A&P final exam

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

A band

which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin filaments

ribosomes, golgi, rough er, nucleus

which of the following is involved in protein synthesis

all cells occupy space

which of the following statements is not a tenet of modern cell theory

myokinase

In order for muscle to continue contraction during anaerobic respiration, which of the following is essential?

fibrous

The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except

153

The gene coding for a polypeptide made of 51 amino acids would have a minimum of _________ bases.

Evolution

The gradual change in a species over time

Elongation

addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain; continues until it reaches a stop codon

initiation of translation

mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first codon is always AUG

an increase in reactant concentration

Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction.

Transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

limbic system location

- medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres - also within the diencephalon

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Proteins

All enzymes are

Troponin

The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is

Extra cellular fluid

fluid outside the cell

anaphase

sister chromatids separate

Contractility

ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

the phosphagen system

which of the following systems would provide energy for a racquetball player while playing a point

Pinocytosis

which of these brings nonspecific material into the cell

fat

which of these is hydrophobic

Carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, DNA, chromatin

which of these is the correct sequence from simple to more complex

Cholesterol

which of these molecules is hydrophobic

osteoclasts

which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes

decrease reactant concentration

which one of the following would not increase the rate of a reaction

Phagocytosis

white blood cells engulf bacteria by means of

electrical potential

A form of potential energy that can produce current

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

3 major divisions of the brain

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala

3 parts of the limbic system

liver

80% of the lactate produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvate by the

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

periosteum ; endosteum

A bone is covered externally with a sheath called ______________, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with _____________.

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A formal-operations problem-solving strategy in which an individual begins by identifying all the factors that might affect a problem and then deduces and systematically evaluates specific solutions.

tissue

A group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.

increased speed

A joint with mechanical advantage greater than 1.0 does not have

Conductivity

A material's ability to allow heat to flow

higher; shrink

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. The concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid and will cause the cell to ______________.

epiphysial plate

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the __________.

Telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

recruit more muscle fibers

As you are lifting a box someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must

longer aerobic respiration

Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count and thus increase their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in

cartilage growth

Bone elongation is a result of

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

They have grown large enough and replicated their DNA

Cells undergo division when which of the following conditions have been met?

nutrients ; proteins

Cellular membranes are permeable to _________, but impermeable to ___________.

cell proliferation

Chondrocytes multiply in this zone of _____ of the metaphysis.

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

transcription; translation

Copying genetic information from DNA into RNA is called ______________, whereas using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called _______________.

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

compound acinar

Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___________ glands.

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

28%

If a DNA molecule were known to be 22% thymine (T), what would be the percentage of guanine (G)?

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect

Metabolism

Includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized, defined as sum of all chemical reactions in body, includes reactions where molecules are broken down

appositional growth

Mature bones are remodeled throughout life via a process known as

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.

mucous; serous

Mucin is secreted by ________________glands, which combines with water and form a thick and sticky product. __________________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid

Mitochondria

Muscle cells contain numerous _____________ to serve their high demand for ATP.

give up one electron; accept one electron

Na (atomic no. 11) reacts with Cl (atomic no. 17) to become stable. In the reaction, Na will ____________, while Cl will ____________.

homeostatic mechanisms

Negative feedback loops are

estrogen; osteoclast activity

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.

polymers; 20

Proteins are __________ built from __________ different amino acids.

In an isotonic contraction

Shortening a muscle while it maintains constant tension is called __________.

the type of receptors on the post synaptic cell

Some neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on ...

Calcitriol

Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________ is important to the deposition of bone.

femur ; spongy

The _____ is an example of bone as an organ; ______ bone is an example of bone as a tissue

ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

The _______________ gives rise to the _______________.

a neuromuscular junction of a skeletal muscle

The axon terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which is received by receptors on the motor end plate. Which structure does this describe?

marrow cavity

The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the __________.

epithelium and lamina propria

The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of _________.

threshold

The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called the

osteoclasts; osteocytes

The plasma membrane of ___________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas ____________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.

