A&P Chapter 9-12 Muscle, Muscle Tissues and Blood Practice Test

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What role does tropomyosin play in the muscular system?

Tropomyosin covers actin, blocking the ability of myosin to attach to actin

A person'e actin molecules are covered with excess tropomyosin. How will the position of tropomyosin affect muscle contraction?

Tropomyosin will inhibit myosin from attaching to actin

universal donor

Type O blood

pernicious anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency

The busy coat that appears after a sample of blood has been centrifuged contains

WBCs

Which property do white blood cells have in common?

WBCs are nucleated and have a protective function

What structure is found at the ends of each sarcomere

Z-line

myasthenia gravis

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. Disease of women between ages of 20 and 40

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

Some of the leukocytes have granules in their cytosol that consist of a variety of chemicals involved in defending the body.Which cell typically does not contain granules

lymphocytes

Which leukocytes do not have a multi-lobed nuclei?

lymphocytes and monocytes

Fast oxidative muscle fiber

moderately fatigue resistant

Granulocytes do NOT include:

monocytes

isotonic muscle contraction

muscle changes in length with no change in tension

Polycythemia

A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood

Hemophilia

A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding

blood doping

A technique for temporarily improving athletic performance in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells previously withdrawn from an athlete are injected back just before an event

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

Leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell count

Monocytes

An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

Leukemia

Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition.

Which ions bind to troponin to move tropomyosin away from actin?

Calcium ions

T cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

85% of Americans carry the ______ Rh agglutinogen on their RBCs. - C - K - E - D

D

What is a function of lymphocytes

Destruction of virus-containing cells

What WBC kills parasitic worms, destroys antibody complexes, and inactivates some inflammatory chemical of allergy?

Eosinophils

Damage to which of the following muscles would aid in inspiration? sacrospinalis rectus abdominis quadrates lumborum external intercostals platysma

External intercostals

What is the most effective way to increase the rate of muscle contraction?

Increasing calcium levels

Eosinophils (granulocyte)

Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms

Which branch of the nervous system works most closely with skeletal muscles?

Motor nervous system

myasthenia gravis symptoms

Periodic weakness and muscle fatigue that worsens throughout the day Ptosis, Diplopia Positive Ach receptor antibodies

Each of the following term is used to describe the shape of the muscle, except piriformis trapezius pollicis rhomboid quadratus

Polloicis

What is true about second class levers?

Second-class levers have great strength but are slow and have little range of motion

The _____ are extensions of the sarcolemma, can serve as a rapid communication system that ensures that every myofibril in the muscle fiber contracts at virtually the same time

T tubules

What would occur if a muscle became totally depleted of ATP?

The muscle would remain in a contracted state due to an inability to break actin-myosin cross bridges

The muscle wall of the abdomen is composed of

external oblique and rectus muscles

aplastic anemia

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

A group of muscle fibers is called a muscle _______, which mean "bundle"

fascicle

slow oxidative muscle fibers

fatigue resistant

Fast glycolytic muscle fiber

fatigues quickly

The final step in clot formation is

fibrinogen to fibrin.

What adducts the fingers and wrist?

flexor carpi ulnaris

Properly controlled skeletal muscle contractions produced by changing the frequency of stimulation and the strength of stimulation are referred to as __________.

graded muscle response

muscular dystrophy

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

cardiac muscle location

heart

The percentage of total volume used to determine the number of erythrocytes in a blood sample is referred to as the:

hematocrit

Mature red blood cells in the circulating the blood are filled with

hemoglobin molecules

The process of blood clotting is called

hemostasis

thalassemia anemia

hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin

Smooth muscle location

hollow organs, blood vessels, digestive tract

The ______ nerve innervates all of the extrinsic tongue muscles

hypoglossal

The prime mover for flexion of the thigh is the ______ muscle

iliopsoas

Leukocytosis

increase in the number of white blood cells

dangers of polycythemia

increased blood volume, pressure and viscosity can lead to embolism, stroke or heart failure

Shin splints are caused by ____

inflammation of the tibialis anterior

The attachment site of the muscle tendon to the more-moveable bone is called the

insertion

Oxygen binds to the _____ portion of hemoglobin.

iron

The deltoid is a muscle named according to

its shape

Leukocytes can be partially identified by looking at their nucleus. All leukocytes have just one nucleus, but some several lobes to their nucleus. Which cell does not have a multi-lobed nucleus

lymphocyte

Individuals with malaria have a better chance of surviving if they have which type of anemia

sickle-cell anemia

What muscle type is both voluntary and striated?

skeletal muscle

What is a special adaptation present in skeletal muscles, but absent in most other cells

skeletal muscle cells have a myoglobin, most other cells do not

rigor mortis

stiffness of the body that sets in several hours after death

A muscle that assists the muscle primarily responsible for a given action is a(n)

synergist

Pernicious anemia may result from

the lack of vitamin B12 in diet or deficiency of intrinsic factor needed to absorb B12.

Diapedesis refers to __________.

the movement of leukocytes from blood vessels into tissue spaces

If a muscle is applied to a load that exceeds the muscle's maximum tension, __________.

the muscle length will not change during contraction

blood clotting

the process by which blood becomes thick and stops flowing, forming a solid cover over any place where your skin has been cut or broken.

