A&P - CH 7,8,9 MasteringAssingment

Why is the elbow joint quite stable?

1. The capsule is reinforced by stout ligaments. 2. The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock. 3. The articular capsule is very thick.

You have been called to the whiteboard in geometry class, and told to draw a circle on the board 1 foot in diameter. What movement would you be doing with your arm to draw the circle?

Circumduction

Which of the following is the medial bone in the leg?

Tibia

What bony processes are unique to the femur and are found at the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur?

Trochanter

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the scapula?

Trochlea

Even though the specific cause varies, arthritis always involves damage to the __________.

articular cartilages

When the nucleus pulposus is compressed by the adjacent vertebrae, causing distortion of the annulus fibrosus into the spinal canal, the result is a _________

bulging disc

When fontanelles close prematurely, the skull shape becomes distorted. This condition is known as craniostenosis. If the anterior fontanelle closes prematurely, which of the following sutures is most likely involved?

coronal suture

What two movements are carried out when you open and close your mouth?

elevation and depression

The superior and middle nasal conchae can be found as a part of which bone?

ethmoid bone

The type of tissue that comprises the outer ring of the intervertebral disc is _______.

fibrocartilage

The cranial sutures begin to form at about what age?

five

Which two bones articulate at the glenoid cavity?

the scapula and the humerus

The skeleton of the chest, or thorax, consists of __________.

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

The sutures that articulate the bones of the skull are the __________ sutures.

lamboidal, sagittal, coronal, and squamous

The malleolus of the fibula is always on the __________ aspect of the leg.

lateral

Sinusitis, an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, is brought on by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. The most commonly affected paranasal sinuses are the most inferior ones, which are called __________.

maxillary sinuses

The surfaces of the scapulae and clavicles are extremely important as sites for __________.

muscle attachment

What is the structure that joins the femoral head to the shaft?

neck

The soft, gelatinous core of the intervertebral disc is called the __________.

nucleous pulposus

While skateboarding, a young person suffered a fracture of the nose that resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones or bone markings is most likely attended to during corrective surgery following this accident?

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

The spine of the scapula is located on the bone's __________ side.

posterior

The movement in which the hand is moved to face backward is ___________.

pronation

The amphiarthrotic articulation that limits movements between the two pubic bones is the __________.

pubic symphysis

Air-filled cavities found in some bones of the skull are called __________.

sinuses

Of the following choices, which one includes bones found exclusively in the axial skeleton?

skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid

Except for the mandible, all bones of the skull articulate at joints called __________.

sutures

Joints, or articulations, are classified on the basis of their degrees of movement. From the following selections, choose the group of terms that identifies the joints in this order: no movement, slightly movable, freely movable.

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

The distal end of the tibia articulates with the __________ to form a synovial __________ joint.

talus; hinge

Which of the following bones contains the auditory ossicles?

temporal bone

The structures that pass across or around a joint, limiting range of motion and providing support, are __________.

tendons

In a shoulder separation, __________

the acromioclavicular joint undergoes partial or complete separation

As a group, the metatarsals are the bones that comprise _________

the arch of the foot

Beginning at the superior end of the vertebral canal and proceeding inferiorly, __________.

the diameter of the vertebral foramen decreases, and the size of the vertebral body increases

Which skull bone forms the roof of the orbit?

the frontal bone

The ligamentum flavum is a ligament that connects __________.

the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

The first seven ribs are called __________, and they connect to the sternum by individual costal cartilages.

true ribs

Ribs pairs 8, 9, and 10 are called __________

vertebrochondral ribs

Ribs pairs 8, 9, and 10 are called __________.

vertebrochondral ribs

Identify the typical number of vertebrae that fuse during development to form the coccyx.

3-5

What mechanism allows standing for prolonged periods without continually contracting the extensor muscles?

A slight lateral rotation of the tibia tightens the anterior cruciate ligament and joints the meniscus between the tibia and the femur

What is the term for a slightly movable joint?

Amphiarthrosis

The joint surfaces of the bones of a synovial joint are covered with _______________.

Articular cartilage

Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".

Atlas - axis

The only joint between the upper appendage and the axial skeleton involves which bones?

Clavicle and sternum

Which of the following organ systems is responsible for providing calcium and the phosphate minerals required for bone growth?

Digestive system

What is the term for the condition that results when articulating bone surfaces are subjected to severe stress and are forced out of their normal positions?

Disclocation

Which type or types of joints connect the fingers and toes with the metacarpals and metatarsals?

Ellipsodial joint, Biaxial joint, and Synovial joint

The metacarpal and metatarsal bones articulate with the fingers and the toes, respectively. This creates what type of synovial joint?

Ellipsoid

What bone articulates, or forms a joint, with the acetabulum?

Femur

What is the structural classification of the joints that form when the bones of the cranium grow and join together as a suture in an infant?

Fibrous joints

Which of the following ligaments does NOT connect the tibia and the femur?

Fibular collateral ligament

Structures that are associated with a synovial joint but are commonly superficial to the joint capsule and that help protect the articular cartilage are ____________.

