A&P Exam 2
Simple Epithelium
1 Layer Absorption or secretion ex: Simple, Columnar, Cuboidal
Simple Cuboidal (Simple Epithelium)
1 Layer Box like. Tall as they are wide ex: Kidney tubules, gland ducts
Simple Squamous (Simple Epithelium)
1 Layer Flat & scale like ex: Lines blood vessels & lungs
Simple Columnar (Simple Epithelium)
1 Layer Tall and column shaped ex: Inner lining of the intestines
Simple Psuedostratified
1 Layer; looks stratified Various levels // all touch the basement membrane but not all touch the apical surface ex: lining of the trachea
List 6 functions your skin performs:
1.) Protection 2.) Body Temp Regulation 3.) Excretion 4.) Cutaneous Sensation 5.) Metabolic Functions 6.) Blood Reservoir
What are the 3 different types of burn?
1st, 2nd and 3rd degree
Stratified Epithelium
2 or more layers Protection against wear & tear ex: epidermis, lining of the bladder
Stratified
2 or more layers of cells
Tissue
A collection of cells, specialized
With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be in contact?
Apical surface
Present in the axillary and genital areas of the body and function during puberty:
Apocrine
The surface cells of stratified squamous epithelium are continually:
Being shed from the surface
Of the four main classes of connective tissue, which has the least solid ground substance?
Blood
Osteo
Bone
Osteocyte
Bone cell
Osteoblast
Bone forming
Basal Surface
Bottom layer of epithelial tissue
Nervous Tissue
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves Regulates & controls body functions
What muscle tissue has branched fibers, intercalated discs between adjacent cells and contracts automatically?
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Tissue forming the walls of the heart
Cardiac Tissue
Tissue that contains intercalated discs and gap junctions
Cardiac Tissue
What type of muscle tissue contains intercalated sics and gap junctions?
Cardiac muscle tissue
Which three pigments contribute to skin color?
Carotene, melanin, hemoglobin
Chondro
Cartilage
Of the following connective tissues, which generally takes the most time to recover from injury?
Cartilage
Chondrocyte
Cartilage cells
Which of the following types of sweat gland secretion is thought to deter insects?
Ceruminous
What can you find in cartilage?
Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
Does not cover body surfaces or line passageways and cavities, but is more internally located; binds, supports, protects:
Connective
Penetrated by blood vessels (vascular):
Connective
The dermis is primarily composed of what tissue type?
Connective
Which of the following tissues is the most abundant and widely distributed?
Connective
_______ characterized by having large amounts of extracelluar material
Connective
_______ function is to support cells
Connective
_______ supports and reinforces the body organs
Connective
_______ surrounds and cushions body organs
Connective
_______ widely distributed; found in bones, cartilages, and fat deposits
Connective
Does not cover body surfaces or line passageways and cavities; but is more internally located; binds, supports, protects:
Connective Tissue
Penetrated by blood vessels (vascular)
Connective Tissue
What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type?
Connective Tissue
When does stratified squamous NOT occur?
Covering the body
Where can you find elastic cartilage?
Ears
You would expect to find ____________ fibers in areas that undergo a lot of stretch and rebound.
Elastic
3rd Degree Burn
Entire thickness of skin involved Skin gray / white, cherry red or blackened Not painful (nerve endings destroyed or swollen)
2nd Degree Burn
Epidermal & upper dermal damage
1st Degree Burn
Epidermal damage only
Fingerprints are copies of __________.
Epidermal ridges
Consists of many cells with little intracellular substance (matrix):
Epithelial
_______ function is to protect and line
Epithelial
The four major tissue types are:
Epithelial > Covers Connective > Supports Muscle > Provides Nerve > Controls
An area in the body exposed to the external environment would be composed of which of the following tissue types?
Epithelial Tissue
Which of the following tissue types would you expect to find on a surface of the body that is subjected to a friction?
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue vs. Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue Extracellular Matter: little Blood supply: none (avascular) Connective Tissue: Extracellular Matter: Large. Called matrix, formed of structure-less ground substance and fibers Blood supply: Mostly vascular
Consists of many cells with little intercellular substance (matrix)
Epithelial tissue
_______ cells of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances
Epithelium
_______ forms endocrine and exocrine glands
Epithelium
_______ forms membranes
Epithelium
Which classification best suits the pancreas?
Exocrine/endocrine
Which of the following types of cartilage is compressible and resists tension well?
Fibrocartilage
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Found in skeletal muscle (striated) Only one that is voluntary
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Found in walls of heart (striated with intercalated disks) Involuntary, heart beats on its own
Fibrous Cartilage
Found where strength and rigidity are needed, as in discs between vertebrae and the symphysis pubis
The mucus-secreting cells prevalent in simple columnar epithelium are known as __________.
Goblet Cells
One critical function of sebum, in addition to roles in waterproofing and skin softening, is that it provides protection against ____________.
