A&P chap 6 - integumentary system
hemangioma nevus
a congenital anomaly that results in the *skin discoloration due to blood vessels* that proliferate and form a benign tumor. nevus is another name for mole
match the letter with the epidermal strata stratum corneum stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum
a. corneum b. lucidum c. granulosum d. spinosum e.basale
the subcutaneous layer is made up of two types of connective tissue ; ______ and _______
adipose ( for sure ) and areolar
the development of the integument during gestation
by the end of the seventh week the *periderm* is formed which is a a layer of squamous epithelium that flattens that becomes a covering layer and an underlying basal layer. during the fetal period the periderm is sloughed off in which these cells mix with sebum producing a waterproof protective coating called the *vernix cases* that coats the skin of the fetus The dermis is derived from mesoderm and during the embryonic period this mesoderm becomes *mesnchym* in which these cells begin to form the components of the dermis at 11 weeks
tactile cells aka merkel cells
cells that are scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. These are sensitive to touch and when compressed they release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings, providing information about objects touching the skin
many cells in the epidermis produce _______ when exposed to UV radiation
cholecalciferol and Vitamin D3
in the dermis of the skin , ______________ fibers impart tensile strength while ____________ fibers allow some stretch and contraction in the dermis during normal movement
collagen , elastic
Nails are derived from the cells that produce the stratum __________ layer of the epidermis. The cells that form the nails are densely packed and filled with parallel fibers of hard _______ proteins
corneum, keratin
most common type of cancer is
skin cancer
fibrosis
the process of scar tissue deposition during healing. held together by fibroblasts and is composed primarily of collagen fibers
diagram of nail and key terms to match nail root eponychium lunula nail matrix nail body
a. nail matrix b. nail root c. eponychium d. lunula e. nail body
because an entire portion of skin has been lost, and water cannot be retained in the area, a major concern with third degree burns is __________
dehydration
in the second step of wound healing, a blood clot temporarily patches the ________ of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of __________ into the body
edges / pathogens
skin functions and examples of how they are applied
functions of the skin - 1. protection 2. prevention of water loss and water gain 3. metabolic regulation - Vitamin D3 aka cholecalciferol, a form of vitamin D to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate 4. secretion and absorption 5. immune function 6. temperature regulation 7. sensory reception
the vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called
granulation tissue
What is the tissue that initially forms in the healing of a wound?
granulation tissue - a vascular connective tissue.
what integumentary components are not repaired following damage?
hair follicles , sebaceous glands, nerve cells and muscle fibers
first degree burns second degree burns third degree burns
healing times of first degree is 3-5 days and and no scarring typically results ( aka superficial burns) second degree - affects the epidermis and part of the dermis. blistering and pain will occur -healing time is approx 2 -4 weeks and slight scarring may occur third degree - involves the epidermis , dermis and subcutaneous layers which are often destroyed. -skin grafting typically is needed for patients -
the amount of melanin in the skin is determined both by _________ and ___________ exposure
heredity , UV
epidermal dendritic cells
immune cells found in the epidermis that within the stratum spnosum . they play an important role in initiating an immune response against pathogens that have penetrated the skin. these along with the same cells that are preset in the dermis as well mount an attack against the epidermal cancel cells
fibrosis
in wound healing when regeneration is not possible, connective tissue fibrosis occurs
cells of the stratum corner contain large amounts of the protein ______
keratin
What is the tissue type of the epidermis?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium the second layer of the integument is the dermis which is mostly made of dense irregular tissue . the subcutaneous is not considered part of the integument
Types of sweat glands ;
merocrine and apocrine - both have a coiled tubular secretory portion that is located in the reticular layer of the dermis and a sweat gland duct that transports the secretion to the surface of the epidermis
capillary hemangionas or 'strawberry colored birthmarks ; appear in the skin as a bright _____ to deep _______ nodules that usually disappear in childhood
pink / red just remember they are pinkish red birthmarks
three main functions of the subcutaneous layer are..
protect the body provides thermal insulation acts as an energy reservoir
What are the main functions of the subcutaneous layer?
protect the body ( cushion) provide thermal insulation ( made primarily of adipose and some areolar tissue ) act as an energy reservoir (all those fatty tissues)
damaged tissues repair one of two possible ways which are
regeneration and fibrosis
Sweat gram diagrams; apocrine and merocrine sweat glands -apocrine sweat duct -sebaceous gland -merocrine sweat duct -merocrine sweat gland -apocrine sweat gland
remember merocrine are much more abundant in the body and apocrine sweat glands are attached to hair follicles a. merocrine sweat gland b. merocrine sweat duct c. apocrine sweat duct d. sebaceous gland e. apocrine sweat gland
the sebaceous glands of the skin secrete and oily material called _______
sebum
the major functions of merocrine sweat glands are ____
secretion , protection , and thermoregulation
receptive mechanical stresses applied to the integument stimulate mitotic activity in the _________ cells of the stratum ___________ , resulting in thickening of the epidermis and improved ability to withstand stress.
stem / basale
in aging skin , the reduced __________ cell activity in the epidermis results in _________ skin that is less likely to protect against mechanical trauma
stem / thinner stem cells are also known as kerintocytes
in thick skin there is an extra layer of epidermal cells , relative to the thin skin, and this layer is called ____________ _______________
stratum lucidum
the skin houses two main types of exocrine glands ; What are they ?
