A&P II - exam 1
Arteries are strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood away from the heart. Arteries become smaller as they divide and become ______.
arterioles
Upper chambers, ____, receive blood returning to the heart and have thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior.
atria
The blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins) form a closed tubular system that carries blood _____ from the heart, to the cells, and back again.
away
The subclavian artery continues into the armpit area, where it becomes the _____ artery.
axillary
In the cranial cavity, the vertebral arteries unite to form a ______ artery that ends as two posterior cerebral arteries.
basilar
major superficial veins
basilic and cephalic veins
Eosinophils have coarse granules that stain deep blue, a _____-lobed nucleus, and make up only _____% of circulating leukocytes.
bi; 1 to 3%
The hormones secreted are the same as neurotransmitters of this system (adrenal medulla), but are called hormones because they are secreted into the _____.
blood
The deep veins include the anterior and posterior tibial veins, which unite into the ______ vein and then the femoral vein; superficial veins include the small and great ______ veins.
popliteal; saphenous
If the Rh factor surface protein is present on red blood cells, the blood is Rh _____; if not, itis Rh ______.
positive; negative
Once a blood clot forms, it promotes still more clotting through a _____ feedback system. After the clot forms, and healing has occurred, it will eventually be dissolved by the body. This requires the plasma protein _____ to be converted into active ______, which digests fibrin threads.
positive; plasminogen; plasmin
The adrenal medulla is made up of modified ______ that are connected to the ______ nervous system.
postganglionic neurons; sympathetic
Blood vessels can be divided into 2 major pathways, the _____ circuit, which goes from the heart to the lungs and back, and the ______ circuit, which goes from the heart to the body cells and back.
pulmonary; systemic
The surge of blood that occurs with ventricular contraction can be felt at certain points in the body as a _____.
pulse
The surge of blood that occurs with ventricular contraction can be felt at certain points in the body as a _______.
pulse
Neutrophils have _____-staining fine cytoplasmic granules and a _____ to _____-lobed nucleus; they comprise ________% percent of leukocytes.
red; 2; 5; 54 to 62%
The Rh factor was named after the _____ monkey.
rhesus
Superior and inferior vena cava, ____ ____. ______ valve, ____ ____, _______ valve, ____ _____, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries of lungs, _____ _____, ____ _____, _____ / _____ valve, ______ ______, ______ valve, and through the arteries to provide blood to the body cells.
right atrium; tricuspid; right ventricle; pulmonary; pulmonary trunk; pulmonary veins; left atrium; bicuspid / mitral; left ventricle; aortic
Spasm of the injured vessel is followed by the formation of a platelet plug. Platelets stick to any _____ surface, especially _____ in connective tissue. A platelet plug is most effective on small vessels.
rough; collagen
Lymphocytes are long-lived, have a large, ______ nucleus, and account for ____to____% of circulating WBCs.
round; 25 to 33%
The heart has four internal chambers: two upper chambers and two lower chambers. A _____ divides the chambers on the left side from those on the right.
septum
Specialized cardiac muscle tissue conducts impulses throughout the myocardium and comprises the cardiac conduction system. A self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle called the ______ node (____ node), located in the posterior right atrium, generates the impulses for heartbeats. Therefore, it is also called the _______ of the heart.
sinoatrial (SA); pacemaker
Near the base of the internal carotid arteries are the carotid ______, which contain baroreceptors to monitor blood pressure.
sinuses
How many hormones does it secrete?
six
Contractions of ______ muscles squeeze blood back up veins one valve at a time.
skeletal
Plasma electrolytes are absorbed by the intestine or are by-products of cellular metabolism. They include __________?
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions
The hormone aldosterone controls the levels of ______ ions by conserving them in the ________. It also causes the excretion of _____ ions.
sodium; kidneys; potassium
Following injury to a vessel, what are the three steps to occur in hemostasis?
blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation.
