A&P Ch. 3 Cell Structure and Function

The basic structural units of all plants and animals are.

Cells

The smallest functioning units of life are

Cells

The outer boundary of the intracellular material is called the

Cells membrane

Ions and other small water-soluble materials cross the plasma membrane only by passing through

Channels

If the DNA triplet is TAG, the corresponding condon on the messenger RNA would be

AUC.

All transport through the plasma membrane may be classified as

Active or Passive

The plasma membrane property called selective permeability refers to

Allowing the free passage of some material across the plasma membrane and the restricted passage of others

A protein consists of a sequence of _________bonded together

Amino Acide

Cells are produced only by the division of

Preexisting cells

Membrane proteins may function as

Receptors and Channels Carriers and Enzymes Anchors or Identifiers

The primary function of each cell in the body is to maintain.

Homeostasis

The characteristic that enbles the plasma membrane to act as a selective physical barrier is that

Hydrophobic lipid tails will not associate with water molecules.

If a high-energy bond of ATP provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules across the plasma membrane with the help of a carrier protein, the process is called

active transport.

The phase of mitosis in which two daughter chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell is

anaphase.

The intracellular fulid that contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products in the

cytosol.

The specialization process that produces cells to perform specific functions is called

differentiation.

If a solution has the same solute concentration as the cytoplasm and will not cause a net movement of fluid in or out of the cells, the solution is said to be

itonic

The primary comonents of the cytoskeleton that give the cell strength and rigidity, and anchor the positions of major organelles, are the

microtubules.

Vesicles filled with digestive enzymes that perform cleanup and recycling functions within the cells are the

microvilli.

Ions, enzymes, RNA and DNA nucleotides, proteins, and small amonts of DNA and RNA are contained in the

nucleoplasm.

no energy expenditure required

passive processes

The organelles that manufacture proteins, using information provided by the DNA of the nucleus, are the

proteasomes.

The four major functions of the endoplasmic reticulum are

synthesis, transport, storage, and detoxification.

A mass or swelling produced by abnormal cell growth and division is called a tumor, or

neoplasm.

Diffusion is described as the

net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

The organelle that synthesizes ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomal subunits into functional ribosomes is the

nucleolus.

"cell eating"

phagocytosis

"cell drinking"

pinocytosis

The four stages of mitosis in correct sequence are

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

The process of translation results in

synthesis of a protein using the information provided by the sequence of codons along the mRNA strand.

There are______chromosomes in the nucleus of a human cell, and these chromosomes consist of ________ made of _______

46; genes; DNA

Describes protein synthesis

DNA transcribes the coded message to RNA; RNA (messenger RNA) exits the nuclear pores; RNA translate the coded message to ribosomes; ribosomes make protein.

If the messenger RNA has the condons CCC CGG UUA, the corresponding transfer RNA anticondons would be

GGG GCC AAU.

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates the process of

Phagocytosis

The nuclear pores provide an exit for _______ into the cytosol so it (they) can travel to the ribosomes.

RNA

cellular energy expenditure required

active processes

the major factor that allows the nucleus to control cellular operations is its

ability to communicate chemically through nuclear pores.

Death of cells

apoptosis

The illness that results from mutations that disrupt the control mechanisms that regulate cell growth and division is

cancer.

facilitated diffusion and active transport

carrier-mediated transport

DNA in the nucleus stores instructions for protein synthesis, and the DNA is contained in

chromosomes.

move fluids across cell surfaces

cilia

The end of the process of cell division is marked by the completion of

cytokinesis.

A single cell with all of its genetic potential intact is produced by

fertilization.

When hydrostatic pressure forces water across a membrane passively, the process is called

filtration.

move a cell through surrounding fluid

flagella

The process of transcription involves the

formation of meessenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA.

The process of differentiation, whtich causes cell to have different characteristics, involves

gene activation and deactivation.

The functional units of DNA that contrin the instructions for making one ofr more proteins are the

genes.

During osmosis, water will always flow a membrane toward the solution that has the

higherst concentration of solutes.

sodium-potassium exchage pump

homeostasis

The interval of time between call divisions, when cells perform normal functions, is

interphase.

The RNA that exits the nuclear pores to the cytosol on its way to the ribosomes is called

messenger RNA.

The phase of mitosis in which the chromatids move to a narrow central zone in the cell is called

metaphase.

The migration of malignat cells to distant tissue and organs is called

metastasis

The functions of the Golgi apparatus include

modification, packaging, transport, and renewal.

The mitochondria are small organelles in cells that

provide energy for the cell.

Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that

receptor sites on carrier proteins are involved.

Whether or not a substance can cross the plasma membrane is based on the substance's

size and electrical charge. molecular shape. lipid solubility.

The process that restricts a cell to performing specific funcions is know as

specialization.

endocytosis and exocytosis

vesicular transport

The main structure of the plasma membrane consists of a

Phospholipid bilayer

The major components of the plasma membrane are

Phospholipids, Proteins, Glycolipids, and Cholesterol.

Physical isolation, sensitivity, structural support, and regulation of exchange with the environment are the primary functions of the

Plasma Membrane