Flad pads

Which of the following describes movement that reduces the angle between two articulating bones?

Flexion

The fibrous joint that holds a tooth in the bony socket of the jawbone is a ____________

Gomphosis

What is the term given to the big toe?

Hallux

Identify the region of the coxal bone that articulates with the sacrum.

Illium

The body of the scapula is valuable for what reason?

It is the attachment site for muscles that move the arm

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the femur?

Lateral malleolus

Which of the following features, found on the tibia and fibula, provide(s) support for the ankle joint?

Malleoli

What is the term for the pad of fibrocartilage found between opposing bones in some synovial joints?

Meniscus

Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".

Occipital bone - atlas

Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.

Occipital condyles

What is responsible for the dynamic nature of the skeleton and its continual remodeling?

Ostecoblast and osteoclast activity

What is the large sesamoid bone found in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris?

Patella

If you are standing on your tiptoes to reach something on the upper shelf, what movement are you doing with your feet?

Plantar flexion

Which of the following changes in the skeleton does NOT happen from the time of birth to young adulthood?

Reduction of the mineral content of the bony matrix

Pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal and/or muscular system may be caused by __________.

Rheumatism

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease affecting the joints?

Rheumatoid arthritis

Which of the ribs are referred to as vertebral ribs?

Rib pairs 11 and 12

What attaches the scapula to the trunk of the body?

Skeletal muscles

Why does the adult vertebral column have fewer vertebrae than that of a newborn?

Some vertebrae fuse together after birth.

When a ligament is stretched to the point that some of the collagen fibers are torn, the resulting injury is called a __________.

Sprain

A fibrous joint that is slightly movable is called a ____________.

Syndesmosis

Which joint results from the fusion of two bones?

Synostosis

A freely movable diarthrotic joint is always what type of structural joint?

Synovial

There are structures that prevent excessive movement and stabilize the joint. Which structure does NOT help stabilize a synovial joint?

Synovial Fluid

Which type of joint is freely movable?

Synovial joint

What is the only bone in the ankle that articulates with the tibia and the fibula?

Talus

What structure is NOT part of a synovial joint but may still support it?

Tendons

Which ligaments connect the bodies of the vertebrae together?

The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Which of the following joints is NOT classified as a synovial hinge joint?

The atlantoaxial articulation

In a ball and socket shoulder joint, what structure is the ball and what is the socket?

The ball is the head of the humerus and the socket is the glenoid cavity

When a person fractures the fibula, why does walking become difficult?

The fibula provides lateral stability to the ankle joint.

Which part of the foot provides a cushioning or shock-absorbing effect?

The longitudinal arch

Which of the following is a common difference between the male and female skeleton?

The mandible is larger and more robust in males.

Which bones compose the orbital rim?

The maxilla and zygomatic bone both articulate with the frontal bone to form the orbital rim.

Surrounding the orbits are the four paranasal sinuses. What are these structures?

The paranasal sinuses are air-filled chambers lined with mucus-producing epithelium that open into the nasal cavities.

What bones form the connection between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton?

The sacrum and the pelvic girdle

Which of the following statements about the knee is FALSE? a) The bones that articulate with the knee joint are the femur, tibia, and fibula. b) The cruciate ligaments are intracapsular ligaments that stabilize the femur. c) The knee is a biaxial hinge joint. d) All of the listed responses are correct.

a) The bones that articulate with the knee joint are the femur, tibia, and fibula.

The elbow joint is much more stable than the shoulder joint. Which of the following is NOT a cause for the stability in the elbow joint? a) The elbow has a cuff of muscular tendons stabilizing the joint. b) There is an extensive articular capsule around the elbow joint. c) Strong ligaments surround the joint capsule. d) The ulna interlocks with the humerus.

a) The elbow has a cuff of muscular tendons stabilizing the joint.

Which of the following bone structures is least helpful in determining the sex from a skull? a. Location of the sinuses b. Size of the teeth c. Texture of the skull d. Slope of the forehead e. Size of the jaw

a. Location of the sinuses

The bones that conduct sound vibrations from the tympanum to the inner ear are the:

auditory ossicles

The type of joint that involves flat or slightly curved joint surfaces and that allows slight multiaxial movement is a _________ joint.

gliding

The type of joint that allows flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column is a ____________.

gliding joint

Which joint includes structures such as the acetabulum, ligamentum teres, and iliofemoral ligament?

hip

The associated bones of the skull include the __________

hyoid and auditory ossicles

Which of the following bones does NOT directly articulate with the skull but is an important site for muscle attachment for the larynx, pharynx, and tongue?

hyoid bone

Fibrocartilage pads are important in stabilizing which joint?

knee

What is the difference between vertebrosternal ribs and vertebrochondral ribs?

Vertebrosternal ribs connect directly to the sternum, whereas vertebrochondral ribs do not.

It seems like we hear about hip fractures occurring often in elderly people. Why are hip fractures likely in this strong joint?

Weight distribution is not aligned along the shaft of the femur