsal root has a nucleus d. the dorsal root appears the same as the ventral root
b. the dorsal root has a ganglion
The most superficial meningeal layer is a. the arachnoid layer. b. the dura mater. c. the pia mater. d. the epidural sinus. e. the skull.
b. the dura mater
What is the action potential threshold a. the membrane potential at which voltage gated potassium channels open b. the membrane potential at which voltage gated sodium channels open
b. the membrane potential at which voltage gated sodium channels open
The Roman numerals assigned to each cranial nerve reflect a. their importance, with highest numbers being the most important. b. the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain. c. the sequence from posterior to anterior in which they emerge from the brain. d. the order of their discovery. e. the complexity of each nerve, with complex nerves having higher numbers.
b. the sequence from anterior to posterior in which the emerge from the brain
Axons contain a. rough endoplasmic reticulum b. the trigger zone c. foot processes d. nissl bodies e. the soma
b. the trigger zone
The sac surrounding the spinal cord is the a. meningeal sac b. thecal sac c. dural sac d. epidural sac
b. thecal sac
Match the neuronal pathways and circuits with the correct definition - convergent pathway - reverberating circuit - divergent pathway a. important functions that are periodically active such as the sleep/wake cycle and respiration b. pathways that allow one part of the nervous system to affect more than one part of the nervous system c. pathways that allow different parts of the nervous system to affect the activity of a neuron
- convergent pathway: c - reverberating circuit: a - divergent pathway: b
Select the 5 major nerves of the brachial plexus. -Phrenic nerve -Musculocutaneous nerve -Lateral nerve -Ulnar nerve -Brachial nerve -Axillary nerve -Radial nerve -Median nerve
-Musculocutaneous nerve -Ulnar nerve -Axillary nerve -Radial nerve -Median nerve
Match the term with the correct definition. -Repolarization -Local potential -Action potential -Depolarization -Resting membrane potential A. a small change in the resting membrane potential conned to a small area B. a charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. a larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. membrane becomes more positive when sodium ions diffuse into cell E. return to the resting membrane potential
-Repolarization: E -Local potential: A -Action potential: C -Depolarization: D -Resting membrane potential: B
Match the term with the correct definition. -arachnoid mater -reflex arc -epidural space -dura mater -pia mater a. functional unit of the nervous system b. the meninx bound tightly to brain and spinal cord c. most superficial and thickest meninx d. the middle meninx e. separates dura mater from periosteum
-arachnoid mater: d. -reflex arc: a. -epidural space: e. -dura mater: c. -pia mater: b.
Identify the functions of the nervous system -receiving sensory input -controlling protein synthesis -stimulating muscle growth -controlling muscles and glands -integrating information
-controlling muscles and glands -integrating information -receiving sensory input
Identify the functions of the nervous system. -controlling muscles and glands -integrating information -stimulating muscle growth -controlling protein synthesis -receiving sensory input
-controlling muscles and glands -integrating information -receiving sensory input
Match the term with the most appropriate description. -removing hand from a hot iron -partially responsible for a weight lifter suddenly dropping a weight that is too heavy -associated with withdrawal and stretch reflex -a reflex that helps prevent falls -the knee-jerk a. stretch reflex b. golgi tendon reflex c. crossed extensor reflex d. reciprocal innervation e. withdrawal reflex
-removing hand from a hot iron: e. -partially responsible for a weight lifter suddenly dropping a weight that is too heavy: b. -associated with withdrawal and stretch reflex: d. -a reflex that helps prevent falls: c. -the knee-jerk: a
Identify the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. -external carotid arteries -vertebral arteries -internal carotid arteries
-vertebral arteries -internal carotid arteries
The muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture and subsequently the muscles are suddenly stretched as you nod o. Which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod o? (1) muscles of the back are stretched (2) the muscle spindle is stretched (3) action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase (4) action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase (5) skeletal muscle of the back contract a. 1, 5, 2, 3, 4. b. 1, 5, 3, 2, 4. c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. d. 4, 5, 3, 2, 1. e. 5, 2, 3, 4, 1.
