A&P I CH. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues
6-1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 2) Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? A) tendons B) bones C) ligaments D) cartilage E) other tissues that connect bones
A
6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 80) Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A) calcitonin. B) thyroid hormone. C) parathyroid hormone. D) growth hormone. E) testosterone.
A
6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 92) Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following, except that it A) is released in large amounts early in life. B) increases the number of osteoclasts. C) increases the activity of osteoclasts. D) produces a severe osteoporosis. E) is released by some cancer tumors.
A
6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 88) After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the A) epiphyseal plate. B) external callus. C) dense tuberosity. D) condyle. E) fracture facet.
B
6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 89) A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture. A) compression B) Pott C) displaced D) greenstick E) Colles
B
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 46) The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process? A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons B) surface growth of bone C) remodeling of compact bone D) remodeling of spongy bone E) osteoporosis
C
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 40) ________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. A) Short B) Irregular C) Spongy D) Compact E) Long
C
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 33) The structural units of mature compact bone are called A) lacunae. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) canaliculi. E) lamellae.
C
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 65) Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by A) high levels of vitamin D. B) too much calcium in the diet. C) elevated levels of estrogen. D) too little thyroxine. E) an excess of growth hormone.
C
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 54) Secondary ossification centers occur A) in the diaphysis. B) at the periosteum. C) in the epiphyses. D) in the metaphyses. E) in dermal bones.
C
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 67) The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification: 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. The correct order for these events is: A) 4, 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4
C
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification Use Figure 6-2 to answer the following question(s): 68) Where does growth in length occur? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
C
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 55) Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. A) osteoclast B) osteoprogenitor C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte
C
6-6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 74) A lack of exercise could A) cause bones to become thicker. B) cause bones to store more calcium. C) result in porous and weak bones. D) cause bones to become longer. E) cause bones to lose their medullary cavity.
C
6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 85) Hundreds of years ago explorers often died of scurvy. How can this bone-related disease be prevented? A) Supplement the diet with more calcium from meat. B) Increase levels of testosterone to stimulate bone repair. C) Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C. D) Drink more water to promote bone remodeling and repair. E) Amputate fractured limbs to prevent the spread of scurvy.
C
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 14) A shallow depression on a bone is termed a A) fossa. B) sulcus. C) facet. D) fissure. E) line.
A
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 4) The tip of a long bone is called the A) epiphysis. B) diaphysis. C) epiphyseal plate. D) metaphysis. E) lamella.
A
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 10) The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid
A
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 47) Identify the structures labeled "4." A) concentric lamellae B) circumferential lamellae C) interstitial lamellae D) trabeculae E) periosteum
A
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 41) The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are A) circumferential lamellae. B) osteoid plates. C) trabeculae. D) concentric lamellae. E) epiphseal ridges.
A
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 32) The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. A) spongy B) osteon C) compact D) lamellar E) irregular
A
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 34) Fat is stored within the A) medullary cavity. B) metaphysis. C) spongy bone. D) epiphysis. E) diaphysis.
A
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 35) Which of the following is a characteristic of bone? A) The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B) The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts. C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for muscle attachment. D) The matrix of bone is mostly collagen with very little calcium. E) For strength, compact bone is organized into a meshwork of matrix called trabeculae.
A
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 39) The lining of the medullary cavity is called the A) endosteum. B) periosteum. C) epimysium. D) perimysium. E) perichondrium.
A
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 42) Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix? A) Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite. B) Calcium is secreted by osteoblasts into the matrix. C) Once deposited, calcium cannot be removed from bone. D) Calcium provides flexibility to the bone matrix. E) Calcium is the organic part of the matrix.
A
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 58) Intramembranous ossification A) produces flat bones as in the bones of the roof of the skull. B) explains how a juvenile's bone can grow in length. C) occurs in the diaphysis of a long bone. D) occurs inside a bag of cartilage. E) occurs in all bones before birth.
A
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 61) Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones. Which of the following statements is therefore true? A) The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible. B) Administraton of growth hormone will stimulate future bone growth in length. C) Osteoclasts will dissolve the metaphysis so length growth can continue until adulthood. D) More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones stimulate rebuilding of growth plates. E) Intramembranous ossification will enable further growth in length.
A
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 64) When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A) grow longer. B) grow wider. C) become shorter. D) become more porous and weaker. E) become thicker.
A
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 72) Identify the structure labeled "2." A) epiphysis B) diaphysis C) metaphysis D) marrow cavity E) trabeculae
A
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 56) Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false? A) results in short, stubby fingers B) results from a mutation C) affects connective tissue genes D) affects epiphyseal cartilages E) may also cause cardiovascular problems
A
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 60) Bone tissue formation begins when osteoblasts secrete A) collagen fibers. B) mesenchyme. C) silica. D) hydroxyapatite. E) calcium.
