A&P Chapter 6 Connect

Migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basal to the stratum corneum takes about _____ weeks. The dead, keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corneum layer for an additional ____ weeks. Overall, keratinocytes are present for about ____ month following their formation.

two; two; one month

Tactile cells are described best by which of the following :

-can be stimulated by light pressure -can be stimulated by light touch -large epithelial cells -also called Merkel cells

When skin has been damaged, which integumentary system components are NOT repaired?

-hair follicles -exocrine glands -nerves

Match the type of gland with its secretion or function : 1. Apocrine 2. Merocrine 3. Sebaceous

1. secrete proteins and lipids 2. function in thermoregulation and excretion 3. lipid material called sebum

The scalp normally loses between ______ hairs per day.

10-100

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ____ weeks.

4

Chronic exposure to UV rays can damage the _____ in epidermal cells.

DNA

Melanin plays a role in vitamin A production and normal vision as well as improved immunity.

FALSE; carotene

The nail matrix is the

actively growing part of the nail

The integument is the body's largest organ and is composed of _____ tissue types.

all

The net effect of vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of blood _____ from the periphery of the body to _____ heat.

away; conserve

In the development of embryonic skin, the _____ layer gives rise to the epidermis, and the ______ gives rise to the dermis.

basal; mesenchyme

Women often accumulate subcutaneous fat in the ______, ______, hips and thighs.

breasts and buttocks

In the first step of wound healing, blood brings _____ proteins, numerous white blood cells, and antibodies to the site.

clotting

Lines of cleavage (or tension lines) in the skin identify the predominant orientation of ______ fiber bundles in the ______.

collagen; dermis

The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _____ keratinocytes.

dead

Third-degree burns involve the _____, dermis, and _____ layer, which are often destroyed.

epidermis and subcutaneous

A function of cerumen is to lubricate the

external acoustic meatus

Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located only in the

external acoustic meatus (ear canal)

In what two ways are damaged skin tissues normally repaired?

fibrosis and regeneration

Friction ridges are used as forensic tools because they can leave noticeable prints on touched surfaces, commonly called ________.

fingerprints

Friction ridges on the tips of fingers are known as

fingerprints

The vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called _______.

granulation tissue

The most numerous cells of the epidermis are ______ and the protein they produce is called _______.

keratinocytes; keratin

When exposed to the sun, the _____ become more active and secrete a protein that gives the skin a tanned look.

melanocytes.

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are _____ sweat glands and ____ sweat glands.

merocrine and apocrine

The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are

merocrine sweat glands

In anatomy, a single hair is also called a

pilus

The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of _____ and ______ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor.

proteins; lipids

Because skin can absorb certain chemicals & block others, it is described as _____ permeable.

selectively

The stratum lucidum is found only in

thick skin

There are three main variations in the epidermis. These variations are ______, colorations, and skin markings.

thickness

What are functions of the skin?

-heat regulation -barrier to water loss

Mammary glands only become functional in which of the following conditions?

-lactating females -pregnant females

In the dermis of the skin, _____ fibers impart tensile strength while ______ fibers allow some stretch.

collagen and elastic

The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is

collagen.

When the skin is stretched beyond its capacity some ______ fibers are torn and result in stretch marks, which are called ______.

collagen; striae

In thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are the stratum lucidum and stratum ______.

corneum

Skin is classified as either thick or thin based on two parameters; the number of epidermal _____ in the epidermis and the relative ______ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument.

strata; thickness

As facial skin ages, the skin tends to form ____ and becomes less _____.

wrinkles; resilient

_____ skin contains the following accessories: nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Thin

In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinous also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ______ cells which help to fight infection.

dendritic

Nerve fibers in the skin monitor the sensory receptors in the ___ and the ____.

dermis and epidermis.

Immune cells found in the epidermis are called ________ cells.

epidermal dendritic

Second degree burns involve the ______ and part of the ______.

epidermis and dermis

The skin is made up of two distinct layers, the _____ and the ______.

epidermis and dermis

Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands release their secretory products by the process of

exocytosis

People most likely to develop skin cancer are those with

fair skin

Normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ______, melanin, and carotene.

hemoglobin

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.

hypodermis

The first three strata of the epidermis consists of _____ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ______ keratinocytes.

living, dead

As an individual ages, skin repair processes take ____.

longer

In thick skin there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. this layer is called stratum

lucidum

The color of hair is the result of

melanin production

During the process of keratinization, the cell's _____ and organelles of the cells disintegrate and the cells start to die.

