★★★★★ **A&P I** ULTIMATE GUIDE - CHAPTER 4 - 7
True or false: Extracellular matrix includes protein fibers, cytoplasm, and ground substance.
False
What is the substance occupying the spaces between cells and fibers within connective tissue called?
Ground substance
the four components of the skeletal system.
Cartilage Bone Ligaments Tendons
Which layer of the skin provides structural strength and prevents tearing?
Dermis
What produces redness and heat in inflammation?
dilation of blood vessels
Apocrine sweat glands ______ body temperature in humans.
do not help regulate
Mesenchyme is known as what type of tissue?
embryonic connective tissue
Chondroblast
immature cartilage cell (responsible for matrix production)
When blood calcium levels are high, osteoclast activity is
inhibited
By weight, mature bone matrix is mostly _____ material.
inorganic
By weight, mature bone matrix is mostly
inorganic material
A serous membrane is an example of an internal or external membrane
internal
Which connective tissue cell secretes histamine and heparin?
mast cells
Bone tissue consists of extracellular bone ______ and bone cells.
matrix
Which is the nonliving component of bone tissue?
matrix
Vitamin D production in the skin ______
promotes calcium absorption
The epiphyseal plate is also called which of the following?
Growth plate
maintain bone
Osteocytes
What type of matrix is found in mesenchyme?
Semi-fluid
What is the purpose of the canaliculi in compact bone?
To provide a passageway between the lacunae
Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except__________
Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except
Where does a long bone grow in length?
epiphyseal plate
The structures that protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage and can be used in defense are __________
nails
Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial:
1. Stratum basal 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum corneum
Flat bones contain ______ layers of compact bone.
2
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
3 types of cartilage
Store lipids
Adipocytes
desmosome
A desmosome is formed by a circular spot of adhering proteins.
What is a lacuna?
A space within the matrix in which you would find a cell
What type of exocrine gland has the secretory cells form a dilated sac?
Acinar
What type of gland has sac-like secretory regions?
Acinar
mammory glands are
Acinar glands
What glands release bits of apical cytoplasm from secretory cell surfaces?
Apocrine
What type of growth is occurring when cartilage is added to the outside of an existing perichondrium?
Appositional
The type of cartilage growth that adds new cartilage to the outside edge of existing cartilage is
Appositional growth
The two major glands of the skin are the ______ glands and the ______ glands
Blank 1: sebaceous or oil Blank 2: sweat, sudoriferous, or sweat (sudoriferous)
Describe changes that occur in older bone tissue. Select all that apply.
Bone becomes more brittle. Bone contains less collagen.
Describe the overall composition of bone tissue.
Bone consists of bone cells and matrix. The bones cells create the matrix, which is constantly being maintained and replaced.
Name the process which changes the shapes of bones to adjust to bone stress, replaces old bone matrix and facilitates the repair of broken bone.
Bone remodeling
Which muscle tissue is composed of cells which are branched, striated, uninucleated and under involuntary control?
Cardiac
Inflammatory response in order of occurrence.
Chemical mediators are released dilation of capillaries fluid and white blood cells swelling occurs
Produce cartilage
Chondroblast
The type of cartilage cell that secretes a matrix is the
Chondroblasts
The vitamin that is responsible for increasing the amount of calcium that is absorbed from the diet is vitamin
D
List the effects of chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response.
Dilation of blood vessels Increased capillary permeability
In adults, what is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate called?
Epiphyseal line
gland cells that release their product by exocytosis.
Eccrine or merocrine,
Which form of ossification begins at around the eight embryonic week but doesn't conclude until 18 - 20 years of age.
Endochondral
Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.
Epidermis
T/F: Like cartilage, bone has a very poor blood supply
False
Form fibrous connective tissue
Fibroblasts
Indicate the three components of extracellular matrix.
Fluid Protein fibers Ground substance
Osteoblasts
Form bone tissue
What is intramembranous ossification?