Rickets/Osteomalacia

The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.

Physiology

The study of body function

Anatomy

The study of body structure

no effect

The toxin of Clostridium tetani travels within somatic motor neurons and effects the functioning of their presynaptic neurons. What effect does this have on smooth muscle?

mesoderm; mesenchyme

This middle primary germ layer is called ______, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called ________________, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, and blood. ectoderm; stem cells mesoderm; mesenchyme endoderm; mesenchyme mesoderm; fibroblasts ectoderm; mesenchyme

osmosis; aquaporins

Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.

the permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases

What happens when acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction?

ACGGTA

What is the complementary DNA base sequence to the DNA strand TGCCAT?

the relationship between the cells volume and surface area

What limits how large a cell can grow?

osteoblasts ; osteocytes

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.

relaxes

When acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles, the skeletal muscle __________.

the intracellular environment is negatively charged

Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

the first few crystals to form attract more calcium and phosphate

Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition?

transport of Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Na+-K+ pump a. heat production b. transport of NA+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell c. secondary active transport d. regulation of cell volume e. maintenance of membrane potential

Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with the light microscope

Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?

a calcified matrix

Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?

lower blood calcium

Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

lemon juice, pH = 2.3

Which of these has the highest H+ concentration?

Isotopes

___ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass

DNA helicase ; DNA polymerase

______ opens up one segment of the DNA helix during replication, whereas ______ adds complementary free nucleotides to the exposed DNA strand.

the golgi; rough er

______ synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on proteins synthesized at _______

Eccrine; Holocrine

__________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. __________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.

genes; proteins

_____________ are turned on or off by regulatory proteins in accordance with changing needs for the _____________ they encode.

flagella;cilia;microvilli

______provide motility to a sperm cell, ______ act as sensory antennae in many cells, and ______increase a cells surface area

46;92

a cell finishing mitosis has _____ DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has ____ DNA molecules

physiological gradient

a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another

articular cartilage and epiphysial plate

a growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the

contraction

a muscle twitch produces external tension and moves an object by shortening the muscles during the ____ phase

all or none law of action potentials states

a neuron will fire at maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes it to threshold

peer review

a process where a scientist's ideas are submitted to the critical judgment of other specialists in the field before the research is funded or published

Extensibility

ability to be stretched

Excitability

ability to respond to stimuli

32

aerobic respiration produces a net yield of approximately ___ ATPs per glucose

DNA ligase, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA

all of the following participate in DNA replication

ribosomes

all of the following participate in DNA replication except

smooth er

among other functions, hepatocytes are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. hepatocytes have large amounts of

Hydrolysis

amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through ______ reactions

Anion

an atom with 12 electrons, 13 neurons, and 11 protons is an

broca area

articulation of spoken eords

negative feedback

blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of

osteoblasts

bone forming cells

Two layer membrane

both the nucleus and the mitochondrion are surrounded by a _____

projection tracts

carried info between the cerebrum and the rest of the body, found within cerebral white matter

commissural tracts

carried info between the two cerebral hemispheres (white matter)

Association tracts

connect regions within same cerebral hemisphere (white matter)

Gene

contains necessary info for the production of a molecule of RNA

adipose tissue

cushions vital organs and insulates the body

Peroxisomes

decomposes fatty acid, and detoxifies alcohol, free radicals, and drugs

negative feedback

during exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of

Depolarization

during which part of the action potential do most voltage gated sodium channels open

The blood

endocrine glands secrete hormones into the

kinetic energy

energy due to motion

Elastic Energy

energy stored in an object when force is applied, when stretched or compressed.