Harmful bacteria
Connective Tissue Proper
Has a semisolid jelly in matrix
Which of the following undifferentiated cells of connective tissue do not secrete the matrix of the tissue with which they are associated?
Hematopoietic stem cells
Muscle Tissue
Highly Vascualrized > Lots of blood flow (many blood vessels) Responsible for most types of movement
What are the different types of Exocrine Glands?
Holocrine, Apocrine, Merocrine
Which of the following types of cartilage serves as the embryonic precursor to long bones?
Hyaline Cartilage
Where can you find fibrocartilage?
Intervertebral discs
Cardiac muscles are _____________
Involuntary
What is the main cell of the epidermis?
Keratinocytes (which synthesize the protein keratin)
Where is the simple columnar epithelium found?
Lining the trachea - several layers of cells
Reticular Tissue
Loose Connective Proper. Forms a delicate network inside most lymphatic organs like the spleen
Areolar Connective Tissue (C.T.)
Loose connective tissue proper
Adipose C.T.
Loose connective tissue proper. Stores fat inside cells which looks like rings with single gem. White fat/Brown fat
Of the following cell types, which are found patrolling areas exposed to harmful bacteria?
Macrophages
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Mainly in walls of hollow organs (other than heart) Involuntary
Which of the following types of skin cancer is the most dangerous?
Melanoma
_______ allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski and throw a ball
Muscle
_______ function is to contract and move body
Muscle
_______ its cell shorten to exert force
Muscle
_______ allows movement of limbs and for organ movements within the body
Muscles
What structures does the dermis layer contain?
Nerve endings, sweat glands and oil (sebaceous) glands, hair follicles and blood vessels
_______ basis of the major controlling system of the body
Nervous
_______ forms the brain & spinal cord
Nervous
_______ function is to communicate
Nervous
_______ uses electrochemical signals to carry out its function
Nervous
Elastic Fiber
Networks long & thin Contain elastin (protein that allows for stretch and recoil)
The primary functional cell found in nervous tissue is the ___________.
Neuron
What is the main cell in Nervous Tissue?
Neurons (specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses)
Nueroglia
Non-conducting cells Supporting cells found in Nerve Tissue Support, insulate and protect neurons ***cant go through mitosis***
Neuroglia
Non-conducting cells. Supporting cells, and help in keeping brain & spinal cord free of debris and germs. - nourish neurons, play a role in insulation of nerve fibers
The amount of melanin produced in the skin is determined by the?
Number of melanocytes
Simple
Only one layer of cells
What is another name for bone?
Osseous Tissue
What are the two major regions the dermis consists of?
Papillary and Reticular
Melanocytes
Produce melanin, produce pigments
Epithelial Tissue Functions
Protection, Absorption, Filtration, Excretion, Secretion, Sensory Reception
Elastic Cartilage
Provides strength and flexibility, as in external part of the ear
What is the most common cell type in blood?
Red blood cells
Ligaments
Regular dense connective tissue, joins bone to bone
Tendons
Regular dense connective tissue, which joins muscles to bones
If this gland's duct becomes blocky by sebum, it can lead to acne:
Sebaceous
Which of the following glands are holocrine glands?
Sebaceous glands
Reticular Fiber
Short, fine, highly branched collagenous
The presence of which type of epithelial tissue is a dead giveaway for glands?
Simple Cuboidal
Which of the following types of epithelial tissues is best suited for areas of the body where diffusion or filtration occurs?
Simple Squamous
What tissue is attached to bones?
Skeletal
Tissue that has cells that are multinucleate
Skeletal Tissue
Tissue that is attached to the bone
Skeletal Tissue
What type of muscle tissue has cells that are multinucleate?
Skeletal muscle tissue
What structures are included in the Integumentary System?
Skin Hair Nails Glands (sweat and sebaceous) Specialized nerve receptors (such as touch, heat, pain)
Apical Surface
The top layer of the cell tissue - doesn't touch anything, surrounds the cell
The urinary system is line with:
Transitional Epithelium
Dermis
Underlies epidermis *a lil more spread out* *mostly connective tissue*
Neurons
Very long; cells that conduct information in the form of electrical disturbances = nerve pulses
The skin plays a role in the manufacture of vitamin ______.
Vitamin D
Skeletal muscles are the only muscles that are __________
Voluntary
Matrix
What is outside of the cell, what the cell produces Ex: hard bone
The color of human skin depends upon:
Whether the blood within the skin is very well oxygenated The number of underlying blood vessels The kind and amount of pigment
Hyaline Cartilage
White, glossy cartilage covering ends of bones (articular), covering ends of ribs (coastal), and giving strength to nose, larynx, and trachea
Loss of one's skin, such as with severe burns, leads to an increased risk of __________.
bacterial infection inadequate body temperature maintenance dehydration
Transitional epithelium allows the:
bladder to stretch.