c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Which enzyme degrades catecholamine in the presynaptic terminal? a. Decarboxylase b. Carbonic anhydrase c. Monoamine oxidases (MAO) d. Beta hydroxylase
c. Monoamine oxidases (MAO)
What is the function of the arachnoid granulations? a. Transfer CSF to the cerebral aqueducts b. Drain the CSF from the arachnoid mater c. Reabsorb CSF into the blood of the dural sinuses
c. Reabsorb CSF into the blood of the dural sinuses
Which of the following statements accurately describe events that occur as a result of a local potential reaching threshold a. K+ ion channels begin to close b. activation gates of Na+ ion channels begin to close c. a positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ ion channels to open d. inactivation gates of Na+ ion channels begin to open and a positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ ion channels to open e. inactivation gates of Na+ ion channels begin to open
c. a positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na+ ion channels to open
If the ECF around a neuron is replaced with an isotonic saline solution that contains potassium ions and other solutes at concentrations very close to the ECF concentrations of a normal cell, the result is a. hyperpolarized membrane. b. None of these are correct. c. a resting membrane potential close to its normal value. d. no resting membrane potential. e. depolarized membrane.
c. a resting membrane potential close to its normal value.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of major events during chemical synaptic transmission a. postsynaptic potentials, synaptic transmission, action potential, synaptic transmission termination b. synaptic transmission, postsynaptic potentials, synaptic transmission termination, action potential c. action potential, synaptic transmission, postsynaptic potentials, synaptic transmission termination d. synaptic transmission termination, postsynaptic potentials, action potential, synaptic transmission
c. action potential, synaptic transmission, postsynaptic potentials, synaptic transmission termination
Stretch reflexes a. cause the removal of limbs from painful stimuli b. prevent muscles from being damaged by excessive tension c. aid in maintaining proper posture d. prevent falling e. are learned voluntary responses
c. aid in maintaining proper posture
The speed of an action potential depends upon a. thickness of the myelin sheath. b. the diameter of the axon. c. All of these are correct. d. whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated.
c. all of these are correct
Fibers connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are ______ fibers. a. projection b. commissural c. association
c. association
Which of the following has an effect on the speed of impulse conduction a. synaptic know b. none of these c. axon diameter d. neurotransmitter e. interneuron
c. axon diameter
Action potentials a. can be bidirectional b. spread down dendrites c. begin at the trigger zone d. are short distance signals
c. begin at the trigger zone
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus. a. sacral b. radial c. brachial d. lumbar e. cervical
c. brachial
Which component of a neuron contains organelles and produces the protein and energy needed to carry out its functions a. schwann cells b. axon c. cell body d. dendrites
c. cell body
Sensory neurons carrying action potentials from pain receptors synapse within the spinal cord with interneurons. These interneurons synapse with motor neurons leading back to an effector and ascending neurons that carry action potentials toward the brain. This is an example of a/an _____ pathway. a. sensory b. bifurcated c. divergent d. convergent e. reverberating
c. divergent
The thickest of the meninges is the a. subarachnoid space b. subdural space c. dura mater d. arachnoid mater e. pia mater
c. dura mater
The toughest and outermost layer of the meninges is the a. pia mater. b. meningioma. c. dura mater. d. arachnoid mater.
c. dura mater.
Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) a. enhance the breakdown of norepinephrine b. prevent the release of norepinephrine by the presynaptic terminal c. enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors d. prevent synaptic transmission e. have no effect on the action of norepinephrine
c. enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors
Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is a. from internode to internode. b. on an unmyelinated axon. c. from node to node on a myelinated axon. d. from internode to node on a myelinated axon. e. on a small diameter axon.
c. from node to node on a myelinated axon.
Receptor molecules in synapses a. tend to concentrate on presynaptic terminals. b. serve as channel proteins. c. have a high degree of specificity. d. can bind to any molecule in the synapse. e. bind irreversibly with neurotransmitter.
c. have a high degree of specificity.