In the shoulder region, the axillary artery becomes the _____ artery that, in turn, gives rise to the ulnar and radial arteries.
brachial
Principal branches of the aortic arch include the _____, left common carotid, and left ______ arteries.
brachiocephalic; subclavian
What is the name of a common second messenger?
cAMP
With age, red blood cells become increasingly fragile and are damaged by passing through ______. Macrophages in the _____ and ______ phagocytize damaged red blood cells.
capillaries; liver; spleen
The ________ control center of the _____ _____ maintains a balance between the two autonomic divisions of the nervous system in response to messages from _______, which detect changes in blood pressure.
cardiac; medulla oblongata; baroreceptors
Blood pressure is partially determined by _____ output and ______ resistance. Cardiac output is the product of ______ volume and heart rate, and a number of factors can affect these variables. Describe the factors that affect these variables:
cardiac; peripheral; stroke -Emotions, exercise, body temperature, the volume of blood entering the heart chambers and the size of the heart
Arteries to the head, neck, and brain include branches of the subclavian and common ________ arteries.
carotid
Impulses from the _____ or _____ may also influence the cardiac control center. Body temperature and the concentrations of certain _____ also influence heart rate.
cerebrum; hypothalamus; ions
In each case, depolarization leads to contraction of the ________, and repolarization leads to _______.
chamber; relaxation
Blood coagulation is the most effective means of hemostasis. It is a complex sequence of chemical reactions, involving several ______ factors, and leading to the formation of a blood _____.
clotting; clot
At the pelvic brim, the abdominal aorta divides to form the ______ ______ arteries that supply the pelvic organs, gluteal area, and lower limbs.
common iliac
The heart is a hollow, ____-shaped, muscular pump within the ____; it rests on the _____.
cone; mediastinum; diaphragm
Blood, a type of _________ tissue, is a complex mixture of what three things?
connective Cells, cell fragments, and dissolved biochemicals.
The branches of the ascending aorta are the right and left ______ arteries that lead to heart muscle.
coronary
The first branches off of the aorta, which carry oxygen-rich blood, are the right and left ______ arteries that feed the heart muscle itself. Branches of these arteries feed many capillaries of the myocardium.
coronary
Insulin ______ the blood levels of glucose by stimulating the liver to form ______, increasing ______ synthesis, and stimulating adipose cells to store _____.
decreases; glycogen; protein; fat
Basophils have fewer, larger granules that stain _____; they account for fewer than ____% of WBCs.
deep blue; 1%
After releasing oxygen, the hemoglobin is darker, and is now called ___________.
deoxyhemoglobin
A ______ white blood cell count can help pinpoint the nature of an illness, indicating whether it is caused by bacteria or viruses. This white blood cell count lists the percentages of each of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample.
differential
The inner ______ is smooth and is made up of connective tissue and epithelium, and is continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart.
endocardium
The pancreas secretes hormones as an ______ gland and digestive juices into the digestive tract as an ______ gland.
endocrine; exocrine
Capillaries are the smallest vessels, consisting only of a layer of _____, through which substances are exchanged with tissue cells.
endothelium
The wall of the heart is composed of three distinct layers. The outermost layer, the _____, is made up of connective tissue and epithelium and contains blood and lymph capillaries along with ___ arteries that provide blood to the heart. It is the same as the ______ pericardium.
epicardium; coronary; visceral
The adrenal cortex makes up most of the adrenal glands and consists of ______ cells in three layers— an outer, middle, and an inner zone. Several groups of steroid hormones are secreted by the cortex.
epithelial
The anterior pituitary consists mostly of ______ tissue arranged around blood vessels and enclosed in a capsule of collagenous _____ tissue.
epithelial; connective
The right and left common carotid arteries diverge into the ______ carotid and carotid ________ arteries.
external; internal
External iliac arteries lead into the legs, where they become the _____, popliteal, anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries.
femoral
The pericardium consists of two layers: the outer, tough connective tissue _______ pericardium, surrounding a more delicate double-layered sac that surrounds the heart.
fibrous
The heart lies posterior to the sternum; its apex extends to the _______ intercostal space.
