A&P II-Metabolism, Nutrition, Energetics

Cellular respiration is best described as the:

breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O and production of ATP.

Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules a) 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) b) 2 NADH c) 2 ATP (net) d) All of the answers are correct

d) All of the answers are correct

A balanced diet should: a) include adequate substrates for the production of energy. b) provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. c) contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. d) All of the answers are correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

In the metabolism of proteins, amino acids may be converted to: a) nitrogen containing derivatives such as hormones b) structural proteins c) new enzymes d) carbohydrates and fats e) all of the above

e) all the above

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called

essential fatty acids.

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

postabsorptive

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

Vitamin A

Which of the following hormones is most directly involved during the post-absorptive state? a) glucagon b) glycogen c) insulin d) only by radiation e) thyroid hormone

a) glucagon

Ketone bodies can result from excess production of:

acetyl CoA.

Amino acids and fatty acids may enter the citric acid cycle by way of:

acetyl-CoA

Lipogenesis generally begins with

acetyl-CoA

Which of the following increases the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue: epinephrine thyroid hormone exercise all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following does not release hydrogens that are used to make ATP in electron transport: glycolysis conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A (pre-citric acid cycle) citric acid cycle all of these release hydrogens for use electron transport

all of these release hydrogens for use electron transport

Which of the following statements is true about carbohydrates? a) They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and the simplest form is a disaccharide. b) Their main use is to provide energy. c) They are stored in adipose tissue as fatty acids. d) All of the above are true. e) A and B only

b) Their main use is to provide energy

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called

basal metabolic rate.

The citric acid cycle

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

Which of the following is the first step in ATP production from fat

beta-oxidation

The process that catabolizes fatty acids to acetyl-CoA is called

beta-oxidation.

About 60% of the heat loss from a nude person standing in a room at 70 degrees (F) is by radiation. Heat loss in this manner is based on the principal that:

body temperature is greater than the surrounding temperature, so the nude person releases more heat than he receives

Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer.

cytochromes

Where does the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid occur?

cytoplasm

Where in a cell does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle may be formed through metabolism of: a) fatty acids b) glucose c) amino acids d) All of the above e) None of the above

d) All of the above

The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group? a) A b) C c) E d) folic acid e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct.

ATP can be used for: a) muscle contraction. b) ion transport. c) protein synthesis. d) glycogen synthesis. e) All of the answers are correct.

e) all answers are correct

During cellular respiration, which set of reactions produces the most ATP

electron transport

Most of the ATP in our cells is produced during

electron transport.

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of

essential fatty acids.

There are ________ essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children

10

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

20

Match: ____28 ATP produced ____starting material: acetyl-Coa ____end product is pyruvic acid ____site of oxidation/reduction reactions in electron transport ____pathway for fatty acid breakdown 1. cytochromes 2. glycolysis 3. electron transport 4. beta-oxidation 5. citric acid cycle

3. electron transport 5. citric acid cycle 2. glycolysis 1. cytochromes 4. beta-oxidation

All cells use which of the following directly for energy to fuel their work?

ATP.

The molecule that supplies our cells with an immediate source of energy is:

ATP.

It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. That's the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream.

ghrelin

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis.

Which of the following is most likely to occur if blood glucose levels are elevated

glycogenesis

When the blood glucose level becomes low, which of the following would most likely increase

glycogenolysis

A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria. Because of this, it can only make ATP by:

glycolysis

In the absence of oxygen, which is the last process that can occur to make ATP?

glycolysis

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of events during carbohydrate metabolism?

glycolysis----Krebs cycle----electron transport

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout

The caloric requirements of an athlete training for a marathon would most likely be:

greater than the recommended 2000 kcal/day diet for an average adult

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as

hypervitaminosis.

At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal—it's a lot of food—and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now.

hypothalamus

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the

hypothalamus.

________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids.

incomplete protein

Temperature regulation is:

influenced by peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of

kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal).