nucleus

The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the _____ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.

nucleus

Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and ______ of the hands and fingers, the sides and ____ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia.

palms; soles

The _____ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae.

papillary

Epidermal dendritic cells accomplish their immune function by their ______ activity, which initiates an immune response against invaders.

phagocytic

The ______ layer of the dermis consists primarily of dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen fibers.

reticular

The substances that make sweat feel gritty are water, _____ and ______

salts and urea

Terminal hair is the type that grows on the _____, and is also the hair of ______ and eyebrows, the axilla, and the pubic region. In men, it also grows on the face.

scalp; eyelashes

When part of the skin is too severely damaged or its cells lack the capacity to divide, the body fills in the gap with ______ tissue. This process is known as ______.

scar; fibrosis

The secretions of sebaceous glands, called _____ is usually deposited into a ______.

sebum; hair follicle

Repetitive mechanical stresses applied to the integument stimulate mitotic activity in the ____ cells of the stratum ______.

stem; basale

in aging skin, the reduced ______ cell activity in the epidermis results in ______ skin that is less likely to protect against mechanical trauma.

stem; thinner

On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, _____ glands, _____ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.

sweat and sebaceous

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are _____ glands and ______ glands.

sweat and sebaceous

The major function of merocrine sweat glands is ______.

thermoregulation

Vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels _____, so relatively _____ blood can travel through them.

increases; more

When a person is severely burned, a primary danger is ______ because the individual has lost the protective skin barrier and water can escape from body tissues.

infection

Match the acne lesion with its description : 1. Comedo 2. Pustule 3. Nodule 4. Cyst

1. a sebaceous gland's ducts plugged with sebum 2. dome shaped lesions filled with a mixture of white blood cells, dead skin cells, and bacteria. 3. can be prone to scarring 4. a fluid filled nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful, and can lead to scarring

Skin cancer can develop in people of any age.

TRUE

The word reticular means "network" and refers to the web like meshwork of _____ fibers.

collagen

The root and shaft of the hair is ____ while the bulb of the hair is _____.

dead; living

The dermis is ______ to the epidermis and contains primarily _____.

deep, collagen fibers

__________ hemangiomas or "strawberry-colored birthmarks" appear in the skin as bright red to deep purple nodules that usually disappear in childhood.

Capillary

The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both heredity and light exposure.

TRUE

The reason the cells of the stratum spinous have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm.

TRUE

Lines of cleavage in the skin relate to the predominant orientation of _______ fiber bundles.

collagen

In the second step of wound healing, a blood clot temporarily patches the ________ of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of __________ into the body.

edges; pathogens

In the fourth step of wound healing; _____ of the epidermis occurs.

regeneration

The hair follicle is an oblique tube that surrounds the hair

root.

When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate _____ endings in the dermis.

sensory nerve

Match types of skin cancer with its description : 1. basal cell carcinoma 2. squamous cell carcinoma 3. malignant melanoma

1. most common type of skin cancer 2. arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum 3. most deadly type of skin cancer due to aggressive growth and metastasis

A nevus is commonly referred to as a _____. It is a harmless, localized growth of ______ forming cells.

mole; melanin

Match the terms with their function : 1. Periderm 2. Vernix Caeseosa 3. Mesenchyme

1. layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium 2. waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells 3. layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis

Match the structures of hair to their specific functions : 1. Protection 2. Heat retention 3. Sensory reception 4. Visual identification

1. scalp hair covers the scalp and shields it from sunburn and injury. 2. blanket of thick hair on scalp 3. hair root plexuses 4. color and density of hairs of scalp

In first degree burns, the healing time averages about ______ days, and typically no scarring results.

3-5

Sebaceous glands are classified as _____ glands that discharge oily, waxy secretion called ______.

holocrine; sebum

Sebaceous glands are activated primarily by ______ during puberty in both sexes.

sex hormones

The main structural components of the reticular layer of _____ fibers that extend internally from the reticular layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer.

collagen

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum _____ layer of epidermis.

corneum

During our lives, we produce three kinds of hair:

-lanugo -vellus -terminal

Which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?

-liver -kidney -skin

______ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum.

3-5

All people, of all skin tones, have about the same number of melanocytes.

TRUE

In thick and thin skin, the layers that contain living cells are the stratum _______, stratum _______ and stratum ________.

basale, spinosum, and granulosum

Among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin are

-vibration -cold -pressure

________ is an inherited recessive condition where the enzyme needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional.

Albinism