fifth
The thyroid consists of secretory parts called _____, filled with hormone-storing ______
follicles; colloid
The _____ secretes atrial natriuretic peptide, which affects sodium excretion, and the kidneys secrete _____ for red blood cell production.
heart; erythropoietin
WBCs are formed from _______ stem cells in response to hormones when needed.
hematopoietic
Hemoglobin from the decomposed red blood cells is split into ______ and ______.
heme; globin
RBCs are biconcave disks that contain one-third oxygen-carrying ___________ by volume.
hemoglobin
Blood draining from the intestines enters the _____ _____ system and flows to the liver first rather than into the general circulation.
hepatic portal
When the atria fill, pressure in the atria is _____ than that of the ventricles, which forces the _____ and _____ valves open.
higher; tricuspid; mitral
Factors that serve as stressors to the body produce stress and threaten ________. Stress may be physical, psychological, or some combination of the two.
homeostasis
Responses to stress are designed to maintain __________.
homeostasis
The _____ controls the general stress syndrome, which involves increased sympathetic activity and increased secretion of which hormones?
hypothalamus Epinephrine, cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, and antidiuretic hormone.
The brain controls the activity of the pituitary gland in two ways: Releasing hormones from the ______ control the secretions of the anterior pituitary and are carried in the bloodstream by ______ veins.
hypothalamus; hypophyseal portal
The thymus gland, lying between the lungs under the ______, secretes ________, which affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes that are important in ______.
sternum; thymosins; immunity
_____ hormones are lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes. Their receptors are located in the target cell's ____.
steroid; nucleus
Glucagon ______ the blood levels of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of ______ and the conversion of noncarbohydrates into ______.
increases; glycogen; glucose
The pressure inside the atria rises further as they contract, forcing the remaining blood into the ventricles. When the ventricles contract, pressure inside them ______ sharply, causing the ______ and _____ valves to close, and the ______ and _____ valves to open.
increases; tricuspid; mitral; pulmonary; aortic
These veins all merge to empty into the common iliac veins, which then merge to form the ______ _____ _____.
inferior vena cava
Hemostasis refers to the process that ______.
stops bleeding
Sex hormones, produced in the _____ zone, are mostly of the ______ type, called ______, but can be converted to _______ hormones, called ______, in the skin, liver, and adipose tissues.
inner; male; androgens; female; estrogens
The wall of an artery consists of an inner endothelial layer, called the tunica ______. The middle layer, called the tunica ______ is made up of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue. The tunica _____ is the outermost layer of connective tissue.
interna; media; externa
Other glands respond directly to changes in the composition of the ______ environment.
internal
The common iliac arteries divide into _____ and _____ iliac arteries.
internal; external
What controls the levels of glucagon in the blood?
A negative feedback system; low blood glucose level stimulates glucagon secretion
_____ pressure drives the passage of fluids and small molecules out of the capillary at this point. At the venular end of the capillary, ______ pressure, due to the proteins in the blood, causes much of the tissue fluid to return to the bloodstream. ______ capillaries collect excess tissue fluid and return it to circulation.
Hydrostatic; osmotic; Lymphatic
What are the functions of the oxytocin hormone?
It causes contraction of the uterine walls during childbirth, and milk letdown during breastfeeding
These hormones (Glucocorticoids) influence the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat in response to conditions that _______ the body and require a greater supply of ______ in the bloodstream.
stress; glucose
Red blood cells discard their ________ during development, so they cannot reproduce or produce proteins.
nucleus
Its endocrine portions are the pancreatic _____ which include two cell types - _______ cells that secrete glucagon, and ______ cells that secrete insulin.
islets; alpha; beta
The ____ veins drain the head and unite with the subclavian veins to form the brachiocephalic veins.
jugular
The adrenal glands sit atop the _____, enclosed in a layer of _____.
kidneys; fat
Principal branches of the aorta
-ascending aorta -aortic arch -descending aorta -thoracic aorta -abdominal aorta
What are the four factors that affect blood pressure?
