A&P Chapter 15 Concepts

Place the components of a visceral reflex arc in order.

1. receptor 2. afferent neurons 3. interneuron 4. efferent neurons 5. effector

What neurotransmitters do the neurons of the autonomic nervous system secrete?

Acetycholine and norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?

Acetylcholine

Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a trace of dopamine?

Adrenal medulla

What does the axon of a postganglionic neuron synapse with?

An effector

adrenal medula

An endocrine organ that secretes epinephrine and norpinephrine in concert with the sympathetic nervous system

The efferent pathway of which nervous system uses both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters?

Autonomic

Which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?

Autonomic

Which nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?

Autonomic

Which is usually under involuntary control?

Autonomic nervous system

What is the background activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS called?

Autonomic tone

Which is an example of the cooperative effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

Both autonomic divisions stimulate salivary gland secretion.

Identify the region of the CNS that has nuclei for regulating cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, gastrointestinal secretion, bladder control, and pupillary constriction/dilation.

Brainstem

From which regions of the CNS do the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system arise?

Brainstem Sacral division of spinal cord

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the respiratory system?

Bronchoconstriction

Which receptors bind to ACh?

Cholinergic

Which are sympathetic effects on the urinary system?

Contraction of the internal urethral sphincter Reduced urine output by the kidneys

Which are autonomic reflexes regulated by the spinal cord?

Defecation Erection Ejaculation Micturition

An organ that receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers is said to have what?

Dual innervation

Which are components of a visceral reflex arc?

Efferent neurons Afferent neurons Smooth muscle Receptor in the stomach

Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Which plexuses receive parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve?

Esophageal plexus Cardiac plexus Pulmonary plexus

Which cranial nerve regulates secretion from the tear glands,salivary glands, and nasal glands?

Facial nerve

True or false: The limbic system is the part of the brain involved with coordination of motor input.

False

What region of the brain is the primary regulator of the visceral motor system?

Hypothalamus

Which send input to the ANS?

Hypothalamus Spinal cord Medulla oblongata Cerebral cortex

Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.

IX VII III X

Which of the following occurs during the fight-or-flight response?

Increased ATP production

Which are effects of the parasympathetic division on the digestive system?

Increased pancreatic enzyme secretion Increased gastrointestinal secretion Increased gastric motility

Which describes a preganglionic neuron in the ANS?

It has its cell body in the spinal cord or the brainstem and its axon terminates in a ganglion.

What effect does the parasympathetic division have on the adrenal medulla?

It has no effect on the adrenal medulla.

Which describes the autonomic nervous system?

It originates in the CNS and receives input from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the medulla oblongata.

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers located in the spinal cord?

Lateral gray horn

Which neurons secrete acetylcholine?

Most preganglionic parasympathetic neurons Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons Most preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly secreted by postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Norepinephrine

Which division of the ANS causes a decreased heart rate, vasodilation of visceral blood vessels, and vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels?

Parasympathetic

Which division of the ANS causes contraction of the urinary bladder wall and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter?

Parasympathetic

What is the alternative name for the craniosacral division of the ANS?

Parasympathetic division

Which division of the ANS causes pupillary constriction and contraction of the ciliary muscle for near vision?

Parasympathetic division

Which division of the ANS is associated with normal body maintenance?

Parasympathetic division

Which are only innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers?

Piloerector muscles Adrenal medulla Sweat glands

Which nerve fibers secrete norepinephrine?

Postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division

Which type of neurons make up the adrenal medulla?

Postganglionic sympathetic

Which describes the axons of the white communicating ramus?

Preganglionic Myelinated Sympathetic

What are the effects of the sympathetic division on the eye?

Pupillary dilation Relaxation of the ciliary muscle and lens for far vision

Which of the following are sympathetic effects on the integumentary system?

Secretion from merocrine sweat glands Secretion from apocrine sweat glands

Neurons in which nervous system division secrete only acetylcholine?

Somatic

Which efferent pathway has a single nerve fiber extending from the CNS to effector?

Somatic

Which nervous system transmits only excitatory signals to effector cells?

Somatic nervous system

How can opposite effects be produced in the ANS?

Sometimes by innervation by only one division

Which region of the CNS integrates the reflexes for micturition, defecation, erection and ejaculation?

