★★★★★ **A&P I** ULTIMATE GUIDE - CHAPTER 4 - 7

True or false: Extracellular matrix includes protein fibers, cytoplasm, and ground substance.

False

What is the substance occupying the spaces between cells and fibers within connective tissue called?

Ground substance

the four components of the skeletal system.

Cartilage Bone Ligaments Tendons

Which layer of the skin provides structural strength and prevents tearing?

Dermis

What produces redness and heat in inflammation?

dilation of blood vessels

Apocrine sweat glands ______ body temperature in humans.

do not help regulate

Mesenchyme is known as what type of tissue?

embryonic connective tissue

Chondroblast

immature cartilage cell (responsible for matrix production)

When blood calcium levels are high, osteoclast activity is

inhibited

By weight, mature bone matrix is mostly _____ material.

inorganic

By weight, mature bone matrix is mostly

inorganic material

A serous membrane is an example of an internal or external membrane

internal

Which connective tissue cell secretes histamine and heparin?

mast cells

Bone tissue consists of extracellular bone ______ and bone cells.

matrix

Which is the nonliving component of bone tissue?

matrix

Vitamin D production in the skin ______

promotes calcium absorption

The epiphyseal plate is also called which of the following?

Growth plate

maintain bone

Osteocytes

What type of matrix is found in mesenchyme?

Semi-fluid

What is the purpose of the canaliculi in compact bone?

To provide a passageway between the lacunae

Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except__________

Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except

Where does a long bone grow in length?

epiphyseal plate

The structures that protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage and can be used in defense are __________

nails

Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial:

1. Stratum basal 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum corneum

Flat bones contain ______ layers of compact bone.

2

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

3 types of cartilage

Store lipids

Adipocytes

desmosome

A desmosome is formed by a circular spot of adhering proteins.

What is a lacuna?

A space within the matrix in which you would find a cell

What type of exocrine gland has the secretory cells form a dilated sac?

Acinar

What type of gland has sac-like secretory regions?

Acinar

mammory glands are

Acinar glands

What glands release bits of apical cytoplasm from secretory cell surfaces?

Apocrine

What type of growth is occurring when cartilage is added to the outside of an existing perichondrium?

Appositional

The type of cartilage growth that adds new cartilage to the outside edge of existing cartilage is

Appositional growth

The two major glands of the skin are the ______ glands and the ______ glands

Blank 1: sebaceous or oil Blank 2: sweat, sudoriferous, or sweat (sudoriferous)

Describe changes that occur in older bone tissue. Select all that apply.

Bone becomes more brittle. Bone contains less collagen.

Describe the overall composition of bone tissue.

Bone consists of bone cells and matrix. The bones cells create the matrix, which is constantly being maintained and replaced.

Name the process which changes the shapes of bones to adjust to bone stress, replaces old bone matrix and facilitates the repair of broken bone.

Bone remodeling

Which muscle tissue is composed of cells which are branched, striated, uninucleated and under involuntary control?

Cardiac

Inflammatory response in order of occurrence.

Chemical mediators are released dilation of capillaries fluid and white blood cells swelling occurs

Produce cartilage

Chondroblast

The type of cartilage cell that secretes a matrix is the

Chondroblasts

The vitamin that is responsible for increasing the amount of calcium that is absorbed from the diet is vitamin

D

List the effects of chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response.

Dilation of blood vessels Increased capillary permeability

In adults, what is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate called?

Epiphyseal line

gland cells that release their product by exocytosis.

Eccrine or merocrine,

Which form of ossification begins at around the eight embryonic week but doesn't conclude until 18 - 20 years of age.

Endochondral

Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.

Epidermis

T/F: Like cartilage, bone has a very poor blood supply

False

Form fibrous connective tissue

Fibroblasts

Indicate the three components of extracellular matrix.

Fluid Protein fibers Ground substance

Osteoblasts

Form bone tissue

What is intramembranous ossification?