-cardiac output -blood volume -peripheral resistance to blood flow -viscosity of the blood
The abdominal aorta gives off the following branches:
-celiac -superior mesenteric -suprarenal -renal -gonadal -inferior mesenteric -common iliac arteries.
major deep veins
-radial -ulnar -brachial -axillary veins
The average life span of a red blood cell is _______.
120 days
The average adult heart is ____ cm long and ____ cm wide.
14 cm; 9 cm
Normal counts vary from _____ to _____ platelets per mm3.
150,000 to 350,000
A blood sample is normally ____% cells and ______% plasma.
45%; 55%
Normally a cubic milliliter of blood contains between ____&____ WBCs.
5,000 & 10,000
Monocytes are the _____ blood cells, have _____-shaped or _____ nuclei. They comprise ____to___% of circulating leukocytes.
largest; kidney; oval; 3 to 9%
The thyroid gland is located below the _____ and consists of two broad _____ connected by an ______.
larynx; lobes; isthmus
Where do deep and superficial veins drain?
leg and pelvis
In the embryo and fetus, red blood cell production occurs in the yolk sac, _____, and spleen; after birth, it occurs in the red ___ ___.
liver; bone marrow
Transcription of a specific gene results in the synthesis of a molecule of _____, which in turn, directs the synthesis of a specific ______.
mRNA; protein
What is a goiter and what may cause one?
A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland that is usually caused by lack of iodine. Without iodine, the thyroid cannot make T3 and T4, and thus nothing inhibits the release of TSH. The excess TSH continues to over- stimulate the thyroid, causing it to grow abnormally and produce a goiter.
What effect does FSH have on males? On females?
males - stimulates sperm production in the testes females - stimulates development of ovarian follicles, secretion of estrogens
What is a typical RBC count for males? For females?
males: 4.6 to 6.2 million/mm3 females: 4.2 - 5.4 million/mm3
What is an antigen?
A special protein found on the surface of cells, that evokes an immune response
What is an antibody?
A special protein in the blood plasma that interacts with a specific antigen, in order to destroy it or render it harmless
Junctional fibers are small, allowing the atria to contract before the impulse spreads rapidly over the ventricles. The impulse proceeds to the next conduction structure, the ______ bundle (Bundle of ____), which splits into the left and right _____ _____. These branches give rise to _______ fibers, which lead into the ventricular myocardium and the papillary muscles.
AV; His; bundle branches; Purkinje
What is the target organ for ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)? What hormone does it affect the release of?
Adrenal Cortex Cortisol
Arterial blood pressure rises and falls, following a pattern established by the cardiac cycle. During ventricular contraction, arterial pressure is at its _____ or ______ pressure. When the ventricles are relaxing, arterial pressure is at its _____ or ______ pressure.
maximum; systolic minimum; diastolic
The plasma nutrients include amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids. Types of lipoproteins include HDL, LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons. Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances generally include amino acids, urea, uric acid, and creatinine. What are they derived from?
Amino acids are the products of protein digestion. Urea is derived from products of protein metabolism, and uric acid comes from nucleic acid breakdown. Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine from muscle tissue.
Arterial blood pressure rises and falls, following a pattern established by the cardiac cycle. During ventricular contraction, arterial pressure is at its ______ or _____ pressure. When the ventricles are relaxing, arterial pressure is at its ______ or ______ pressure.
maximum; systolic minimum; diastolic
How are these hormones from the hypothalamus regulated?
As the level of circulating thyroid hormones fall, the hypothalamus secretes TRH. When the levels of circulating thyroid hormones are at a rising level, the hypothalamus stops secreting TRH.
Where are the semilunar valves found?
At the exits from the ventricles
Blood platelets are fragments of large cells called ______.
megakaryocytes
The pineal gland, near the upper portion of the thalamus, secretes ______, which is involved in the regulation of _______ rhythms of the body.
melatonin; circadian
Vitamins _______ and ______ acid are needed for DNA synthesis, so they are necessary for the reproduction of all body cells, especially in hematopoietic tissue.
B12; folic
Where is the pancreas located?
Behind and beneath the stomach
Type AB has what type of antigens? Antibodies?
