A&P Exam 2
a transmembrane protein
A membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer one or more times is ________.
A patient was involved in a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. An inexperienced observer suggests replenishing body fluids by adding distilled water to the blood directly via one of their veins. What would be the most probable result of this transfusion?
A patient was involved in a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. An inexperienced observer suggests replenishing body fluids by adding distilled water to the blood directly via one of their veins. What would be the most probable result of this transfusion?
nonpolar lipid molecule that is made amphipathic by the addition of a phosphate
A phospholipid is a ________.
a short, rounded spinous process
A typical lumbar vertebra has ________.
lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process
A typical vertebra has ________.
an amino acid
ATP is
increased production of connective tissue
After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response?
thyroxine
All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except
epidermis and dermis
An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin?
papillary dermis
An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed?
These two forms of aquaporin will have different sequences of amino acids.
Aquaporins are proteins that control the passage of water molecules across a cell membrane. The protein forms a pore, or opening, in the membrane. You isolate what you think are two different molecules of aquaporin and determine that one of the proteins has a larger pore diameter than the second. Which of the following do you conclude?
stratum corneum
As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?
integral proteins
Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________.
dense, hard connective tissue
Bone tissue can be described as ________.
beneath the periosteum
Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________.
epiphyseal plate
Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________.
irregular
Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones.
True
Both primary and secondary active transport require the expenditure of metabolic energy.
simple diffusion.
CO 2 is a small, non-polar molecule. It will cross the cell membrane by
vitamin D
Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking.
osmosis; pinocytosis
Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________.
structure
Collagen lends ________ to the skin.
cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?
mitochondria
Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the ________.
True
Differences in skin color are due to melanocyte activity and melanosome size/concentration
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________.
are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat
Eccrine sweat glands ________.
False
Endocrine glands secrete onto body surfaces or cavities
False
Enzymes catalyze reactions and are consumed (used up) in that reaction.
False
Fibrocartilage is surrounded by perichondrium.
The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.
How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream?
Carbohydrates contain and display information at the cell surface.
How do carbohydrates contain and/or display information for cells?
Water will tend to enter the cell because the interior has an increased osmolarity.
If all other conditions remain the same and the concentration of a nonpenetrating solute increases inside a cell, which is most likely to occur?
Primary active transport of molecules would cease.
If the ATP-generating mechanisms in a cell are poisoned and the cell depletes its ATP reserves, which would occur first?
Langerhans cells
If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria?
mesoderm
In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________.
osteocytes
In bone, the main cells are ________.
false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is polar throughout its width.
In general, polar molecules diffuse more rapidly through the lipid bilayer part of cell membranes than do nonpolar molecules. This statement is
are easily treatable and not a major health concern
In general, skin cancers ________.
vitamin D synthesis
In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________.
columnar
In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?
are responsible for goose bumps
In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________.
True
Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytosol and organelles.
may open in response to binding a ligand.
Ion channels in cell membranes
active transport
Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________.
their electrochemical gradients
Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels down ________.
As a disaccharide
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?
stratum spinosum
Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________.
dense regular connective tissue
Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?
are insoluble in water
Lipids ________.
likely be liquid at room temperature
Lipids that contain a high number of double bonds in their fatty acid chains will ________.
Polar heads and nonpolar tails; the polar heads interact with water.
Lipids that form membranes have what kind of structure?
lever
Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________.
short bones
Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________.
sella turcica
Parts of the sphenoid bone include the ________.
is called transcription of the message.
RNA synthesis from a DNA template
The rate of osmosis is faster in red blood cells than in skin cells.
Red blood cells have a higher proportion of aquaporins on the membrane than skin cells do. Assuming equal osmotic pressures, which is true?
are associated with hair follicles
Sebaceous glands ________.
Swelling pain redness localized heat
Select all of the following that characterize inflammation
tendons
Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________.
mitochondria
Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?
keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?
skeletal muscle only
Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.
holocrine; apocrine
The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.
specificity
The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________.
True
The active site of an enzyme is a functional binding site.
hole
The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?
forms the vertical axis of the body
The axial skeleton ________.
hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa
The bony openings of the skull include the ________.
phospholipids and proteins
The cell membrane is composed mainly of
myoblasts
The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.
neurons
The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.
seven vertebrae
The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of ________.
down (with); concentration
The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient.
periosteum
The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.
True
The final equilibrium state reached by a molecule that enters a cell by facilitated diffusion is the same as that for a molecule that enters the cell by diffusion.
spongy
The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.
occipital bone
The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the ________.
C18H32O16
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
axon
The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.
connective tissue
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________.
stratum basale
The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?
are remnants of the original fetal curvature
The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ________.
differentiation
The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________.
True
The shape of a protein determines its function(s).
Mitochondria
The site where most of the ATP is generated in a cell is the
bones and cartilage
The skeletal system is made of ________.
junction between the manubrium and body
The sternal angle is the ________.
is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra
The tubercle of a rib ________.
Different side chains (R-groups) attached to an α carbon
There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?
nucleus; cytoplasm
Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively.
attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum
True ribs are ________.
Whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient
Under what circumstances does membrane transport require energy?
all of the above
Uracil ________.
2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of water, and 2 molecules of lactate
What are the products of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?
The components of the R-group
What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?
protect DNA from UV radiation
What is the function of melanin?
The terminal hydroxyl group
What region of the steroid cholesterol is hydrophilic?
It will swell insize.
