A&P Chapter 6 - part 2

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following question: Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone?

5

Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests nutritional therapy. What might she recommend for Mary?

All of the answers are correct.

________ fibers are stronger than steel when stretched.

Collagen

A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture.

Colles

Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false?

It results in short, stubby fingers.

A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture.

Pott's

A fracture that affects the malleolus on both lower leg bones is called a ________ fracture.

Pott's

Hundreds of years ago, explorers often died of scurvy. How can this bone-related disease be prevented?

Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C.

Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones. Which of the following statements is, therefore, true?

The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible.

How is vitamin D (vitamin D3) related to calcium homeostasis in bone?

Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract.

In normal adult bones,

a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year.

If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition?

answers

When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates

become narrower.

During appositional growth,

bones grow wider.

A child with rickets often has

bowed legs.

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s): What type of tissue occurs at #1?

hyaline cartilage

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

What type of tissue is replaced in the embryo during endochondral ossification?

hyaline cartilage

Secondary ossification centers occur

in the epiphyses.

The natural age-related loss of bone mass is called

osteopenia

A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes making them brittle and compromises normal function is called

osteoporosis

What gland responds when the blood calcium level is too low? (Figure 6-16a)

parathyroid gland

Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as

perforating canals.

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s): What process is shown at #6?

secondary ossification

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

the roof of the skull and the clavicle

A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a ________ fracture.

transverse

Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except

vitamin E.

The disease osteomalacia causes calcium loss from the skeleton, which would result in bones that are

weaker and more flexible.

Why does osteoporosis affect more women than men?

Women have a decrease in sex hormones after menopause.

If blood calcium levels drop below 8.5 mg/dL which hormone is likely to be activated?

both calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as

calcification

If blood calcium levels rise above 11mg/dL which hormone is likely to be activated?

calcitonin

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

calcitonin.

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

calcium

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

calcium.

Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of

cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis.

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)

cartilage model.

The condition known as osteopenia

causes a gradual reduction in bone mass.

Of the total organic components in bone most of it is

collagen

A ________ fracture shatters the bone.

comminuted

An open or ________ fracture projects through the skin.

compound

The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ________ fracture.

compression

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following question: Identify the structures labeled "4."

concentric lamellae

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the

diaphysis

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s): Identify the structure labeled "2."

epiphysis

Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for Mary?

estrogen

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

external callus.

Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a

fracture

Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in

gigantism

In a ________ fracture one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent.

greenstick

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones

grow longer.

While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott's fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall?

hematoma

A calcified skeletal muscle is an example of

heterotopic bone formation.

Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following except that it

is released in large amounts early in life.

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

long bones have reached their adult length.

Aging has what effect on the skeletal system?

loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix

During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone.

ossification

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s): Identify the structure at #4.

periosteum

The superficial membrane of a bone is called the

periosteum.

The ongoing process of tearing down and rebuilding bone matrix is called

remodeling

A lack of exercise could

result in porous and weak bones.

A(n) ________, or closed, fracture does not break the skin.

simple

A ________ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone.

spiral