Both type A and type B antigens neither type of antibodies
How do Basophils help fight pathogens?
By promoting inflammatory and allergic responses
How does negative feedback control the release of glucocorticoids?
CRH from the hypothalamus causes the pituitary to release ACTH. ACTH in turn stimulates release of glucocorticoids. When a high level of glucocorticoids is present, they inhibit further release of CRH, and slow down or stop their own synthetic pathway.
______ veins drain blood from the heart muscle and carry it to the coronary ______, which drains into the right atrium.
Cardiac; sinus
What does LH (luteinizing hormone) do?
Causes ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in the ovary
What is the name of the hormone from the hypothalamus that controls the release of ACTH?
Corticotropin- releasing Hormone (CRH)
Name an important Glucocorticoid.
Cortisol
The hormone-receptor complex binds with the ____ and activates specific _____.
DNA; genes
What disorder may result if ADH is not secreted in sufficient quantities?
Diabetes insipidus
What is the difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the body fluids, while exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts leading to a body surface
______ develops in Rh-positive fetuses of Rh-negative mothers, but can now be prevented.
Erythroblastosis fetalis
The ovaries produce what two hormones?
Estrogen and progesterone
What hormones does the placenta produce?
Estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin
The middle layer, called ______, consists of cardiac muscle and is the thickest layer of the heart wall.
myocardium
Thyroxine (T4): How many iodine atoms does it contain?
Four
How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they found?
Four: located on the back of the thyroid gland
Which part of the pathway is systemic?
From the left ventricle, to the body cells through the aorta, systemic arteries, capillaries and veins, and returning to the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
Which part of the pathway is pulmonary?
From the right ventricle, through the pulmonary trunk, arteries, capillaries, and veins, and returning to the left atrium
The hormone-receptor complex (as first messenger) triggers a cascade of biological activity. The complex activates a protein in the cell membrane, called a ____.
G-protein
Which hormones from the hypothalamus control the levels of GH?
GH-Releasing Hormone and GH-Release Inhibiting Hormone
Which hormone from the hypothalamus affects FSH's release?
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
What is the LH controlling hormone from the hypothalamus called?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
What are the target organs for FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)?
Gonads (testes or ovaries)
Why is this group called granulocytes?
Granules are visible in their cytoplasm when stained with certain stains
Fibrinogen
Helps with blood coagulation
What controls the blood level of insulin?
High blood glucose level
The posterior pituitary releases hormones into the bloodstream in response to nerve impulses from the ________
Hypothalamus
Why are mineralocorticoids important?
Important in homeostasis of the body, maintaining electrolyte and water balance, and maintaining normal blood volume and pressure
How is LH different in males than in females?
In males, it stimulates the testes to release testosterone
What is lymphocyte function?
Involved in immune responses, antibody production, and attacks on specific foreign substances
_____ is needed for hemoglobin synthesis. A deficiency in red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin results in a disorder called ______.
Iron; anemia
What is the function of the ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) hormone?
It causes the kidneys to conserve water
What part of the thyroid secretes calcitonin?
It is secreted by the extrafollicular cells of the thyroid
What is the function of calcitonin?
It lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions
What is the function of GH (Growth Hormone)?
It stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce
______ occurs after an infection when excess numbers of leukocytes are present.
Leukocytosis
______ (too few WBCs) results from a variety of conditions, including AIDS.
Leukopenia
Which zone secretes glucocorticoids
Middle zone
There are several ways in which hormone release is very closely regulated. All of these mechanisms use _____
negative feedback
The total number of red blood cells remains relatively constant due to a ______ feedback mechanism utilizing the hormone ________, which is released from the kidneys and liver in response to the detection of low ______ levels.
negative; erythropoietin; oxygen
Type O has what type of antigens? Antibodies?
Neither A nor B antigens, but anti-A and anti-B blood antibodies
Five types of white blood cells are present in circulating blood, and are distinguished by size, granular appearance of the cytoplasm, shape of the nucleus, and staining characteristics. Name these five types of WBCs:
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
What factors influence growth besides GH?