sweat glands (sudoriferous) and sebaceous
the skins two main types of general exocrine glands are ?
sweat glands and sebaceous glands
differences in hair density are due primarily to differences in its __________ and _____________
texture and pigmentation a single hair is called a 'pilus' . and is composed of keratinized cells . - often projecting into the underlying subcutaneous area -
chronic exposure to UV rays can damage the _______ in epidermal cells
the DNA gets damaged
hemoglobin
the oxygen binding protein present within red blood cells. -upon binding to oxygen, hemoglobin exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis reddish tint hat tis most easily observed int he skin of lightly pigmented individual
keratin
the protein that fill up stem cells and become keratinocytes. The cells are formed in the stratum basale, pushed up to the following layers and in the stratum granulosum they are filled with the protein keratin to later be pushed up to the corneum layer
rengeration
the replacement of damaged or dead cells with the same cell type
of the five layers of the epidermis which are alive cells and which have dead cells?
the two most superficial strata contain dead cells and the deeper three are composed of living keratinocytes
as a result of the aging process, hair follicles produce __________ hairs
thinner
a keratinocytes life lasts
1 month total, two weeks in the exposed stratum corneum layer providing a barrier before they shed two weeks migrating from the basale to the corneum while it is forming into a keratinocyte it develops the ability to fill up with keratin and the loss of nucleus and organelles happens as there is no room for them
types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma - most common type of skin cancer, least dangerous as seldomly metastasizes which originates on the stratum basale ( basal cell) usually occurs on face squamous cell carcinoma - arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum. Could metastasize and usually shows as reddish lesions usually on the scalp ears, lower lip etc malignant melanoma - most deadly due to aggressive growth and metastasization - arises from melanocytes can be identified by the ABCDE rule - a. asymmetry , b. border, c. color , d. diameter , e . evolving
stem cell
can be keratinocyte stem cells which divide in the stratum basale. - her some will be pushed up into the stratum spinosum ( become highly specialized and non dividing) and others will remain in the basale
the epidermis cells produce _____ and ______ when exposed to UV radiation
cholecalciferol and vitamin D3
in the first step of wound healing, blood brings _________ proteins, _________, numerous white blood cells and antibodies to the site.
clotting , platelets
What are potential complications of a wound under repair?
fluid loss and infection
apocrine sweat glands are classified as ______________ glands
simple, coiled , tubular
macrophages
assist in the third step of wound healing. They being to remove the clotted blood
both thin and thick skin, contain these three layers that contain living cells.
basale, spinosum, granulosum the most superficial layer of both, stratum corneum, is made of dead layers of skin and the thin skin does not contain stratum lucidum
in the nails the lunula appears whitish because a thickened underlying stratum basal obscures the underlying ____________
blood vessels
within the stratum granulosum begins a process called ________ by which the keratinocyte fill up with the protein _________
keratinization ; keratin
merocrine sweat gland -
most numerous and widely distributed -secrete a clear secretion called sweat by exocytosis -major function is thermoregulation but also excretion of drugs or toxins -as aging takes place the productions of these glands diminishes -Has acidic oH which helps precent the growth of some pathogenic bacteria
sebaceous glands are activated primarily by __________ during puberty in both sexes
sex hormones
apocrine sweat gland
similar structure to merocrine sweat gland but these release secretions into hair follicles in the agile, around the nipples, in the pubic region and anal region. -the secretion is different than the other merocrine as this one is viscous and cloudy, noticeable odor , activate around puberty -secrete proteins and lipids in the fluid
after a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum ___________, and it begins to lose its ability to _____________
spinosum, divide
which vitamin does the skin produce?
vitamin D
the four steps of a wound healing
1. blood brings clotting proteins, leukocytes and antibodies + platelets 2. blood clot forms, temp patching the edges of the wound together and acts as a barrier to repent entry of pathogens 3. granulation tissue forms, which is a vascular connective tissue that initially forms healing in a wound. 4. epithelial regeneration of the epidermis occurs due to division of eli cells at the edge of the wound. By edge of the wound the book means at the bottom of the wound and the cells that are divided are from the stratum basale, the lowest layer. These then migrate over the wound, creating a scab.
some integumentary system components are not repaired following damage including ;
1. hair follicles 2. sebaceous glands ( part of the hair follicle ) 3. nerve cells 4. muscle fibers
this is a possible description of the skin ; T or F the skin is a self renewing, barrier of protection and an indicator of health
T
Acne and terms
acne - term used to described plugged sebaceous ducts Comedo - sebaceous gland plugged with sebum, an open comedy is called a *blackhead*, because the plugged material is dark A closed comedo is a whitehead, because of the top surface is whitish papule and pustule - both dome shaped lesions, typically fluid filled and form red elevations without pus. Papule can become pustule in which has a mature of white blood cells and pus nodule - simular to a pastel, but extending into deeper layer of skin and usually rupture the hair follicle wall. can be pron to scarring cyst - large fluid filled noodle that can become severely inflamed
the epidermis does not have which of the following? collagen fibers epithelial tissues blood vessels adipose tissues
all except epithelial tissues, duh you can find glands in the epidermis layers but blood vessels and collagen fibers would be in the dermis while adipose tissues make up the hypodermic