A
6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 75) When stress is applied to a bone, A) the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts. B) osteoclast activity increases. C) the bone becomes thin and brittle. D) the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress. E) it usually breaks.
A
6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 94) The condition known as osteopenia A) affects mostly women. B) causes a gradual reduction in bone mass. C) is caused by too much vitamin D in the diet. D) is rarely seen as people age. E) only affects the femur.
B
6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 93) A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes is called A) osteopenia. B) osteoporosis. C) osteomyelitis. D) osteitis. E) osteomalacia.
B
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 9) ________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet. A) Irregular B) Sesamoid C) Short D) Long E) Flat
B
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 11) The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the A) ramus. B) trochanter. C) tuberosity. D) tubercle. E) condyle.
B
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 12) A hole through a bone is termed a A) ramus. B) foramen. C) linea. D) tubercle. E) facet.
B
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 7) Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) Wormian E) tendon
B
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 5) The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid
B
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 27) The lacunae of osseous tissue contain A) blood cells. B) osteocytes. C) chondroblasts. D) bone marrow. E) capillaries.
B
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 21) The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a A) Volkmann's canal. B) lacuna. C) trabecula. D) Haversian canal. E) Venetian canal.
B
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 25) The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal
B
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Figure 6-1 Bone Tissue Use Figure 6-1 to answer the following questions: 44) Which structure is termed an osteon? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
B
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 43) The trabeculae of spongy bone A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone. B) are organized along stress lines. C) are composed mostly of cartilage. D) will collapse under stress. E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.
B
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 31) The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called A) osteons. B) trabeculae. C) concentric lamellae. D) interstitial lamellae. E) lacunae.
B
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 62) During appositional growth A) bones grow longer. B) bones grow wider. C) bone is replaced by cartilage. D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E) osteoblasts are overwhelmed by osteocytes.
B
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 66) When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) get wider. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. E) are hardly affected.
B
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 73) In normal adult bones, A) there is no turnover of minerals. B) a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year. C) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed. D) osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases. E) exercise will have no effect on bone remodeling.
B
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 70) What process is shown at #6? A) primary ossification B) secondary ossification C) length growth D) width growth E) fracture repair
B
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 52) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A) fibrous connective-tissue model. B) cartilage model. C) membranous model. D) calcified model. E) osteoblasts model.
B
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 57) Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of A) concentric lamellae. B) cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis. C) growth of trabeculae. D) osteoblasts in the endosteum. E) cartilage cells in the diaphyseal side of the metaphysis.
B
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 50) The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as A) hardening. B) ossification. C) calcification. D) osteogenesis. E) remodeling.
B
6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 77) Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except A) vitamin A. B) vitamin E. C) vitamin C. D) the hormone thyroxine. E) vitamin D.
B
6-1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 3) Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape? A) patella B) frontal C) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna
C
6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application 99) Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for her patient? A) thyroid hormone B) growth hormone C) estrogen D) parathyroid hormone E) calcitonin
C
6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 95) If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become A) denser. B) thicker. C) osteopenic. D) stronger. E) calcified.
C
6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 97) Aging has what effect on the skeletal system? A) progressive loss of processes and tuberosities B) fusion of joints, especially syndesmoses C) loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix D) increase in the number of cranial foramina E) increase in adipose tissue in epiphyses
C
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 16) Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte? A) stem cell B) dissolves matrix C) mature bone cell D) secretes organic matrix
C
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 6) A rib is an example of a ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) sutural E) sesamoid
C
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 8) Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon
C
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 29) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A) central canals. B) lacunae. C) canaliculi. D) medullary cavities. E) foramina.
C
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 17) Bone is composed of ________ percent cells. A) 25 B) 10 C) 2 D) 15 E) 50
C
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 18) Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) chondrocytes.
C
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 20) Through the action of osteoclasts, A) new bone is formed. B) an organic framework is formed. C) bony matrix is dissolved. D) osteoid is calcified. E) fractured bones regenerate.
C
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 36) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are A) radial. B) anterior. C) parallel. D) proximal. E) diagonal.
C
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 49) The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage? A) elastic cartilage B) synovial cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) fibrocartilage E) osseous cartilage
C
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 13) The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a A) crest. B) ridge. C) head. D) condyle. E) trochlea.
D
6-2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 15) The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the ________. A) diaphysis B) epiphysis C) osseophysis D) metaphysis E) medullary cavity
D
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 28) How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? A) The bone would be less flexible. B) The bone would be stronger. C) The bone would be more brittle. D) The bone would be more flexible. E) The bone would be less compressible.