Formation of bone within a connective tissue membrane

Which junction may coordinate the movement of cilia?

Gap junctions

The support cells of the brain are

Glia

What type of exocrine gland's secretory cells use vesicles to release their secretion by exocytosis?

Holocrine glands

Define calcitonin.

Hormone that functions to decrease blood calcium levels

Cartilage that serves as a precursor for most bones and plays an important role in bone repair and growth?

Hyaline

Which type of cartilage serves as a precursor for most bones and plays an important role in bone repair and growth?

Hyaline

Describe how mechanical stress impacts bone remodeling.

Increasing stress activates osteoblast activity and the formation of new matrix.

Redness, heat, swelling and pain are symptoms that accompany what process?

Inflammation

Hydroxyapatite is what type of matter in bone? (organic or inorganic)

Inorganic

In compact bone, what are the remnants of old osteons found between complete osteons called?

Interstitial lamellae

Many bones of the skull form by which type of ossification?

Intramembranous

What are the layers of bony matrix in bone tissue called?

Lamellae

_______ bone is remodeled from woven bone and its matrix is arranged in distinct layers or sheets known as lamellae.

Lamellar or Compact

__________ bone is remodeled from woven bone and its matrix is arranged in distinct layers or sheets known as lamellae.

Lamellar or Compact

mucous membrane

Lines cavities and tracts that open to the outside of the body

serous membrane

Lines cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body

Bone consists of Blank______ cells and a matrix.

Living

Ingests foreign and injured cells

Macrophage

Fibrocytes

Maintain fibrous connective tissue

Releases chemicals in response to injury

Mast cell

Chondrocyte

Mature cell surrounded by cartilage matrix

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Identify functions of the skeletal system.

Movement Site for blood cell formation Protection Storage

Three major types of tissue membranes.

Mucous Synovial Serous

Consists of a layer of epithelial cells, a basement membrane and a lamina propria

Mucous membrane

Indicate the statements that describe cerumen.

Produced by ceruminous glands Waxy secretion Produced by sebaceous glands

Describe functions of the skeletal system.

Production of blood cells and platelets Protection of internal organs Storage of minerals

Describe functions of the skeletal system.

Production of blood cells and platelets Storage of minerals Protection of internal organs

Select all that are functions of the skeletal system.

Production of blood cells and platelets, protection of internal organs, and storage of minerals

True or false: The body can only obtain Vitamin D through the exposure to UV radiation and the resulting conversion of precursor molecules into calcitriol.

Reason: This statement is false. Theoretically, people could produce all their required vitamin D if they were exposed to enough ultraviolet light. In most individuals, however, this is limited because they live indoors and wear clothing. The body can obtain additional Vitamin D from foods such as fatty fish and fortified milk.

One function of the skin is excretion. Indicate the compounds excreted in small amounts via sweat.

Salts Ammonia Urea

The major glands of the skin are the

Sebaceous glands Sweat glands

Consists of a mesothelium, a basement membrane and loose connective tissue

Serous membrane

What are the three major types of tissue membranes?

Serous, mucous, synovial

Which muscle tissue is composed of cells which are fusiform, unnucleated, nonstriated and under involuntary control?

Smooth

Indicate the areas that contain eccrine sweat gland

Soles Axillae Palms

Indicate functions of connective tissue in the body.

Storage of high-energy molecules and minerals. Transport of nutrients, gases, enzymes and hormones. Lends support Attachment of one tissue to another

Consists of only connective tissue

Synovial membrane

Indicate the changes in skin that occur with age.

The ability to regulate body temperature decreases due to a decrease in blood flow to the dermis and reduced sweat gland activity. Normal elastic fibers are replaced by an interwoven mat of thick, elastic-like material. The number of functioning melanocytes generally decreases.

Synovial membrane

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

List the hormones that are involved in influencing bone growth.

Thyroid Hormones Growth Hormone Sex Hormones

True or false: Once "closed" or ossified, growth in length no longer occurs at an epiphyseal plate.