Which of the following is the groove between the two hemispheres of the brain? a. corpus callosum b. sulcus c. longitudinal fissure d. gyrus
c. longitudinal fissure
An injury to the wrist that results in edema in the carpal tunnel would compress the a. ulnar nerve b. axillary nerve c. median nerve d. musculocutaneous nerve e. radial nerve
c. median nerve
A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the a. cerebrum. b. hypothalamus. c. medulla oblongata. d. cerebellum. e. pons.
c. medulla oblongata
There are __ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities enter and leave a. 3 b. 5 c. 4 d. 2 e. 6
d. 2
Which of the following statements about ACh receptors is false a. cardiac muscle contains muscarinic ACh receptors b. stimulation of nicotinic ACh receptors results in the production of EPSPs c. skeletal muscles contain nicotinic ACh receptors d. G proteins are needed to open ion channels for nicotinic ACh receptors
d. G proteins are needed to open ion channels for nicotinic ACh receptors
What is the only neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction? a. glutamate b. dopamine c. serotonin d. acetylcholine
d. acetylcholine
Which of the following events in a stretch reflex occurs last a. afferent neurons synapse with alpha motor neurons b. muscle is stretched c. muscle spindle detects stretch of muscle d. alpha motor neurons transmit action potentials to muscle causing contraction e. afferent neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord
d. alpha motor neurons transmit action potentials to muscle causing contraction
The middle layer of the meninges, named for its spider web-like appearance, is the a. meningioma b. dura mater c. pia mater d. arachnoid mater
d. arachnoid mater
Dendrites a. contain the trigger zone. b. form synapses with the microglia. c. conduct action potentials away from the cell body. d. are the input part of the neuron. e. are generally long and unbranched.
d. are the input part of the neuron
A group of functionally related nuclei within the cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain are the a. hypothalamic ganglia. b. lateral ganglia. c. limbic nuclei. d. basal nuclei.
d. basal nuclei
What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain a. myelin sheath b. circle of willis c. meninges d. blood brain barrier
d. blood brain barrier
The function of acetylcholinesterase is to a. metabolize norepinephrine b. open voltage gated sodium gates c. produce ISPS on the postsynaptic membrane d. breakdown acetylcholine in the synapse
d. breakdown acetylcholine in the synapse
Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they a. can be used to detect cranial nerve damage b. locate the position of cranial nerves c. indicate what muscles are innervated by each spinal nerve d. can be used to help locate nerve damage e. can be used to check for motor function
d. can be used to help locate nerve damage
Which of these is located behind the pons and medulla oblongata a. brainstem b. pons c. cerebrum d. cerebellum
d. cerebellum
The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the a. arbor vitae b. pia mater c. cerebral medulla d. cortex e. reticular formation
d. cortex
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth? a. subdural space b. subarachnoid space c. epipial space d. epidural space
d. epidural space
The habenular nuclei and pineal body are both found in the a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. hyperthalamus d. epithalamus e. subthalamus
d. epithalamus
Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to a. develop resistance in one limb and reduce resistance in the other b. maintain posture longer c. hop d. fall e. decrease muscle tension
d. fall
Which inhibitory neurotransmitter is blocked in strychnine poisoning a. adenosine b. glutamate c. acetylcholine d. glycine
d. glycine
Axons a. contain the nucleus. b. are numerous extensions from each neuron. c. do not have a trigger zone. d. have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals. e. do not have a resting membrane potential.
d. have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals.
The "thermostat" or nucleus that monitors blood temperature is located in the a. brainstem. b. thalamus. c. pons. d. hypothalamus. e. midbrain
d. hypothalamus.
The portion of the midbrain involved in dealing with auditory pathway is the a. tegmentum b. superior colliculus c. cerebral aqueduct d. inferior colliculus
d. inferior colliculus
All spinal nerves from C2 to L5 exit the vertebral column through a/an a. spinal foramen. b. dorsal root ganglion. c. foramen magnum. d. intervertebral foramen. e. vertebral foramen.
d. intervertebral foramen
The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord a. contains muscle fibers. b. is an enlargement of the lower cord. c. contains the cauda equina. d. is a thickening in the neck region.
d. is a thickening in the neck region
Which of the following describes the white matter of the spinal cord a. its division are called horns b. it is the inner part of the spinal cord c. it contains neuron cell bodies d. it contains myelinated axons
d. it contains myelinated axons