Nutritional status, genetics
Which zone secretes mineralocorticoids?
Outer zone
Nutrients and Gases. What are the two most important blood gases?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
The first wave, the _____ wave, corresponds to the ______ of the atria.
P; depolarization
How is PTH related to calcitonin from the thyroid?
PTH and Calcitonin have opposite effects and work together to maintain the correct levels of calcium ions in the blood
The posterior lobe consists of ______ fibers and supporting _____ cells arising in the hypothalamus.
nerve; neuroglial
The _______ system influences certain endocrine glands directly with impulses.
nervous
What is plasma?
Plasma is the clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood.
Areas with a great deal of metabolic activity (leg muscles, for example) have higher densities of capillaries. _______ sphincters can regulate the amount of blood entering a capillary bed, and are controlled by the _____ concentration in the area. If blood is needed elsewhere in the body, the capillary beds in less important areas are shut down.
Precapillary; oxygen
Which hormones of the hypothalamus control the secretion of PRL?
Prolactin release-inhibiting hormone, and prolactin releasing factor
What is the function of PRL (Prolactin)? What is its target tissue?
Promotes milk production in lactating women. The breasts
What is the basic function of the white blood cells?
Protection of the body, by defending against infection and disease
The _____ complex corresponds to the _______ of the ventricles and hides the _______ of the atria.
QRS; depolarization; repolarization
What does psychological stress result from?
Real or perceived dangers, anger, fear, anxiety, personal loss
The blood includes what three types of cells and fragments?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Prostaglandins are locally-produced lipids that affect the organ in which they are produced, with a variety of effects. What are some of these effects?
Relax or contract smooth muscle, stimulate secretion, influence blood pressure, affect reproductive physiology
There are no corresponding antibodies in the plasma unless a person with _____ blood is transfused with _____ blood; the person will then develop antibodies for the Rh factor.
Rh-negative; Rh-positive
What function do most of them have in common?
Several stimulate other endocrine glands
What effects do Epinephrine & Norepinephrine have on the body?
Similar effects to those of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system: increase in heart rate & breathing rate, decrease in digestive activities
Why is blood pressure at the venular end of a capillary almost 0?
So other factors help return the blood to the heart.
What is diapedesis?
Squeezing of some WBCs between cells in blood vessel walls
How does PTH achieve this function?
Stimulates osteoclasts in bone which break down bone tissue and release calcium into the blood; it also influences the kidneys to conserve calcium
What are the Epinephrine & Norepinephrine secreted in response to?
Stress and "fight or flight" situations
What else can trigger glucocorticoid release?
Stress, injury, or disease
The cardiovascular (CV) system consists of the heart, and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins). What are the functions of the CV system?
Supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes wastes from them
What are the functions of the CV system?
Supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes wastes from them
Which of these hormones, T3 or T4, is more potent?
T3
The ____ wave ends the ECG pattern and corresponds to ventricular ______.
T; repolarization
_______ hormones combine with receptors on target cell ______; the receptors have a ______ site and a/an _____ site.
non-steroid; membranes binding; activity
How does TSH affect T3 & T4 's release?
TSH stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4
What happens to the heme and iron?
The heme is converted into biliverdin, some of which becomes bilirubin; These pigments are excreted in the bile. Iron is recycled to be incorporated into new red blood cells.
What structure actually produces the hormones released by the posterior pituitary?
The hypothalamus
Adrenal sex hormones (androgens)
These hormones supplement those released by the gonads, and may stimulate early development of reproductive organs.
How do veins differ from arteries?
They are thinner, less muscular, and the blood is at much lower pressure in the veins
Why do plasma proteins remain in the blood?
They are too large to get through the capillary walls
What is the function of these two hormones (T3 & T4)?
They increase the metabolic rate in many cells
Why are they called agranulocytes?
They lack the visible cytoplasmic granules that granulocytes have
What effects does physical stress have on the body?
Threatens the survival of tissues and life
Triiodothyronine (T3): How many iodine atoms does it contain?