Formation of bone within a connective tissue membrane
Which junction may coordinate the movement of cilia?
Gap junctions
The support cells of the brain are
Glia
What type of exocrine gland's secretory cells use vesicles to release their secretion by exocytosis?
Holocrine glands
Define calcitonin.
Hormone that functions to decrease blood calcium levels
Cartilage that serves as a precursor for most bones and plays an important role in bone repair and growth?
Hyaline
Which type of cartilage serves as a precursor for most bones and plays an important role in bone repair and growth?
Hyaline
Describe how mechanical stress impacts bone remodeling.
Increasing stress activates osteoblast activity and the formation of new matrix.
Redness, heat, swelling and pain are symptoms that accompany what process?
Inflammation
Hydroxyapatite is what type of matter in bone? (organic or inorganic)
Inorganic
In compact bone, what are the remnants of old osteons found between complete osteons called?
Interstitial lamellae
Many bones of the skull form by which type of ossification?
Intramembranous
What are the layers of bony matrix in bone tissue called?
Lamellae
_______ bone is remodeled from woven bone and its matrix is arranged in distinct layers or sheets known as lamellae.
Lamellar or Compact
__________ bone is remodeled from woven bone and its matrix is arranged in distinct layers or sheets known as lamellae.
Lamellar or Compact
mucous membrane
Lines cavities and tracts that open to the outside of the body
serous membrane
Lines cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body
Bone consists of Blank______ cells and a matrix.
Living
Ingests foreign and injured cells
Macrophage
Fibrocytes
Maintain fibrous connective tissue
Releases chemicals in response to injury
Mast cell
Chondrocyte
Mature cell surrounded by cartilage matrix
hyaline cartilage
Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
Identify functions of the skeletal system.
Movement Site for blood cell formation Protection Storage
Three major types of tissue membranes.
Mucous Synovial Serous
Consists of a layer of epithelial cells, a basement membrane and a lamina propria
Mucous membrane
Indicate the statements that describe cerumen.
Produced by ceruminous glands Waxy secretion Produced by sebaceous glands
Describe functions of the skeletal system.
Production of blood cells and platelets Protection of internal organs Storage of minerals
Describe functions of the skeletal system.
Production of blood cells and platelets Storage of minerals Protection of internal organs
Select all that are functions of the skeletal system.
Production of blood cells and platelets, protection of internal organs, and storage of minerals
True or false: The body can only obtain Vitamin D through the exposure to UV radiation and the resulting conversion of precursor molecules into calcitriol.
Reason: This statement is false. Theoretically, people could produce all their required vitamin D if they were exposed to enough ultraviolet light. In most individuals, however, this is limited because they live indoors and wear clothing. The body can obtain additional Vitamin D from foods such as fatty fish and fortified milk.
One function of the skin is excretion. Indicate the compounds excreted in small amounts via sweat.
Salts Ammonia Urea
The major glands of the skin are the
Sebaceous glands Sweat glands
Consists of a mesothelium, a basement membrane and loose connective tissue
Serous membrane
What are the three major types of tissue membranes?
Serous, mucous, synovial
Which muscle tissue is composed of cells which are fusiform, unnucleated, nonstriated and under involuntary control?
Smooth
Indicate the areas that contain eccrine sweat gland
Soles Axillae Palms
Indicate functions of connective tissue in the body.
Storage of high-energy molecules and minerals. Transport of nutrients, gases, enzymes and hormones. Lends support Attachment of one tissue to another
Consists of only connective tissue
Synovial membrane
Indicate the changes in skin that occur with age.
The ability to regulate body temperature decreases due to a decrease in blood flow to the dermis and reduced sweat gland activity. Normal elastic fibers are replaced by an interwoven mat of thick, elastic-like material. The number of functioning melanocytes generally decreases.
Synovial membrane
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
List the hormones that are involved in influencing bone growth.
Thyroid Hormones Growth Hormone Sex Hormones
True or false: Once "closed" or ossified, growth in length no longer occurs at an epiphyseal plate.