The most important role of the eccrine sweat gland is _________.
body temperature regulation
Hypodermis
deepest layer, adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates
The principal tissue found in the dermal layer is ___________.
dense irregular connective tissue
Endocrine Glands
do not have ducts & release their secretion into blood which carries it to the target cells secretion: hormones released in blood ex: thyroid, adrenal, pituitary
Where can you find Hyaline cartilage?
end of long bones, tip of nose, trachea, cartilage of ribs
Supporting Connective Tissue
ex: cartilage (avascular) & bone (vascular) provide a strong framework for the body. solid matrix. cells are present in spaces = lacunae
Blood
fluid matrix called plasma contains: white and red blood cells and platelets connective tissue function in trasport
Cartilage
has a solid matrix; avascular. 3 different types - hyaline, eslastic, fibrocartilage tough yet flexible lacks nerve fibers does not heal fast
Transitional Epithilum
has many layers like normal stratified; but its cells can stretch. when stretched, the # of layers is less than when the epithelium is tension free. ex: lining of uterus or bladder
Exocrine Glands
have ducts to carry the secretion to desired location secretion: digestive juices or protein ex: salivary, sweat& liver
Apocrine
have watery secretion. secretory vesicles accumulate in apical part of cell & released at the same time - damaging the apical part of cell; ex: sweat glands opening on main surface of skin
Stratified Cuboidal Epithilium
lines the bigger ducts of the sweat & salivary glands
Where do epithelial tissues lie?
on a common basement membrane
Keratinocytes
produce fibrous protein (keratin), most cells in epidermis
Mercorine
secretory vesicles do not get stored and release contents by exocytosis causing no damage to cell. cause odorous sweat. ex: sweat glands opening up into axilla, areola, and groins.
The principal role of melanin is to __________.
shield the nucleus from damage by ultraviolet radiation
Bone
solid matrix; vascular (has blood supply)
Epithelial tissues are _______ ________ tissues.
surface forming (can cover external or internal surfaces of body or organs)
Holocrine
when all the cell contents are released at the same time ex: sebaceous glands
What is the difference between a -cyte & a -blast?
"Blast" Cells > Immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance & fibers "Cyte" Cells > mature form; maintain matrix
Cell Membrane
(at cell level) cell membrane is lipid bi-layer with proteins in it
Columnar Stratified Epithelium
(rare in the human body) only the top layer is columnar, ex: lining in the pharynx
Basement Membrane
(tissue level) barrier between epithelial and connective tissues
Epithelial Tissue
- forms boundaries - has 2 main types by location covering and lining epithelial on external and internal surfaces glandular epithelia secretory tissue in glands *epithelial tissue is very very tightly packed
Tissue that has spindle-shaped cells with ends tapering to points
Smooth
What muscle tissue is found in blood vessel walls, in the gut wall and in the glands?
Smooth Involuntary Muscle
The tissue that is found in the walls of the intestines, urinary bladder, and blood vessels
Smooth Tissue
What muscle tissue is found in blood vessel walls, in the gut wall and in glands?
Smooth involuntary muscle
Which muscle cells are spindle-shaped?
Smooth muscle
Arrector Pili Muscles
Smooth muscle cells attached to hair follicles. When contracted, they pull hair into upright position (goosebumps)
What type of muscle tissue has spindle-shaped cells with ends tapering to points?
Smooth muscle tissue
What type of muscle tissue is found in walls of intestine, urinary bladder, and blood vessels?
Smooth muscle tissue
Muscles
Specialized tissue for contraction
The inside of blood vessels is lined with:
Squamous Epithelium
What is the most common Stratified Epithelium?
Squamous Stratified Epithelium
Secreted
Squirts out ex: sweat, oils in hair
Which characteristic of epithelial tissues would you expect to find in a duct that is subject to a high degree of pressure (such as the male urethra)?
Stratified layering
What are the 5 cell layers? (superficial to deep)
Stratum Corneum, Startum Lucidem, Stratum Granulosom, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basal Come (cornum) Lets (lucidium) Get (granulosom) Some (spinosum) Beverages (Basal)
Which epidermal layer is closest to a bloody supply?
Stratum basale
What layer of epidermis would be gradually shed through bathing?
Stratum corneum
What muscle tissue has long fibers and nuclei on the surface?
Striated Voluntary Muscle
What muscle tissue moves bones?
Striated Voluntary Muscle
Collagen Fiber
Strongest & most abundant type Tough; provides high tunsile strength (tunsile = ability to resist being pulled apart)
Histology
Study of tissue
Sweat Glands =
Sudoriferous glands
Epidermis
Superficial region *epithelial tissue*
Functions of Bone
Supports and protects Stores fat and synthesized blood cells in cavities Richly Vascularized *connective tissue
The touch sensors of the epidermis are the _________.
Tactile cells
The major distinction between endocrine glands and exocrine glands is that endocrine glands secrete their product into _________.
The blood
Regeneration
The making of new cells
