A&P final exam
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
A band
which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin filaments
ribosomes, golgi, rough er, nucleus
which of the following is involved in protein synthesis
all cells occupy space
which of the following statements is not a tenet of modern cell theory
myokinase
In order for muscle to continue contraction during anaerobic respiration, which of the following is essential?
fibrous
The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except
153
The gene coding for a polypeptide made of 51 amino acids would have a minimum of _________ bases.
Evolution
The gradual change in a species over time
Elongation
addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain; continues until it reaches a stop codon
initiation of translation
mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first codon is always AUG
an increase in reactant concentration
Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction.
Transcription
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
limbic system location
- medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres - also within the diencephalon
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Proteins
All enzymes are
Troponin
The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is
Extra cellular fluid
fluid outside the cell
anaphase
sister chromatids separate
Contractility
ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
the phosphagen system
which of the following systems would provide energy for a racquetball player while playing a point
Pinocytosis
which of these brings nonspecific material into the cell
fat
which of these is hydrophobic
Carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, DNA, chromatin
which of these is the correct sequence from simple to more complex
Cholesterol
which of these molecules is hydrophobic
osteoclasts
which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes
decrease reactant concentration
which one of the following would not increase the rate of a reaction
Phagocytosis
white blood cells engulf bacteria by means of
electrical potential
A form of potential energy that can produce current
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
3 major divisions of the brain
cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala
3 parts of the limbic system
liver
80% of the lactate produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvate by the
nervous tissue
A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.
muscle tissue
A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.
periosteum ; endosteum
A bone is covered externally with a sheath called ______________, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with _____________.
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
A formal-operations problem-solving strategy in which an individual begins by identifying all the factors that might affect a problem and then deduces and systematically evaluates specific solutions.
tissue
A group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.
increased speed
A joint with mechanical advantage greater than 1.0 does not have
Conductivity
A material's ability to allow heat to flow
higher; shrink
A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. The concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid and will cause the cell to ______________.
epiphysial plate
Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the __________.
Telophase
After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
recruit more muscle fibers
As you are lifting a box someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must
longer aerobic respiration
Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count and thus increase their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in
cartilage growth
Bone elongation is a result of
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
They have grown large enough and replicated their DNA
Cells undergo division when which of the following conditions have been met?
nutrients ; proteins
Cellular membranes are permeable to _________, but impermeable to ___________.
cell proliferation
Chondrocytes multiply in this zone of _____ of the metaphysis.
Prophase
Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
transcription; translation
Copying genetic information from DNA into RNA is called ______________, whereas using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called _______________.
activation energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started
compound acinar
Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___________ glands.
Hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
28%
If a DNA molecule were known to be 22% thymine (T), what would be the percentage of guanine (G)?
an elevated level of osteoblast activity
If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect
Metabolism
Includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized, defined as sum of all chemical reactions in body, includes reactions where molecules are broken down
appositional growth
Mature bones are remodeled throughout life via a process known as
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
mucous; serous
Mucin is secreted by ________________glands, which combines with water and form a thick and sticky product. __________________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid
Mitochondria
Muscle cells contain numerous _____________ to serve their high demand for ATP.
give up one electron; accept one electron
Na (atomic no. 11) reacts with Cl (atomic no. 17) to become stable. In the reaction, Na will ____________, while Cl will ____________.
homeostatic mechanisms
Negative feedback loops are
estrogen; osteoclast activity
Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.
polymers; 20
Proteins are __________ built from __________ different amino acids.
In an isotonic contraction
Shortening a muscle while it maintains constant tension is called __________.
the type of receptors on the post synaptic cell
Some neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on ...
Calcitriol
Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ is important to the deposition of bone.
femur ; spongy
The _____ is an example of bone as an organ; ______ bone is an example of bone as a tissue
ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis
The _______________ gives rise to the _______________.
a neuromuscular junction of a skeletal muscle
The axon terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which is received by receptors on the motor end plate. Which structure does this describe?
marrow cavity
The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the __________.
epithelium and lamina propria
The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of _________.
threshold
The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called the
osteoclasts; osteocytes
The plasma membrane of ___________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas ____________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.