True *The epiphyseal line in adult bone marks the site of the epiphyseal plate that has ossified or "closed". Once closed, growth in length no longer occurs at the site.

What are the waste products of sweat?

Urea and uric acid

In replacement, _____ type of tissue develops.

a new

Two methods used by the skin to help decrease body temperature are ______ and ______

activating sweat glands, dilating dermal blood vessels

Yellow marrow is mostly

adipose tissue

Lamellar bone is formed (before/after) woven bone.

after

Mammary glands are examples of ______ glands.

apocrine

The sweat glands that are simple, coiled, tubular glands, typically opening into hair follicles are the _____ sweat glands.

apocrine

secretory products are stored in the cell near the lumen of the duct. A portion of the cell containing secretory products is released by pinching off.

apocrine glands

Mammary glands are modified ______ glands.

apocrine sweat

Cells are/are not part of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues.

are

Osteoclasts become active when

blood calcium levels are low

What is the function of red bone marrow?

blood cell production

The process of ______ is important to change shapes of bones, adjust to bone stress, replace old bone matrix, and to facilitate repair of broken bone.

bone remodeling

Concentric lamellae of compact bone are composed of

bone tissue

The majority of calcium needed to maintain homeostasis is stored in the

bones

The hormone ______ is released by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are elevated. Its effect is to inhibit osteoclast activity.

calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the principle hormone in regulating blood levels of

calcium

The narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are

canaliculi

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

The tympanic membrane is protected from the entry of dirt and small insects into the ear canal by the presence of ______ and hairs.

cerumen

The secretion called ______ is composed of the combined secretions of ceruminous glands and sebaceous glands.

cerumen, earwax, or wax

Repair of bone is complete when the internal callus and the dead bone are replaced with

compact bone

The type of bone that appears solid and forms the outer layers of each bone is

compact bone

Bone tissue comprised of osteons (Haversian systems) is called

compact, dense, or cortical

An osteon consists of circular layers of bone matrix surrounding a central canal. These circular layers of bone matrix are called

concentric lamellae

The bull's eye appearance of the osteon is created by layers of ______ that surround the central canal.

concentric lamellae

Storing fats is a function of ______ tissue.

connective

Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for _____ tissue

connective

Storing fats is a function of a

connective tissue

Nails function to protect the ends of fingers and toes and in

defense

Bone formation associated with cartilage is called

endochondral

Sweating is important in thermoregulation as well as:

excretion of waste

The type of burn involving only epidermal tissue, such as a sunburn, would be categorizes as

first degree

Which type of bone contains an interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone?

flat bone

Third degree burns are also classified as

full-thickness burns

gap junction

gap junction is formed by interlocking channel proteins.

Within nervous tissue, a variety of cell types that, as a group, are called ______ cells protect and insulate neurons.

glia

Hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans are the molecules that comprise most of the ______ of connective tissue.

ground substance

The gland in which entire cells disintegrate and the secretion is a mixture of cell fragments and the substance the cell had synthesized prior to its disintegration is a(n)

holocrine

Most bones in the body start out as

hyaline cartilage

The type of cartilage most intimately associated with bone is

hyaline cartilage

Three types of cartilage are

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

Three types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

The component of ground substance that forms a slippery tissue gel and thus functions as a lubricant is called

hyaluronic acid

PTH stimulates a(n) Blank______ in blood calcium.

increase

The chondrocytes in the zone of proliferation produce new cartilage through ________ cartilage growth

interstitial

The chondrocytes in the zone of proliferation produce new cartilage through______ cartilage growth.

interstitial

What type of cartilage growth occurs when more matrix is made in the center of an existing cartilage?

interstitial

In compact bone, remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae are called

interstitial lamellae

Bone formed in connective tissue membranes is called

intramembranous

A space within a matrix in which you would find a cell is called a (n)

lacuna

Bones are attached to other bones by

ligaments

A ______bone is the traditional model for overall bone structure.