Spinal cord

Vasomotor tone is produced by a baseline level of stimulation by which division of the ANS?

Sympathetic

Which division of the ANS causes a decrease in gastrointestinal secretions, pancreatic enzymes, and pancreatic insulin?

Sympathetic

Which division of the ANS causes bronchodilation in the respiratory system?

Sympathetic

Which division of the ANS is responsible for increasing heart rate, alertness, blood pressure, pulmonary airflow, blood-glucose concentration, and blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscles?

Sympathetic division

Which of the following are examples of the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

The sympathetic division speeds up heart rate while the parasympathetic division slows it down. The sympathetic division induces dilation of the pupil while the parasympathetic division induces the pupil to constrict.

If the nerves to visceral effectors are severed, what happens to the effectors?

They become hypersensitive

The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system arise from which regions of the spinal cord?

Thoracic Lumbar

From where do all preganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system arise?

Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

What are the parasympathetic functions of the oculomotor nerve?

To adjust the shape of the lens and the diameter of the pupil

Functions of the enteric nervous system include which of the following?

To regulate the secretion of digestive enzymes To regulate motility through the digestive tract

What are the characteristics of a visceral reflex?

Unconscious Automatic Stereotyped

Which are effects of the sympathetic division on the circulatory system?

Vasoconstriction of visceral blood vessels Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin Increased blood clotting Increased heart rate

------ tone describes the continual input from the sympathetic division to the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, resulting in a partial and constant tension.

Vasomotor

Indicate which of the following are regulated by autonomic nuclei in the brainstem.

Vasomotor control Salivation Sweating Pupillary constriction

What is the other name for the autonomic nervous system?

Visceral motor system

Which activities are attributed to the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Waste elimination Digestion Reduced energy expenditure

Where is the limbic system located?

Within the cerebral cortex

The neurotransmitter ______ binds to cholinergic receptors.

acetylcholine

The adrenal gland has two parts, an outer rim called the _____ ______and an inner portion called the ._____ _____

adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

epinephrine

adrenaline

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds to ______ receptors.

adrenergic

Regulation of pupillary constriction and dilation is an example of the ______ effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions on the same organ.

antagonistic

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems exhibit a background rate of activity referred to as ______ tone.

autonomic

the ____ nervous system controls the activity of glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

autonomic/visceral

The phenomenon where the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work together to produce a unified outcome is called a(n) ______ effect.

cooperative

_____innervation refers to the fact that many structures in the body are innervated by nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

dual

The _____ nervous system consists entirely of neurons embedded in the wall of the digestive tract and does not originate from the brain or spinal cord.

enteric

Hypersensitivity

exaggerated abnormal reaction to an allergen

The _____ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the parotid salivary gland.

glassopharyngeal

The ____ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the parotid salivary gland.

glossopharyngeal

The ______ communicating ramus carries unmyelinated sympathetic postganglionic fibers that exit the ganglion, enter a spinal nerve, and then travel to the target organ.

gray

Visceral effectors exhibit denervation _______ when their nerves are severed.

hypersensitivity

Regarding the length of fibers, the parasympathetic nervous system has ______ preganglionic fibers and ______ postganglionic fibers.

long, short

The ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located ______.

near or within the target organ

The ganglia of the sympathetic division are located ______.

near the spinal column

The ______ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers that regulate the shape of the lens for vision and the diameter of the pupil.

oculomotor

In the sympathetic division of the ANS the ______ nerve fibers are long while the ______ fibers are short.

postganglionic, preganglionic

The ____ division of the ANS and the adrenal medulla develop from the same embryonic tissue.

sympathetic

The division of the ANS that has general and widespread effects is the ____ division.

sympathetic

The division of the ANS that has relatively short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers is the ______ division.

sympathetic

Which division of the ANS stimulates sweat glands and piloerector muscle contraction?

sympathetic

In the ______ division of the ANS the preganglionic nerve fibers are short, while in the ______ division the preganglionic fibers are relatively long.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Neural divergence is extensive in the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system, while in the ______ division, divergence is minimal.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Within the ANS, the effects of the ______ division are often general and widespread, while in the _______ division the effects are more specific and local.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

thoracolumbar

the _____ communicating ramus contains myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that extend from the spinal nerve to the nearest sympathetic ganglion.

white

dilation

widening, stretching, expanding