Rickets/Osteomalacia
The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.
Physiology
The study of body function
Anatomy
The study of body structure
no effect
The toxin of Clostridium tetani travels within somatic motor neurons and effects the functioning of their presynaptic neurons. What effect does this have on smooth muscle?
mesoderm; mesenchyme
This middle primary germ layer is called ______, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called ________________, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, and blood. ectoderm; stem cells mesoderm; mesenchyme endoderm; mesenchyme mesoderm; fibroblasts ectoderm; mesenchyme
osmosis; aquaporins
Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.
the permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases
What happens when acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction?
ACGGTA
What is the complementary DNA base sequence to the DNA strand TGCCAT?
the relationship between the cells volume and surface area
What limits how large a cell can grow?
osteoblasts ; osteocytes
When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.
relaxes
When acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles, the skeletal muscle __________.
the intracellular environment is negatively charged
Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)?
the first few crystals to form attract more calcium and phosphate
Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition?
transport of Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Na+-K+ pump a. heat production b. transport of NA+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell c. secondary active transport d. regulation of cell volume e. maintenance of membrane potential
Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with the light microscope
Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?
a calcified matrix
Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?
lower blood calcium
Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?
lemon juice, pH = 2.3
Which of these has the highest H+ concentration?
Isotopes
___ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass
DNA helicase ; DNA polymerase
______ opens up one segment of the DNA helix during replication, whereas ______ adds complementary free nucleotides to the exposed DNA strand.
the golgi; rough er
______ synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on proteins synthesized at _______
Eccrine; Holocrine
__________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. __________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.
genes; proteins
_____________ are turned on or off by regulatory proteins in accordance with changing needs for the _____________ they encode.
flagella;cilia;microvilli
______provide motility to a sperm cell, ______ act as sensory antennae in many cells, and ______increase a cells surface area
46;92
a cell finishing mitosis has _____ DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has ____ DNA molecules
physiological gradient
a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another
articular cartilage and epiphysial plate
a growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the
contraction
a muscle twitch produces external tension and moves an object by shortening the muscles during the ____ phase
all or none law of action potentials states
a neuron will fire at maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes it to threshold
peer review
a process where a scientist's ideas are submitted to the critical judgment of other specialists in the field before the research is funded or published
Extensibility
ability to be stretched
Excitability
ability to respond to stimuli
32
aerobic respiration produces a net yield of approximately ___ ATPs per glucose
DNA ligase, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA
all of the following participate in DNA replication
ribosomes
all of the following participate in DNA replication except
smooth er
among other functions, hepatocytes are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. hepatocytes have large amounts of
Hydrolysis
amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through ______ reactions
Anion
an atom with 12 electrons, 13 neurons, and 11 protons is an
broca area
articulation of spoken eords
negative feedback
blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
Two layer membrane
both the nucleus and the mitochondrion are surrounded by a _____
projection tracts
carried info between the cerebrum and the rest of the body, found within cerebral white matter
commissural tracts
carried info between the two cerebral hemispheres (white matter)
Association tracts
connect regions within same cerebral hemisphere (white matter)
Gene
contains necessary info for the production of a molecule of RNA
adipose tissue
cushions vital organs and insulates the body
Peroxisomes
decomposes fatty acid, and detoxifies alcohol, free radicals, and drugs
negative feedback
during exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of
Depolarization
during which part of the action potential do most voltage gated sodium channels open
The blood
endocrine glands secrete hormones into the
kinetic energy
energy due to motion
Elastic Energy
energy stored in an object when force is applied, when stretched or compressed.