Three
What hypothalamic hormones affect its release?
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
The endocrine system is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids such as the bloodstream. What is its function?
To control certain physiological activities and help maintain homeostasis
What is the function of PTH (Parathyroid hormone)?
To increase blood calcium levels
Albumins
To maintain the correct osmotic pressure of the plasma
What are Eosinophils functions?
To moderate allergic reactions, defend against certain parasites
What is the function of pulmonary circulation? Of systemic circulation?
To oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide To distribute oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body
What is the function of the monocytes?
To phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris
What is Neutrophils function?
To phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and some viruses
What is the heart valves function?
To prevent backflow of blood into ventricles as the ventricles relax
Basophils produce chemicals; what are the functions of these chemicals?
To prevent blood clotting, induce Inflammation and allergy, and increase blood flow to damaged tissues
What is the function of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)? What is its target organ?
To stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones The thyroid gland
Globulins
To transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, some are a type of antibody
What are plasma's functions?
To transport nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, maintain pH balance
What disorders may result from a lack of or too much GH?
Too little: pituitary dwarfism Too much: gigantism, acromegaly
What are the functions of blood?
Transports substances, helps to maintain a stable environment in the body fluids, and distributes heat.
Type A has what type of antigens? Antibodies?
Type A antigens Anti-B antibodies
Type B has what type of antigens? Antibodies?
Type B antigens Anti-A antibodies
Explain in general how negative feedback works.
When the concentration of a regulated substance reaches a certain level, the gland is inhibited from secreting more hormone.
How do T3 & T4 affect the release of TSH?
When these hormones reach a high level, the release of TSH is inhibited
Blood entering capillaries contains high concentrations of ______ and ________ that diffuse out of the capillary wall and into the ______ _______.
oxygen; nutrients; tissue fluids
When oxygen combines with hemoglobin, a bright red substance called _________ results.
oxyhemoglobin
Hepatic veins drain the liver, gastric veins drain the stomach, superior mesenteric veins lead from the small intestine and colon, the splenic vein leaves the spleen and _____, and the inferior _____ vein carries blood from the lower intestinal area.
pancreas; mesenteric
As the ventricles contract, _____ muscles contract, pulling on ____ ____ and preventing the backflow of blood through the tricuspid and mitral valves.
papillary; chordae tendineae
At the base of the heart, the inner layer folds back to become the _______ pericardium.
parietal
The posterior cerebral arteries help form the circle of ______ that provides alternate pathways through which blood can reach the brain.
Willis
Internal iliac arteries supply blood to
pelvic muscles and visceral structures
Tributaries of the brachiocephalic and azygos veins drain the
abdominal and thoracic walls
After mixed success with transfusions, scientists determined that blood was of different types, and only certain combinations were compatible. Clumping of red blood cells following a transfusion of mismatched blood is called __________.
agglutination
The heart muscle requires a continuous supply of oxygen-rich blood, so smaller branches of arteries often have ______ as alternate pathways for blood, should one pathway become blocked.
anastomoses
The hypothalamus regulates the ______ gland's release of hormones.
anterior pituitary
The pituitary gland is attached to the base of the brain and has a front lobe called the _______ and a rear lobe called the ______.
anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
This clumping is due to the interaction of proteins on the surfaces of red blood cells, called _______, with certain proteins, called _______, carried in the plasma.
antigens; antibodies
The _____ is the body's largest artery.
aorta
Between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium is a potential space called the ______ cavity; it is filled with ________ fluid, which reduces friction.
pericardial; serous
Blood pressure is the force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels anywhere in the cardiovascular system, although the term "blood pressure" usually refers to _____ pressure.
arterial
The upper limb is drained by
superficial and deep veins
Veins from the head and upper torso drain into the ______ _____ _____. Veins from the legs and lower trunk drain into the ______ _____ _____. Both drain into the right atrium.
