A&P Chapter 9-12 Muscle, Muscle Tissues and Blood Practice Test
What role does tropomyosin play in the muscular system?
Tropomyosin covers actin, blocking the ability of myosin to attach to actin
A person'e actin molecules are covered with excess tropomyosin. How will the position of tropomyosin affect muscle contraction?
Tropomyosin will inhibit myosin from attaching to actin
universal donor
Type O blood
pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
The busy coat that appears after a sample of blood has been centrifuged contains
WBCs
Which property do white blood cells have in common?
WBCs are nucleated and have a protective function
What structure is found at the ends of each sarcomere
Z-line
myasthenia gravis
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. Disease of women between ages of 20 and 40
sickle cell anemia
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
Some of the leukocytes have granules in their cytosol that consist of a variety of chemicals involved in defending the body.Which cell typically does not contain granules
lymphocytes
Which leukocytes do not have a multi-lobed nuclei?
lymphocytes and monocytes
Fast oxidative muscle fiber
moderately fatigue resistant
Granulocytes do NOT include:
monocytes
isotonic muscle contraction
muscle changes in length with no change in tension
Polycythemia
A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood
Hemophilia
A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding
blood doping
A technique for temporarily improving athletic performance in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells previously withdrawn from an athlete are injected back just before an event
Neutrophils
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
Lymphocytes
A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections
Leukopenia
Abnormally low white blood cell count
Monocytes
An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.
Leukemia
Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition.
Which ions bind to troponin to move tropomyosin away from actin?
Calcium ions
T cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
85% of Americans carry the ______ Rh agglutinogen on their RBCs. - C - K - E - D
D
What is a function of lymphocytes
Destruction of virus-containing cells
What WBC kills parasitic worms, destroys antibody complexes, and inactivates some inflammatory chemical of allergy?
Eosinophils
Damage to which of the following muscles would aid in inspiration? sacrospinalis rectus abdominis quadrates lumborum external intercostals platysma
External intercostals
What is the most effective way to increase the rate of muscle contraction?
Increasing calcium levels
Eosinophils (granulocyte)
Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms
Which branch of the nervous system works most closely with skeletal muscles?
Motor nervous system
myasthenia gravis symptoms
Periodic weakness and muscle fatigue that worsens throughout the day Ptosis, Diplopia Positive Ach receptor antibodies
Each of the following term is used to describe the shape of the muscle, except piriformis trapezius pollicis rhomboid quadratus
Polloicis
What is true about second class levers?
Second-class levers have great strength but are slow and have little range of motion
The _____ are extensions of the sarcolemma, can serve as a rapid communication system that ensures that every myofibril in the muscle fiber contracts at virtually the same time
T tubules
What would occur if a muscle became totally depleted of ATP?
The muscle would remain in a contracted state due to an inability to break actin-myosin cross bridges
The muscle wall of the abdomen is composed of
external oblique and rectus muscles
aplastic anemia
failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
A group of muscle fibers is called a muscle _______, which mean "bundle"
fascicle
slow oxidative muscle fibers
fatigue resistant
Fast glycolytic muscle fiber
fatigues quickly
The final step in clot formation is
fibrinogen to fibrin.
What adducts the fingers and wrist?
flexor carpi ulnaris
Properly controlled skeletal muscle contractions produced by changing the frequency of stimulation and the strength of stimulation are referred to as __________.
graded muscle response
muscular dystrophy
group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness
cardiac muscle location
heart
The percentage of total volume used to determine the number of erythrocytes in a blood sample is referred to as the:
hematocrit
Mature red blood cells in the circulating the blood are filled with
hemoglobin molecules
The process of blood clotting is called
hemostasis
thalassemia anemia
hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin
Smooth muscle location
hollow organs, blood vessels, digestive tract
The ______ nerve innervates all of the extrinsic tongue muscles
hypoglossal
The prime mover for flexion of the thigh is the ______ muscle
iliopsoas
Leukocytosis
increase in the number of white blood cells
dangers of polycythemia
increased blood volume, pressure and viscosity can lead to embolism, stroke or heart failure
Shin splints are caused by ____
inflammation of the tibialis anterior
The attachment site of the muscle tendon to the more-moveable bone is called the
insertion
Oxygen binds to the _____ portion of hemoglobin.
iron
The deltoid is a muscle named according to
its shape
Leukocytes can be partially identified by looking at their nucleus. All leukocytes have just one nucleus, but some several lobes to their nucleus. Which cell does not have a multi-lobed nucleus
lymphocyte
Individuals with malaria have a better chance of surviving if they have which type of anemia
sickle-cell anemia
What muscle type is both voluntary and striated?
skeletal muscle
What is a special adaptation present in skeletal muscles, but absent in most other cells
skeletal muscle cells have a myoglobin, most other cells do not
rigor mortis
stiffness of the body that sets in several hours after death
A muscle that assists the muscle primarily responsible for a given action is a(n)
synergist
Pernicious anemia may result from
the lack of vitamin B12 in diet or deficiency of intrinsic factor needed to absorb B12.