True *The epiphyseal line in adult bone marks the site of the epiphyseal plate that has ossified or "closed". Once closed, growth in length no longer occurs at the site.
What are the waste products of sweat?
Urea and uric acid
In replacement, _____ type of tissue develops.
a new
Two methods used by the skin to help decrease body temperature are ______ and ______
activating sweat glands, dilating dermal blood vessels
Yellow marrow is mostly
adipose tissue
Lamellar bone is formed (before/after) woven bone.
after
Mammary glands are examples of ______ glands.
apocrine
The sweat glands that are simple, coiled, tubular glands, typically opening into hair follicles are the _____ sweat glands.
apocrine
secretory products are stored in the cell near the lumen of the duct. A portion of the cell containing secretory products is released by pinching off.
apocrine glands
Mammary glands are modified ______ glands.
apocrine sweat
Cells are/are not part of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues.
are
Osteoclasts become active when
blood calcium levels are low
What is the function of red bone marrow?
blood cell production
The process of ______ is important to change shapes of bones, adjust to bone stress, replace old bone matrix, and to facilitate repair of broken bone.
bone remodeling
Concentric lamellae of compact bone are composed of
bone tissue
The majority of calcium needed to maintain homeostasis is stored in the
bones
The hormone ______ is released by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are elevated. Its effect is to inhibit osteoclast activity.
calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the principle hormone in regulating blood levels of
calcium
The narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are
canaliculi
Fibrocartilage
cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.
elastic cartilage
cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage
The tympanic membrane is protected from the entry of dirt and small insects into the ear canal by the presence of ______ and hairs.
cerumen
The secretion called ______ is composed of the combined secretions of ceruminous glands and sebaceous glands.
cerumen, earwax, or wax
Repair of bone is complete when the internal callus and the dead bone are replaced with
compact bone
The type of bone that appears solid and forms the outer layers of each bone is
compact bone
Bone tissue comprised of osteons (Haversian systems) is called
compact, dense, or cortical
An osteon consists of circular layers of bone matrix surrounding a central canal. These circular layers of bone matrix are called
concentric lamellae
The bull's eye appearance of the osteon is created by layers of ______ that surround the central canal.
concentric lamellae
Storing fats is a function of ______ tissue.
connective
Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for _____ tissue
connective
Storing fats is a function of a
connective tissue
Nails function to protect the ends of fingers and toes and in
defense
Bone formation associated with cartilage is called
endochondral
Sweating is important in thermoregulation as well as:
excretion of waste
The type of burn involving only epidermal tissue, such as a sunburn, would be categorizes as
first degree
Which type of bone contains an interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone?
flat bone
Third degree burns are also classified as
full-thickness burns
gap junction
gap junction is formed by interlocking channel proteins.
Within nervous tissue, a variety of cell types that, as a group, are called ______ cells protect and insulate neurons.
glia
Hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans are the molecules that comprise most of the ______ of connective tissue.
ground substance
The gland in which entire cells disintegrate and the secretion is a mixture of cell fragments and the substance the cell had synthesized prior to its disintegration is a(n)
holocrine
Most bones in the body start out as
hyaline cartilage
The type of cartilage most intimately associated with bone is
hyaline cartilage
Three types of cartilage are
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
Three types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
The component of ground substance that forms a slippery tissue gel and thus functions as a lubricant is called
hyaluronic acid
PTH stimulates a(n) Blank______ in blood calcium.
increase
The chondrocytes in the zone of proliferation produce new cartilage through ________ cartilage growth
interstitial
The chondrocytes in the zone of proliferation produce new cartilage through______ cartilage growth.
interstitial
What type of cartilage growth occurs when more matrix is made in the center of an existing cartilage?
interstitial
In compact bone, remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae are called
interstitial lamellae
Bone formed in connective tissue membranes is called
intramembranous
A space within a matrix in which you would find a cell is called a (n)
lacuna
Bones are attached to other bones by
ligaments
A ______bone is the traditional model for overall bone structure.