Sodium
excitatory postsynaptic potentials are usually due to the entry of which type of ion
totipotent
for the first couple of days after fertilization, human cells have the potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated cell. because of this, they are called ______ stem cells
thalamus
gateway to cerebral cortex
correct sequence in healing a bone fracture
hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling
5
how many lobes are found in each of the cerebral hemispheres
Recessive
if one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another; we say that is it a _____ allele
in the axon terminal
in a synapse, where are synaptic vesicles located
Nucleus
in most cells, the _____ is the largest organelle
the atlanto-occipital joint
is a first class lever
Apoptosis
it is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. this is a consequence of ___ in human breast cells
central canals
it's common to find ______ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone
positive feedback
most likely to cause disease
hypothetico deductive reasoning
most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid resistant bacterium lives in the lining of the stomach. if these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. this line of investigation is an example of
postsynaptic potential
neural integration is based on the combing together of which if the following
plasticity
not a characteristic of a muscle cell
cerebellum
occupies the posterior cranial fossa
termination of translation
occurs when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome
Golgi complex
organelle that sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane bound vesicles
smooth er
organelle that synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells
cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
thalamus
oval-shaped structure in the diencephalon located at the superior end of the brain stem beneath the cerebral hemispheres
Limbic Sysytem
part of the brain involved with emotion and learning
chemical
potential energy stored in bonds is released as _____ energy
newly synthesized polypeptide
product of translation
corpus callosum
prominent c shaped fiber tract that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres
lower motor neurons
refers to neurons whose axons project from the brain stem or spinal cord to inner ate the skeletal muscles
Wernicke's area
responsible for interpreting meaning of written and spoken language
proteins and rna
ribosomes are made of _____
to process info
role of neural pools in the CNS
Gustation
sense of taste
longitudinal fissure
separates left and right hemispheres
Sulci
shallow grooves found on each of the cerebral hemispheres
potential energy
stored energy
metaphysis
the _____ is a marginal zone of the epiphysial plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage
tetanus
the absence or inhibition or acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to
modification
the act of making something different
Electrons
the bonding properties of an atom are determined by its
Plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Decomposition
the breakdown of starch by digestive enzymes into glucose molecules is a _______ reaction
growth ; differentiation
the change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of_______, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of ________
Cytosol
the clear gel inside a cell
evolution
the constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of
epithelial tissue
the covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of
Squamous
the flat shaped cells found covering the skin are
a mucous membrane
the membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment
osteoporosis
the most common bone disease; severe loss of bone density
Osmolarity; tonicity
the number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its ________. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its _______
Phospholipids
the plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called
Microvilli
the plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has _______, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients
recruitment
the process of engaging more motor units to increase the strength of a muscle contraction is called
potassium
the sarcolemma of a resting muscle fiber is most permeable to
Metaphase
the stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the equator of a cell is
kinetic energy
the vibration of an ear drum is an example of
Gyri
thick folds of tissue found on each of the cerebral hemispheres
epiphysial line
thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adults epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the
connective tissues
tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs
synaptic vesicles
to stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ______ into the synaptic cleft
Cerebrum
together the right and left cerebral hemispheres make up which part of the brain
Rostral
toward the nose; toward the forehead or higher
Caudal
toward the tail
nucleus ; nucleolus
transcription occurs in the ____ but most translation occurs in the ____
glycerol; fatty acids
triglycerides consist of a 3 carbon compound called ______ bound to 3 ____
hypertonic solution
type of solution that contains higher than normal amounts of osmotically active solutes
special senses
vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium
Homeostasis
we live in an ever changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is class
the genome
what is all of the DNA in a set of 23 chromosomes referred to as
natural selection
what is the principal theory of how evolution works
a hydrogen bond
what type of bond attracts one water molecule to another
positive feedback
when a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of
prefrontal cortex
where a person decides the appropriate ways to show feelings
skeletal muscle
where do lower motor neurons terminate
the cell synthesizes proteins and grows
which happens in the cells first gap phase (G1)
skeletal muscle
which muscle type depends solely on the sarcoplasmic reticulum as it's calcium source
glycine , GABA
which neurotransmitters produce IPSPs
golgi, mitochondrion, nucleus, er
which of the following is a membranous organelle
Tissue
which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient
lysosome
which of the following is not considered an inclusion
Thymine
which of the following is not found in rna
smooth er
which of the following is not involved in protein synthesis