Sodium

excitatory postsynaptic potentials are usually due to the entry of which type of ion

totipotent

for the first couple of days after fertilization, human cells have the potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated cell. because of this, they are called ______ stem cells

thalamus

gateway to cerebral cortex

correct sequence in healing a bone fracture

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling

5

how many lobes are found in each of the cerebral hemispheres

Recessive

if one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another; we say that is it a _____ allele

in the axon terminal

in a synapse, where are synaptic vesicles located

Nucleus

in most cells, the _____ is the largest organelle

the atlanto-occipital joint

is a first class lever

Apoptosis

it is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. this is a consequence of ___ in human breast cells

central canals

it's common to find ______ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone

positive feedback

most likely to cause disease

hypothetico deductive reasoning

most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid resistant bacterium lives in the lining of the stomach. if these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. this line of investigation is an example of

postsynaptic potential

neural integration is based on the combing together of which if the following

plasticity

not a characteristic of a muscle cell

cerebellum

occupies the posterior cranial fossa

termination of translation

occurs when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome

Golgi complex

organelle that sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane bound vesicles

smooth er

organelle that synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells

cerebral cortex

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

thalamus

oval-shaped structure in the diencephalon located at the superior end of the brain stem beneath the cerebral hemispheres

Limbic Sysytem

part of the brain involved with emotion and learning

chemical

potential energy stored in bonds is released as _____ energy

newly synthesized polypeptide

product of translation

corpus callosum

prominent c shaped fiber tract that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres

lower motor neurons

refers to neurons whose axons project from the brain stem or spinal cord to inner ate the skeletal muscles

Wernicke's area

responsible for interpreting meaning of written and spoken language

proteins and rna

ribosomes are made of _____

to process info

role of neural pools in the CNS

Gustation

sense of taste

longitudinal fissure

separates left and right hemispheres

Sulci

shallow grooves found on each of the cerebral hemispheres

potential energy

stored energy

metaphysis

the _____ is a marginal zone of the epiphysial plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage

tetanus

the absence or inhibition or acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to

modification

the act of making something different

Electrons

the bonding properties of an atom are determined by its

Plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Decomposition

the breakdown of starch by digestive enzymes into glucose molecules is a _______ reaction

growth ; differentiation

the change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of_______, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of ________

Cytosol

the clear gel inside a cell

evolution

the constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of

epithelial tissue

the covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of

Squamous

the flat shaped cells found covering the skin are

a mucous membrane

the membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment

osteoporosis

the most common bone disease; severe loss of bone density

Osmolarity; tonicity

the number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its ________. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its _______

Phospholipids

the plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called

Microvilli

the plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has _______, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients

recruitment

the process of engaging more motor units to increase the strength of a muscle contraction is called

potassium

the sarcolemma of a resting muscle fiber is most permeable to

Metaphase

the stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the equator of a cell is

kinetic energy

the vibration of an ear drum is an example of

Gyri

thick folds of tissue found on each of the cerebral hemispheres

epiphysial line

thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adults epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the

connective tissues

tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs

synaptic vesicles

to stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ______ into the synaptic cleft

Cerebrum

together the right and left cerebral hemispheres make up which part of the brain

Rostral

toward the nose; toward the forehead or higher

Caudal

toward the tail

nucleus ; nucleolus

transcription occurs in the ____ but most translation occurs in the ____

glycerol; fatty acids

triglycerides consist of a 3 carbon compound called ______ bound to 3 ____

hypertonic solution

type of solution that contains higher than normal amounts of osmotically active solutes

special senses

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

Homeostasis

we live in an ever changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is class

the genome

what is all of the DNA in a set of 23 chromosomes referred to as

natural selection

what is the principal theory of how evolution works

a hydrogen bond

what type of bond attracts one water molecule to another

positive feedback

when a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of

prefrontal cortex

where a person decides the appropriate ways to show feelings

skeletal muscle

where do lower motor neurons terminate

the cell synthesizes proteins and grows

which happens in the cells first gap phase (G1)

skeletal muscle

which muscle type depends solely on the sarcoplasmic reticulum as it's calcium source

glycine , GABA

which neurotransmitters produce IPSPs

golgi, mitochondrion, nucleus, er

which of the following is a membranous organelle

Tissue

which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient

lysosome

which of the following is not considered an inclusion

Thymine

which of the following is not found in rna

smooth er

which of the following is not involved in protein synthesis