D
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 19) ________ are squamous stem cells that develop into osteoblasts. A) Osteoclasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteomedullary cells D) Osteoprogenitor cells E) Squamous osteons
D
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 22) Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone? A) calcium phosphate B) collagen fibers C) calcium carbonate D) chondroitin sulfate E) hydroxyapatite
D
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 24) ________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) Osteoid D) Osteoprogenitor E) Chondroblast
D
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 30) The central canal of an osteon contains A) bone marrow. B) osteocytes. C) concentric lamellae. D) blood vessels. E) lacunae.
D
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 37) The femur can withstand ________ times the body weight without breaking. A) 3 B) 5 to 10 C) 8 D) 10 to 15 E) 30
D
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 69) What type of tissue occurs at #1? A) elastic tissue B) fibrocartilage C) bone D) hyaline cartilage E) marrow tissue
D
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 71) Identify the structure at #4. A) intramembranous bone B) spongy bone C) hyaline cartilage D) periosteum E) mesenchyme
D
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 63) When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A) puberty begins. B) interstitial bone growth begins. C) appositional bone growth begins. D) long bones have reached their adult length. E) the bone becomes more brittle.
D
6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 79) The most abundant mineral in the human body is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) phosphorus. D) calcium. E) hydrogen.
D
6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 76) Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) rickets. D) giantism. E) dwarfism.
D
6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 86) How is vitamin D (vitamin D3) related to calcium homeostasis in bone? A) Vitamin D provides a framework for calcium in the matrix. B) Vitamin D is regulated by osteoclast activity. C) Vitamin D is produced by osteoblasts during endochondral ossification. D) Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract so calcium is available for ossification and remodeling. E) Vitamin D replaces calcium in the skeleton.
D
6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 83) A child with rickets often has A) oversized facial bones. B) long fingers. C) frequent bruises. D) bowed legs. E) inadequate muscle development.
D
6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 87) The disease osteomalacia causes calcium loss from the skeleton, which would result in bones that are A) more resistant to compression. B) stronger and heavier. C) stronger and contain more spongy bone. D) weaker and more flexible. E) weaker and more brittle.
D
6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 81) The hormone calcitonin functions to A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) decrease the rate of calcium excretion. C) decrease the rate of calcium absorption. D) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts.
D
6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 84) Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of A) potassium. B) iron. C) sulfate. D) calcium. E) sodium.
D
6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 90) While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall? A) hypertension B) tachycardia C) erythema D) hematoma E) cyanosis
D
6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application 100) Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests nutritional therapy. What might she recommend for her patient? A) vitamin C B) vitamin D C) calcium supplements D) dairy products E) All of the answers are correct.
E
6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 98) If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition? A) increases in blood levels of calcium B) bone fragility C) decreased bone density D) increased osteoclast activity E) All of the answers are correct.
E
6-10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 96) Why does osteoporosis affect more women than men? A) Women typically do not get enough calcium in their diet. B) Men do not remodel the skeleton as fast as women. C) Pregnancy causes deossification of bones in women and will lead to osteoporosis. D) Men exercise more than women and therefore have less osteoporosis. E) Women have a decrease in sex hormones after menopause whereas men continue to produce male sex hormones throughout adulthood.
E
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 23) ________ account(s) for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone. A) Water B) Calcium carbonate C) Collagen fibers D) Fluoride E) Calcium phosphate
E
6-3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 26) The most abundant cell type in bone is A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts. C) osteolytes. D) osteoprogenitor cells. E) osteocytes.
E
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 48) Where would osteoclasts be most active? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
E
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 38) ________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone. A) Blue B) Yellow C) White D) Gray E) Red
E
6-4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 45) Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
E
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 51) Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A) roof of the skull B) carpal bones C) femur D) clavicle E) the roof of the skull and the clavicle
E
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 53) The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Enlarged chondrocytes die. 2. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Blood vessels invade the perichondrium. 5. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a thin shell of bone. The correct order for these events is A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 B) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 C) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2
E
6-5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 59) Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the A) proximal epiphysis. B) periosteum. C) metaphysis. D) distal epiphysis. E) diaphysis.
E
6-7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 78) Where in the body does the production of precursors for the synthesis of calcitriol occur? A) bone B) kidneys C) small intestine D) liver E) skin
E
6-8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 82) Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except that it A) stimulates osteoclast activity. B) increases the rate of calcium absorption. C) decreases the rate of calcium excretion. D) raises the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) inhibits calcitonin secretion.
E
6-9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 91) Put the following steps of bone repair in correct sequence: 1. Cartilage in the external callus is replaced by bone. 2. A hematoma occurs. 3. An internal callus forms at the site of injury. 4. Osteoclasts remodel the bone at the site of repair. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 4, 2, 3, 1 E) 2, 3, 1, 4
E
Chapter 6 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of following is a function of the skeletal system? A) body support B) calcium homeostasis C) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production E) All of the answers are correct.
E