When a action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the most immediate result is ________

the release of acetylcholine from the motor neuron

The process of actively metabolizing oxygen by neutrophils to produce bleach and hydrogen to kill bacteria is known as

the respiratory burst

Which of the following muscles aids inspiration by lifting the first two ribs? rectus abdominis diaphragm internal intercostals the scalenes

the scalenes

What muscle divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles?

the sternocleidomastoid

Neutrophils are referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes because

their nucleus can take on a variety of shapes

The most common lever systems in the body are those that have the applied force between the fulcrum and the load. These are called ________ levers.

third-class

The _______ is the prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot

tibialis anterior

effects of anemia

tissue hypoxia and necrosis, low blood osmolarity, low blood viscosity

A muscle whose name ends in the suffix -glossus would be found within or attached to the

tongue

What is a function of erythrocytes

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Each of the following term is a descriptive term for a muscle's action, EXCEPT trapezius adductor pronator tensor levator

trapezius

universal recipient

type AB blood

acute leukemia

uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of immature WBC prevents production of RBC & platelets more common in children

What muscle is a common site for injections in infants who have poorly formed buttocks

vastus lateralis

What is the greatest component of plasma

water

What is a function of basophils

- Release histamine during allergic reaction

Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. How many oxygen atoms can one erythrocyte transport?

1 billion

temperature of blood

100.4 F

RBC life cycle

120 days

Leukocytes make up less than 0.5% of whole blood; however, of that small value approximately ________ are lymphocytes

20-25%

blood volume in females

4-5 liters

Average amount of blood in an adult

4-6 L

A healthy adult male has approximately ____ liters of blood

5-6

blood volume in males

5-6 liters

Blood pH level

7.35-7.45

Basophils

A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs

chronic leukemia

accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die classified by type of WBC that is predominant---monocytic, lymphocytic. more common in adults

The thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle are composed chiefly of __________.

actin

The A-band of a sarcomere contains dark striations. These striations come from which muscle fiber(s)

actin and myosin

The most efficient means of producing ATP is

aerobic respiration

A major plasma protein that maintains the blood osmotic pressure is:

albumin

Carbon dioxide binds the _____ portion of the hemoglobin

amino acid

Erythroblastosis fetalis is caused by

an Rh incompatibility between an Rh- mother and her Rh+ baby during pregnancy

The final "go" signal for skeletal muscle contraction is _______

an increase in intracellular calcium ion levels

The _______ assists the triceps brachia in forearm extension

anconeus

hemolytic anemia

anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells

iron deficiency anemia

anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells

Which type of anemia results from the destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by drugs, chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses?

aplastic anemia

Histamine is a chemical that causes blood vessels to dilate in an effort to increase the flow of blood and subsequently leukocyte to the infected site. Which leukocyte releases the most histamine?

basophils

There are 5 major leukocytes. Which of the following is the rarest of the five when a person is not sick?

basophils

Which leukocyte contains histamine in its granules

basophils

Skeletal muscle location

bones

Which type of muscle has the greatest endurance?

cardiac muscle

Neutrophils are attracted to the site of an infection due to the process of

chemotaxis

A muscle that is inserted on the mandible is probably involved in ________

chewing

Fibrinogen is a _______ that is transported via the plasma of blood

clotting protein

finger or heel stick

common technique for diabetics to monitor daily blood sugar method used for infants

The major abductor of the upper arm is the

deltoid

Another term for reduced hemoglobin is

deoxyhemoglobin

isometric muscle contraction

develops tension without changing length

Phagocytosis is a process where some leukocytes (such as neutrophils) can

engulf and kill bacteria

Acetylcholinesterase

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

Which of the following leukocytes respond respond when a person is allergic to something

eosinophils

The names of the muscles can indicate all of the following, except myofibril composition of the muscle the region of the body where the muscle is located structural characteristics of the muscle action of the muscle the direction of the muscle relative to the long axis of the body

myofibril composition of the muscle

Which antibodies would be found in the serum of a person with AB blood?

neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

The most numerous of the leukocytes is the

neutrophil

The extensor digitorum muscle is an example of a ______ muscle

pennate

What connective tissue surrounds the fascicles

perimysium connective tissue

What is a function of neutrophils

phagocytize bacteria

The major element of whole blood is

plasma

Megakaryocytes leave the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream by passing through the walls of capillaries. In the process of passing through the pores in the capillaries, the megakayocytes fragment. These fragments are ______

platelets

B cells

produce antibodies

What substance is responsible for limiting a platelet plug to the immediate area of damage

prostacylin

venipuncture

puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion

Muscles with fibers that run parallel in an imaginary line such as the long axis of the body are called

rectus

During abdominal surgery, the surgeon makes a cut lateral to the linea alba. The muscle that would be cut is the

rectus abdominis

Which muscle flexes and rotates the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

rectus abdominis

The terms biconcave and enucleated apply to

red blood cells

Myofibrils are composed of repeating contractile elements called

sarcomeres


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