A&P Ch 10
What is a loss or defect in language communication called?
aphasia
Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain is termed _________
hydrocephalus
The nerve that controls muscles of the tongue
hypoglossal nerve
What divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
The cells involved in most brain tumors are ________
neuroglia
What lobe interprets impulses arising from the retina of the eye?
occipital
The nerve involved with the sense of smell
olfactory nerve
a network involved in the manufacture of CSF
40 choroid plexus
a shallow groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
44 lateral sulcus
a chamber where the CSF is made
46 third ventricle; 43 lateral ventricle
The delicate innermost layer of the meninges is the __________
pia mater
a portion of the limbic system
38 hippocampus
myelinated fibers
33 white matter; 34 corpus callosum
Alzheimer disease and multi infarct dementia
Alzheimer disease is characterized by gradual degeneration of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus with resulting mental confusion and memory loss. Multi-infarct dementia has many of the same symptoms as Alzheimer disease but results from accumulated brain damage caused by chronic ischemia
Explain the working of an electroencephalograph. What kind of info does the electroencephalograph provide?
An electroencephalograph (EEG), by means of electrodes placed on the head, picks up electrical signals produced as the brain functions. These signals are then amplified and recorded to produce tracings, or brain waves. The instrument is used to study sleep patterns; diagnose disease, such as epilepsy; locate tumors; study drug effects; and determine brain death.
epidural hematoma and subdural hematoma
An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the skull; a subdural hematoma is a collection of blood in the subdural space. Both cause death if not treated promptly
bell palsy and trigeminal neuralgia
Bell palsy, characterized by paralysis of the muscles of facial expression, usually on one side of the face, is the result of damage to the facial nerve (VII). Trigeminal neuralgia, characterized by severe spasmodic pain of the face and jaw, is the result of damage to the trigeminal nerve (V
Cerebellum
Cerebellar damage may result in motor deficits and difficulties with coordination and balance.
Hypothalamus
Damage to the hypothalamus would affect homeostasis. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, water balance, sleep, appetite, and some emotions. The hypothalamus also controls the autonomic nervous system and pituitary.
Medulla Oblongata
Damage to the medulla oblongata would affect vital functions. The medulla has centers that control respiration, the heartbeat, and vasomotor activities.
Broca area
Injury to Broca area would affect motor activities for speech production. This area plans the sequence of muscle contractions in the tongue, larynx, and soft palate required to form meaningful sentences.
meningitis and encephalitis
Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges; encephalitis is inflammation of the brain.
What disease involves lack of dopamine and overactivity of the basal nuclei?
Parkinson disease
Explain the function of the 4 cranial nerves that might have been involved in causing visual symptoms?
The four cranial nerves that might have been involved are the optic, oculomotor, trochlear, and trigeminal nerves.
What is the function of the limbic system? describe the effect of damage to the hippocampus.
The limbic system is involved in emotional states and behavior. It is the interface between the "thinking" brain of the prefrontal cortex and the "autonomic" brain that gathers sensory information and controls motor output. Damage to the hippocampus would affect learning new things and forming new memories.
List the cranial nerves that are sensory, motor, and mixed.
The olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves are sensory nerves. The oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerve are motor or mostly motor. The trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves are mixed
The large band of white matter that connects the right and left hemispheres is the _________
corpus callosum
What type of impulses are involved in the sense of touch?
general sensory
Sound is processed in the ________ lobe of the brain
temporal
in order, list the membranes you must cut through to reach the cerebral cortex?
the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
The large sensory nerve of the face and head
trigeminal nerve
The long nerve that carries autonomic impulses to the thorax and abdomen
vagus nerve
The sensory nerve for hearing and equilibrium
vestibulocochlear nerve
Explain epilepsy? Treatment? Precautions?
•Epilepsy is a seizure disorder, often of unknown origin, that results from abnormal electrical activity in the brain. •Epilepsy may cause uncontrollable muscle contractions or loss of awareness. •There are many drugs available to treat epilepsy, and it may resolve with age. •To protect Molly, her parents should take steps to prevent seizures which may damage the brain and heart. •They should also take steps to prevent accidents if she had a seizure.
Causes and symptoms of bacterial meningitis? Precautions?
•Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord. •Bacterial meningitis is caused by a coccus, Neisseria meningitides, or a bacillus Haemophilus influenzae type b. Streptococcus pneumonia and Escherichia coli may also cause meningitis. •Symptoms of meningitis are headache, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting. •The disease is spread among people living in close quarters. •People who might have been exposed to the infection should follow normal cleanliness routines and antisepsis. •Those who experience symptoms should have early treatment with antibiotics. •Anyone who might be exposed to the disease should be vaccinated if possible.