In skeletal muscle, one major disadvantage of relying solely on glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is that:

lactic acid accumulates in the muscle

The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue.

leptin

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin

E

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

lipids.

During starvation (a long-term situation):

little or no glycogen is stored in the liver

Urea is formed in the

liver.

During electron transport, the transfer of electrons through the cytochromes to oxygen:

makes more ATP than can be made directly from glycolysis.

Which of the following have the most similar functions?

niacin (NAD) and riboflavin (FAD)

Coenzyme A is derived from:

pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)

The carbohydrates in an uneaten candy bar can best be described as:

potential energy.

Body temperature is regulated:

primarily by regulating heat loss

The mitochondria are often called the "powerhouses" of the cell because they:

produce most of the ATP (cell energy) generated from glucose

The process by which electrons are transferred from NAD through various cytochromes and finally to oxygen occurs to:

provide energy for ATP formation.

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea.

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

vitamin A.

Pellagra, an epithelial and mucosal deterioration, results from a deficiency in

vitamin B3 (niacin).

Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy

C

Inadequate exposure to sunlight can result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.

D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin

D

An adult weighing 130 lb. requires the same amount of energy to walk up a flight of stairs as does an adult weighing 280 lb.

False. It requires more energy for the larger adult because he/she has a higher BMI.

The "good" type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from tissues to liver is:

HDL

Which of the following carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver?

HDL

True or False: When ATP breaks down, the products can then be used to synthesize more ATP.

True

Lack of exercise and a caloric intake > basal metabolic rate plus external work for a prolonged period may result in:

Type II diabetes

Which of the following describes the role of NADH during cellular respiration? a) it produces the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration b) it transports glucose to the mitochondria for use in cellular respiration c) it carries hydrogen to the site of electron transport reactions d) it carries carbon dioxide to the mitochondria

c) it carries hydrogen to the site of electron transport reactions

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that: a) it occurs in the mitochondria. b) fatty acids break down into acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. c) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. d) it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. e) it ultimately yields large amounts of ATP.

c) lipids are converted to glycogen molecules

The largest lipoproteins, ________, are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.

chylomicrons

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the

chylomicrons.

________ contains all of the essential amino acids

complete protein

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring

respiration

The increase in body temperature during exercise

results from a greatly increased metabolism

Acetyl CoA is important in cellular metabolism because it:

serves as an intermediate in multiple energy pathways, for the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Most nutrient absorption takes place in the

small intestine.

Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed

thermoregulation.

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid.

transferred to another molecule

Low-density lipoproteins function to:

transport cholesterol to cells for use in plasma membranes or hormone synthesis

During lipolysis,

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

True or False: One of the major results of cellular respiration is heat.

true

Which of the following is an end product of the electron transport chain

water

An increased caloric intake without an increase in external expenditure would most likely lead to:

weight gain

The metabolic rate of an individual may be lower than the BMR:

while sleeping

A chemical reaction by which the -NH2 group is removed from an amino acid is known as:

deamination.

During cellular respiration, how much of the original energy in the glucose molecule is transferred into ATP and how much is instead converted into (lost as) heat

40% to ATP and 60% to heat.

A person decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe: a) elevated levels of glucocorticoids. b) ketone bodies in his urine. c) lowered blood pH. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues: a) They increase the conversion of amino acids to pyruvate. b) They increase gluconeogenesis. c) They increase glycogenolysis. d) All of the answers are correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Amino acids can be converted into: a) fatty acids b) other amino acids. c) glucose. d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The electron transport system: a) receives electrons from coenzymes. b) produces more the ATP than Glycolysis c) is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae). d) All of the answers are correct.

d) all of the answers are correct

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons: a) structural maintenance b) growth and repair c) production of secretions d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

d) all the answers are correct

Which of the following hormones increase the blood glucose level

glucagon and epinephrine

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that: a)glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver. b) levels of blood glucose are elevated. c) ketone bodies may be formed. d) lipid mobilization may occur.

levels of blood glucose are elevated

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

the citric acid cycle.