superior vena cava inferior vena cava
The amount of blood pumped at any time must adjust to the current needs of the body (more is needed during strenuous exercise). The SA node is innervated by branches of the ______ and _______ divisions of the nervous system, so the CNS helps to control heart rate. Impulses from the former speed up and impulses from the latter slow down the heart rate.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
A mass of merging fibers that act as a unit is called a functional ______; one exists in the atria and one in the ventricles.
syncytium
Impulses spread next to the atrial _______; it contracts, and impulses travel to the junctional fibers leading to the _______ node (____ node) located in the septum.
syncytium; atrioventricular (AV)
The cardiac cycle consists of the atria beating in unison, called atrial _____, while the ventricles rest, called ventricular _____. This is followed by the contraction of both ventricles, called ventricular ________, while the atria relax, called atrial _____. Then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment.
systole; diastole systole; diastole
Each hormone acts only on specific cells in the body; these are called _____ cells.
target
The testes produce ______.
testosterone
What branche supply the abdominal wall with blood?
the abdominal aorta
what does the cardiovascular (CV) system consist of
the heart, and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins).
What are plasma proteins?
the most abundant dissolved substances in the plasma.
The digestive glands secrete hormones associated with ______
the processes of digestion
What branches supply the thoracic wall with blood?
the thoracic aorta and subclavian artery
Differences in ______ and _______ pressures, derived from the breathing process, draw blood back up the veins.
thoracic; abdominal
Damaged tissues release a chemical called tissue ______, which activates the first in a series of factors leading to the production of ______ activator. This activator converts inactive ______ in the plasma into active ______. This, in turn, catalyzes a reaction that converts soluble ______ into netlike ______, causing the blood cells to catch in a meshwork of threads.
thromboplastin; prothrombin; prothrombin; thrombin; fibrinogen; fibrin
A clot that forms abnormally in a vessel is a _____; if it dislodges, it is an ______.
thrombus; embolus
The right atrioventricular (AV) valve, called ______ valve, and the left AV valve, called either ______ or the _____ valve, have cusps to which strings called _________ to attach. These strings are, in turn, attached to ______ muscles in the inner heart wall, which contract during ventricular contraction to prevent the backflow of blood through the AV valves.
tricuspid; bicuspid; mitral; chordae tendineae; papillary
During the cardiac cycle, pressure within the heart chambers rises and falls. These pressure changes open and close ______.
valves
Veins have the same three layers as arteries and have flap-like ______ inside to prevent backflow of blood.
valves
Rings of dense connective tissue surround the pulmonary trunk and aorta to provide attachments for the heart _____ and _____ _____. These tough rings prevent dilating of tissue in this area.
valves; muscle fibers
Arteries are capable of ______ as directed by sympathetic impulses; when impulses are inhibited, the diameter of the vessel increases, which is called _______.
vasoconstriction; vasodilation
The ____ center of the ______ _____ in the brain stem can adjust sympathetic impulses to ______ ______ in arteriole walls, adjusting blood pressure.
vasomotor; medulla oblongata; smooth muscle
Trauma to, or cutting of a blood vessel, causes the muscle in its walls to contract, or engage in ______. This reflex lasts only a few minutes but lasts long enough to initiate the second and third steps of hemostasis.
vasospasm
Below them, the thick-muscled _____ pump blood to the body and lungs.
ventricles
Heart sounds can be described as a "lubb-dupp" sound. The first sound (lubb) occurs as the _____ contract and the _____ and _____ valves are closing. The second sound (dupp) occurs as _____ relaxes and aortic and _____ valves are closing.
ventricles; tricuspid; mitral; ventricles; pulmonary
Small vessels called ______ lead from capillaries, and merge to form larger ______ that return blood to the heart.
venules; veins
The _____ arteries supply the vertebrae and their associated ligaments and muscles.
vertebral
Platelets help repair breaks in damaged blood _____.
vessels
The descending (thoracic) aorta gives rise to many small arteries to the thoracic wall and thoracic ________.
viscera
The inner layer directly covers the heart and is called the _______ pericardium, or ________.
visceral; epicardium
Plasma is composed mostly of ______, but contains a variety of substances.
water