long

In spongy bone, the spaces between trabeculae are filled with

marrow and blood vessels

Exocrine glands that release their secretion by exocytosis are

merocrine

The most common type of secretion by exocrine glands is

merocrine

The digestive tract is lined with a ______ membrane

mucous

Neurons and glia are cell types of ______ tissue.

nervous

Conducting cells of nervous tissue are

neurons

What cell types are found in nervous tissue?

neurons and glial cells

Mature bone matrix is composed of _____ material like collagen and proteoglycans and ______ material like hydroxyapatite.

organic, inorganic

The process of bone formation is called

ossification (osteogenesis)

Mechanical stress applied to bone increases ______ activity in bone tissue.

osteoblast

3 bone cells

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

When a person is bedridden, ______ activity continues at a nearly normal rate but______ activity decreases.

osteoclast; osteoblast

Break down bone

osteoclasts

When blood calcium falls, the type of bone cells called ______ break down bone matrix and release calcium into the blood.

osteoclasts

Two terms which describe the process of bone formation are

osteogenesis ossification

The two molecules that form the majority of ground substance within connective tissue are

proteoglycans hyaluronic acid

In which of the following does blood cell production occur?

red bone marrow

The site of blood cell formation is

red marrow

In ______, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed.

regeneration

Holocrine glands

release their secretion when the secretory cell disintegrates.

List the zones of the epiphyseal plate in order beginning with the zone nearest the epiphysis

resting cartilage proliferation hypertrophy calcification Red Parrots High on Coke

The zone of the epiphyseal plate that is closest to the epiphysis is the zone of______and the zone closest to the diaphysis is the zone of_____

resting cartilage, calcification

The condition called _________ is a disease of childhood in which a deficiency in vitamin D results in soft bones; those of the lower limbs bend under the body's weight.

rickets

The type of burn involving all of the epidermis and part of the dermis would be categorizes as

second degree

If a burn results in pain, redness, and blisters, it is most likely a

second-degree

Skin features that help to protect the body from microorganisms include ________________

secretions of sebaceous glands stratified epithelial tissue presence of components of the immune system

The air-filled spaces lined by mucous membranes found within flat bones like the frontal bone are called

sinuses

Which muscle tissue is under voluntary control?

skeletal

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Bone tissue comprised of trabeculae is called

spongy bone

Flat bones contain an interior framework of ______ bone sandwiched between two layers of ______ bone.

spongy, compact

During aging, bone loss first occurs in the____ bone tissue, followed by bone loss in the _____ bone tissue.

spongy; compact

The functions of vitamin D

stimulating the uptake of calcium from the intestines. promoting uptake of phosphate from intestines

Endochondral ossification begins about

the 8th week of embryonic development

Muscle contraction during exercise increases body temperature which leads to the release of body heat via __________

the dilation of blood vessels in the dermis

Second degree burns involve damage to

the epidermis and dermis

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels in the skin play a major role in _____

thermoregulation

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels in the skin play a major role in ____________

thermoregulation

In bone repair, after bone remodeling, the repaired zone is usually

thick

Fibrocartilage has thicker or thinner bundles of collagen than hyaline cartilage.

thicker

If a burn appears white, tan, brown, or black and is painless, it would be categorized as a

third degree

The intercellular junction designated by a circle

tight junction

ground substance of connective tissue

unstructured material that fills the space between cells

The symptoms of third-degree burns:

usually painless because the sensory receptors have been destroyed.

The dermis contains receptors that detect ______

variations in temperature changes in pressure touch pain

Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except _________

within the hair of the dermis and epidermis

Bone remodeling converts Blank______ to lamellar bone.

woven

Bone remodeling converts______ to lamellar bone.

woven

Osteocyte cell extensions are found in long, narrow spaces called

woven

Bone remodeling after a fracture takes about a ______ to complete

year

Marrow that no longer produces blood cells and is mostly adipose tissue is called

yellow bone marrow