long
In spongy bone, the spaces between trabeculae are filled with
marrow and blood vessels
Exocrine glands that release their secretion by exocytosis are
merocrine
The most common type of secretion by exocrine glands is
merocrine
The digestive tract is lined with a ______ membrane
mucous
Neurons and glia are cell types of ______ tissue.
nervous
Conducting cells of nervous tissue are
neurons
What cell types are found in nervous tissue?
neurons and glial cells
Mature bone matrix is composed of _____ material like collagen and proteoglycans and ______ material like hydroxyapatite.
organic, inorganic
The process of bone formation is called
ossification (osteogenesis)
Mechanical stress applied to bone increases ______ activity in bone tissue.
osteoblast
3 bone cells
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
When a person is bedridden, ______ activity continues at a nearly normal rate but______ activity decreases.
osteoclast; osteoblast
Break down bone
osteoclasts
When blood calcium falls, the type of bone cells called ______ break down bone matrix and release calcium into the blood.
osteoclasts
Two terms which describe the process of bone formation are
osteogenesis ossification
The two molecules that form the majority of ground substance within connective tissue are
proteoglycans hyaluronic acid
In which of the following does blood cell production occur?
red bone marrow
The site of blood cell formation is
red marrow
In ______, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed.
regeneration
Holocrine glands
release their secretion when the secretory cell disintegrates.
List the zones of the epiphyseal plate in order beginning with the zone nearest the epiphysis
resting cartilage proliferation hypertrophy calcification Red Parrots High on Coke
The zone of the epiphyseal plate that is closest to the epiphysis is the zone of______and the zone closest to the diaphysis is the zone of_____
resting cartilage, calcification
The condition called _________ is a disease of childhood in which a deficiency in vitamin D results in soft bones; those of the lower limbs bend under the body's weight.
rickets
The type of burn involving all of the epidermis and part of the dermis would be categorizes as
second degree
If a burn results in pain, redness, and blisters, it is most likely a
second-degree
Skin features that help to protect the body from microorganisms include ________________
secretions of sebaceous glands stratified epithelial tissue presence of components of the immune system
The air-filled spaces lined by mucous membranes found within flat bones like the frontal bone are called
sinuses
Which muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
skeletal
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Bone tissue comprised of trabeculae is called
spongy bone
Flat bones contain an interior framework of ______ bone sandwiched between two layers of ______ bone.
spongy, compact
During aging, bone loss first occurs in the____ bone tissue, followed by bone loss in the _____ bone tissue.
spongy; compact
The functions of vitamin D
stimulating the uptake of calcium from the intestines. promoting uptake of phosphate from intestines
Endochondral ossification begins about
the 8th week of embryonic development
Muscle contraction during exercise increases body temperature which leads to the release of body heat via __________
the dilation of blood vessels in the dermis
Second degree burns involve damage to
the epidermis and dermis
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels in the skin play a major role in _____
thermoregulation
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels in the skin play a major role in ____________
thermoregulation
In bone repair, after bone remodeling, the repaired zone is usually
thick
Fibrocartilage has thicker or thinner bundles of collagen than hyaline cartilage.
thicker
If a burn appears white, tan, brown, or black and is painless, it would be categorized as a
third degree
The intercellular junction designated by a circle
tight junction
ground substance of connective tissue
unstructured material that fills the space between cells
The symptoms of third-degree burns:
usually painless because the sensory receptors have been destroyed.
The dermis contains receptors that detect ______
variations in temperature changes in pressure touch pain
Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except _________
within the hair of the dermis and epidermis
Bone remodeling converts Blank______ to lamellar bone.
woven
Bone remodeling converts______ to lamellar bone.
woven
Osteocyte cell extensions are found in long, narrow spaces called
woven
Bone remodeling after a fracture takes about a ______ to complete
year
Marrow that no longer produces blood cells and is mostly adipose tissue is called
yellow bone marrow
