A&P Final w/ ch 12 and 24
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential Use Figure 12-2 to answer the following question: Which area of the graph shows when chemically gated sodium channels are open?
1
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential Use Figure 12-2 to answer the following question: Which area of the graph shows when voltage-gated sodium channels are open?
2
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential Use Figure 12-2 to answer the following question: Which area of the graph shows when potassium channels open?
3
At the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its sodium-potassium exchange pump transports
3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions
Put the following steps of stomach acid production in the correct order starting with the reaction that requires an enzyme. 1. H2CO3 dissociates. 2. Chloride ion combines with H+ in the gastric lumen. 3. Water and CO2 combine to form carbonic acid. 4. H+ and bicarbonate ion are transported into the gastric lumen. 5. Cl- diffuses into the gastric lumen.
3, 1, 4, 5, 2
Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer. 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae
4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5
The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Sodium channels are inactivated. 2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization. 3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties. 4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold. 5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs. 6. Sodium channel activation occurs. 7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs. What is the proper sequence of these events?
4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5
Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
The ________ division of the peripheral nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.
Afferent
The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated
Afferent
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates ________ cells
All of the Answers are Correct
Any stimulus that opens a ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential.
All of the answers are correct
Functions of teeth include
All of the answers are correct
The activities of the digestive system are regulated by
All of the answers are correct
The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic membrane depends on the
All of the answers are correct
ions can move across the plasma membrane in which of the following ways?
All of the answers are correct
The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the
Astrocytes
The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.
Autonomic
The axon is connected to the soma at the
Axon Hillock
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the
Bladder
The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
Central
________ open or close in response to binding specific molecules.
Chemically Gated Channel
A feature of the digestive tract wall that increases surface area available for absorption is the
Circular Folds
Branches that may occur along an axon are called
Collateral
Functions of astrocytes include all of the following except
Conducting action potentials
________ nerves are nerves that connect to the brain.
Cranial
A movement of charges in response to a potential difference is called
Current
A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is called
Depolarization
Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes
Depolarization
Within the oral cavity, both mechanical and chemical ________ begin.
Digestion
The ________ division of the nervous system carries motor commands to muscles and glands.
Efferent
Which of the following is not true regarding the establishment of a neuron's resting potential?
Electrical forces push sodium ions into the cell
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential Use Figure 12-2 to answer the following question: What is occurring at the area labeled #4?
Excessive potassium has diffused out causing hyperpolarization
________ provide information about the external environment.
Exterocepters
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
Filtration
The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the
Fundus
Neuron cell bodies in the PNS are clustered together in masses called
Ganglia
Voltage-gated channels are present
In the membrane that covers axons
A stimulus that changes a postsynaptic neuron's membrane from resting potential to -85 mV is a(n) ________ stimulus.
Inhibitory
________ monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Internocepters
Ion channels that are always open are called ________ channels.
Leak
Digestion refers to the
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface.
Mechanically gated
Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?
Memory
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the
Neuron
The same ________ can have different effects depending on the properties of the ________.
Neurotransmitter, Receptor
Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called
Nissl Bodies
The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called
Nodes of Ranvier
The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by
Oligodendrocytes
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
Pancreas
The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the
Perikaryon
The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ________ nervous system.
Peripheral
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
Peristalsis
________ monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints.
Proprioceptors
Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?
Satellite Cells
The oral cavity performs (a) ________ prior to swallowing.
Sensory Analysis
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential Use Figure 12-2 to answer the following question: What is occurring in the area between #2 and #3?
Sodium ions are entering the axon and causing depolarization
The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles
Somatic
The buildup of depolarization when EPSPs arrive at several places on the neuron is called ________ summation.
Spatial
________ nerves are nerves that connect to the spinal cord.
Spinal
A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the
Stomach
Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the
Submucosa
The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the
Synapse
The buildup of depolarization when EPSPs arrive in rapid succession is called ________ summation.
Temporal
Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?
The axon would be unable to generate action potentials
When potassium channels open and the ions diffuse through the membrane,
The inside of the membrane will become more negative
The minimum stimulus required to trigger an action potential is known as the
Threshold
Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in synaptic
Vesicles
Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result, you would expect Mary to be at risk for
abnormal erythropoiesis
The period during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation is the ________ period.
absolute refractory
Functions of the stomach include all of the following except
absorption of triglycerides.
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the
body
The circumferential folds that encircle the digestive tract are known as
circular folds
The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the
common bile duct and the pancreatic duct
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus?
coordinates activity of muscularis externa
A threshold stimulus is the
depolarization necessary to cause an action potential
The crown of a tooth is covered by
enamel
G cells of the stomach secrete
gastrin
Parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,
increased production of gastric juice occurs
The connection of the anterior portion of the tongue to the underlying epithelium is the
lingual frenulum
The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
mesenteries
The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the
mucosa
Upon swallowing, food moves from the mouth directly into the
oropharynx
The ________ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar.
parotid
Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?
parotid
Functions of the tongue include all of the following except
partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
The enzyme pepsin digests
proteins
The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the
pylorus
All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach except that it
recycles bile
The period during which an excitable membrane can respond again, but only if the stimulus is greater than the threshold stimulus, is the ________ period.
relative refractory
The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called
rugae
Rapid impulse conduction from "node" to "node" is called
saltatory propagation
What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?
small intestines
The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as
telodendria
A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called
the postsynaptic neuron.
________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity.
three
A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the
uluva