Diapedesis refers to __________.
the movement of leukocytes from blood vessels into tissue spaces
If a muscle is applied to a load that exceeds the muscle's maximum tension, __________.
the muscle length will not change during contraction
blood clotting
the process by which blood becomes thick and stops flowing, forming a solid cover over any place where your skin has been cut or broken.
When a action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the most immediate result is ________
the release of acetylcholine from the motor neuron
The process of actively metabolizing oxygen by neutrophils to produce bleach and hydrogen to kill bacteria is known as
the respiratory burst
Which of the following muscles aids inspiration by lifting the first two ribs? rectus abdominis diaphragm internal intercostals the scalenes
the scalenes
What muscle divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles?
the sternocleidomastoid
Neutrophils are referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes because
their nucleus can take on a variety of shapes
The most common lever systems in the body are those that have the applied force between the fulcrum and the load. These are called ________ levers.
third-class
The _______ is the prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot
tibialis anterior
effects of anemia
tissue hypoxia and necrosis, low blood osmolarity, low blood viscosity
A muscle whose name ends in the suffix -glossus would be found within or attached to the
tongue
What is a function of erythrocytes
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Each of the following term is a descriptive term for a muscle's action, EXCEPT trapezius adductor pronator tensor levator
trapezius
universal recipient
type AB blood
acute leukemia
uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of immature WBC prevents production of RBC & platelets more common in children
What muscle is a common site for injections in infants who have poorly formed buttocks
vastus lateralis
What is the greatest component of plasma
water
What is a function of basophils
- Release histamine during allergic reaction
Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. How many oxygen atoms can one erythrocyte transport?
1 billion
temperature of blood
100.4 F
RBC life cycle
120 days
Leukocytes make up less than 0.5% of whole blood; however, of that small value approximately ________ are lymphocytes
20-25%
blood volume in females
4-5 liters
Average amount of blood in an adult
4-6 L
A healthy adult male has approximately ____ liters of blood
5-6
blood volume in males
5-6 liters
Blood pH level
7.35-7.45
Basophils
A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.
Anemia
A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs
chronic leukemia
accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die classified by type of WBC that is predominant---monocytic, lymphocytic. more common in adults
The thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle are composed chiefly of __________.
actin
The A-band of a sarcomere contains dark striations. These striations come from which muscle fiber(s)
actin and myosin
The most efficient means of producing ATP is
aerobic respiration
A major plasma protein that maintains the blood osmotic pressure is:
albumin
Carbon dioxide binds the _____ portion of the hemoglobin
amino acid
Erythroblastosis fetalis is caused by
an Rh incompatibility between an Rh- mother and her Rh+ baby during pregnancy
The final "go" signal for skeletal muscle contraction is _______
an increase in intracellular calcium ion levels
The _______ assists the triceps brachia in forearm extension
anconeus
hemolytic anemia
anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells
iron deficiency anemia
anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells
Which type of anemia results from the destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by drugs, chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses?
aplastic anemia
Histamine is a chemical that causes blood vessels to dilate in an effort to increase the flow of blood and subsequently leukocyte to the infected site. Which leukocyte releases the most histamine?
basophils
There are 5 major leukocytes. Which of the following is the rarest of the five when a person is not sick?
basophils
Which leukocyte contains histamine in its granules
basophils
Skeletal muscle location
bones
Which type of muscle has the greatest endurance?
cardiac muscle
Neutrophils are attracted to the site of an infection due to the process of
chemotaxis
A muscle that is inserted on the mandible is probably involved in ________
chewing
Fibrinogen is a _______ that is transported via the plasma of blood
clotting protein
finger or heel stick
common technique for diabetics to monitor daily blood sugar method used for infants
The major abductor of the upper arm is the
deltoid
Another term for reduced hemoglobin is
deoxyhemoglobin
isometric muscle contraction
develops tension without changing length
Phagocytosis is a process where some leukocytes (such as neutrophils) can
engulf and kill bacteria
Acetylcholinesterase
enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
Which of the following leukocytes respond respond when a person is allergic to something
eosinophils
The names of the muscles can indicate all of the following, except myofibril composition of the muscle the region of the body where the muscle is located structural characteristics of the muscle action of the muscle the direction of the muscle relative to the long axis of the body
myofibril composition of the muscle
Which antibodies would be found in the serum of a person with AB blood?
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
The most numerous of the leukocytes is the
neutrophil
The extensor digitorum muscle is an example of a ______ muscle
pennate
What connective tissue surrounds the fascicles
perimysium connective tissue
What is a function of neutrophils
phagocytize bacteria
The major element of whole blood is
plasma
Megakaryocytes leave the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream by passing through the walls of capillaries. In the process of passing through the pores in the capillaries, the megakayocytes fragment. These fragments are ______
platelets
B cells
produce antibodies
What substance is responsible for limiting a platelet plug to the immediate area of damage
prostacylin
venipuncture
puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion
Muscles with fibers that run parallel in an imaginary line such as the long axis of the body are called
rectus
During abdominal surgery, the surgeon makes a cut lateral to the linea alba. The muscle that would be cut is the
rectus abdominis
Which muscle flexes and rotates the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
rectus abdominis
The terms biconcave and enucleated apply to
red blood cells
Myofibrils are composed of repeating contractile elements called
sarcomeres