What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
Areas exposed to long-term UV radiation such as the head, neck, arms, and back.
Where in the body are you most likely to find a basal cell carcinoma?
Where in the body are you most likely to find a melanoma?
Where in the body are you most likely to find a melanoma?
Areas exposed to intermediate UV radiation such as the scalp, nose, ears, and hands
Where in the body are you most likely to find a squamous cell carcinoma?
On the inside surface of the cell membrane
Where would you most likely find an integral membrane protein?
long bone
Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?
osteoclasts
Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?
adipose tissue
Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?
Pinocytosis
Which form of endocytosis is nonspecific, in that it occurs by the formation of an invagination of the plasma membrane, which then fills with interstitial fluid of the immediate area?
protection of internal organs
Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?
Regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
Which is a major function of the plasma membrane?
nuchal ligament
Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column?
Aquaporins
Which of the following allows water to move much faster across cell membranes?
Haversian systems
Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone?
osteoblasts and osteocytes
Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?
trabeculae
Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?
Changing in shape or appearance Irregular border shapes Large diameter Varied color across the region Asymmetrical borders
Which of the following are used to help diagnose early melanomas (select all that apply)
cartilage
Which of the following can be found in areas of movement?
Head, neck, right arm, trunk
Which of the following combinations of body regions would you expect to find in a patient with third degree burns across 54 % of his body?
Adipose connective tissue
Which of the following connective tissue would you expect to see extensively in the hypodermis?
Fibrocartilage
Which of the following connective tissues would you expect to find in areas of the body exposed to both compressive and shearing forces?
Dense regular connective tissue
Which of the following connective tissues would you expect to find in tendons and ligaments?
A small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2)
Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the fastest?
A small, polar molecule like water
Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the slowest?
Skin
Which of the following develops from the ectoderm
Lungs
Which of the following develops from the endoderm
skin?
Which of the following develops from the mesoderm
Collagen
Which of the following fibers is provides high tensile strength?
estrogen and testosterone
Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt?
Energy storage that can be easily digested and metabolized
Which of the following is NOT a potential function of proteins?
In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
Which of the following is TRUE of osmosis?
parietal bone
Which of the following is a bone of the brain case?
It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?
Requirement for metabolic energy
Which of the following is a feature that distinguishes active transport from facilitated diffusion?
supports trunk of body
Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton?
Menopause reduces estrogen levels which reduces osteoblast activity
Which of the following is a likely reason that osteoporosis is seen more frequently in women?
calcitonin
Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated?
Polarity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue?
Used as energy storage in the form of starch
Which of the following is not a function of carbohydrates in the human body?
source of blood vessels in the epidermis
Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?
embryonic
Which of the following is not a type of tissue?
Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?
The epidermis contains molecules for minimizing water loss, and may be destroyed or damaged in severe burns.
Which of the following is the best explanation for severe burns potentially leading to dehydration?
simple squamous
Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?
stratum granulosum
Which of the following is the most apical living layer of the epidermis?
Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally.
Which of the following is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated?
The Na +/K + pump directly uses ATP The Na +/K + pump creates an electrical disequilibrium. The Na +/K + pump creates chemical disequilibrium. The Na +/K + pump is an example of counter transport.
Which of the following is true about the actions of the sodium-potassium pump?
In the digestive tract they assist in reducing friction across the epithelial surface They are unicellular exocrine glands In the respiratory tract they assist in trapping debris They produce the protein mucin
Which of the following is true of goblet cells?
Severe pain Blisters
Which of the following is true of second degree burns (select all that apply)
Epidermis damaged Dermis damaged Hypodermis damaged Little-to-no pain Charred appearance
Which of the following is true of third degree burns (select all that apply)
mucosa
Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?
Phospholipids
Which of the following lipids can be found in the plasma membrane?
Movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid
Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP?
shock absorption
Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?
Parathyroid gland Kidneys Thyroid gland Bones
Which of the following organs are involved in maintaining blood calcium levels (select all that apply)
Passive transport
Which of the following processes includes all others?
fever
Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?
calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate?
CGAATATA
Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT?
Melanoma
Which of the following skin cancers is most likely to metastasize?
At equilibrium, the netflux of X across the cell membrane is zero.
Which of the following statements regarding the diffusion of a nonpolar solute Xacross a cell membrane is correct?
The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids.
Which of the following statements regarding the structure and function of cell membranes is correct?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Which of the following tissue types would you expect to find lining a blood vessel?
glucose versus glycogen
Which of these best reflects the following relationship: monosaccharide versus polysaccharide?
Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Secondary active transport
Which of these processes can occur without the direct use of ATP?
leafy green vegetables
Which one of the following foods is best for bone health?
stratified columnar
Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface?
Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.
Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue?
The C=C bond decreases how tightly molecules can pack together
Why are unsaturated lipids liquid at room temperature?
Due to a loss of functional shape
Why do denatured proteins have reduced or lost function?
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of making ATP
Why do humans produce carbon dioxide?
Proteins become denatured and are unable to complete their jobs.
Why does a fever become dangerous to body functions if it continues to rise?
because it does not have a blood supply
Why is cartilage slow to heal?
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other?
make blood cells
Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________.
a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left.
Wolff's law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________
an area of fat storage
Yellow marrow has been identified as ________
It is an amphipathic molecule.
You are learning about an integral membrane protein. This protein has a region that is exposed to the extracellular fluid, a region that spans the membrane, and another region that is exposed to the intracellular fluid. Which of the following is likely TRUE of this protein?