A&P II-Metabolism, Nutrition, Energetics
Cellular respiration is best described as the:
breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O and production of ATP.
Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules a) 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) b) 2 NADH c) 2 ATP (net) d) All of the answers are correct
d) All of the answers are correct
A balanced diet should: a) include adequate substrates for the production of energy. b) provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. c) contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. d) All of the answers are correct.
d) All of the answers are correct.
In the metabolism of proteins, amino acids may be converted to: a) nitrogen containing derivatives such as hormones b) structural proteins c) new enzymes d) carbohydrates and fats e) all of the above
e) all the above
Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called
essential fatty acids.
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.
postabsorptive
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
Vitamin A
Which of the following hormones is most directly involved during the post-absorptive state? a) glucagon b) glycogen c) insulin d) only by radiation e) thyroid hormone
a) glucagon
Ketone bodies can result from excess production of:
acetyl CoA.
Amino acids and fatty acids may enter the citric acid cycle by way of:
acetyl-CoA
Lipogenesis generally begins with
acetyl-CoA
Which of the following increases the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue: epinephrine thyroid hormone exercise all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following does not release hydrogens that are used to make ATP in electron transport: glycolysis conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A (pre-citric acid cycle) citric acid cycle all of these release hydrogens for use electron transport
all of these release hydrogens for use electron transport
Which of the following statements is true about carbohydrates? a) They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and the simplest form is a disaccharide. b) Their main use is to provide energy. c) They are stored in adipose tissue as fatty acids. d) All of the above are true. e) A and B only
b) Their main use is to provide energy
The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called
basal metabolic rate.
The citric acid cycle
begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.
Which of the following is the first step in ATP production from fat
beta-oxidation
The process that catabolizes fatty acids to acetyl-CoA is called
beta-oxidation.
About 60% of the heat loss from a nude person standing in a room at 70 degrees (F) is by radiation. Heat loss in this manner is based on the principal that:
body temperature is greater than the surrounding temperature, so the nude person releases more heat than he receives
Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer.
cytochromes
Where does the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid occur?
cytoplasm
Where in a cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle may be formed through metabolism of: a) fatty acids b) glucose c) amino acids d) All of the above e) None of the above
d) All of the above
The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group? a) A b) C c) E d) folic acid e) All of the answers are correct.
e) All of the answers are correct.
ATP can be used for: a) muscle contraction. b) ion transport. c) protein synthesis. d) glycogen synthesis. e) All of the answers are correct.
e) all answers are correct
During cellular respiration, which set of reactions produces the most ATP
electron transport
Most of the ATP in our cells is produced during
electron transport.
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of
essential fatty acids.
There are ________ essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children
10
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.
20
Match: ____28 ATP produced ____starting material: acetyl-Coa ____end product is pyruvic acid ____site of oxidation/reduction reactions in electron transport ____pathway for fatty acid breakdown 1. cytochromes 2. glycolysis 3. electron transport 4. beta-oxidation 5. citric acid cycle
3. electron transport 5. citric acid cycle 2. glycolysis 1. cytochromes 4. beta-oxidation
All cells use which of the following directly for energy to fuel their work?
ATP.
The molecule that supplies our cells with an immediate source of energy is:
ATP.
It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. That's the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream.
ghrelin
The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called
gluconeogenesis.
Which of the following is most likely to occur if blood glucose levels are elevated
glycogenesis
When the blood glucose level becomes low, which of the following would most likely increase
glycogenolysis
A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria. Because of this, it can only make ATP by:
glycolysis
In the absence of oxygen, which is the last process that can occur to make ATP?
glycolysis
Which of the following lists the correct sequence of events during carbohydrate metabolism?
glycolysis----Krebs cycle----electron transport
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as
gout
The caloric requirements of an athlete training for a marathon would most likely be:
greater than the recommended 2000 kcal/day diet for an average adult
A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as
hypervitaminosis.
At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal—it's a lot of food—and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now.
hypothalamus
The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the
hypothalamus.
________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids.
incomplete protein
Temperature regulation is:
influenced by peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin
The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of
kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal).
In skeletal muscle, one major disadvantage of relying solely on glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is that:
lactic acid accumulates in the muscle
The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue.
leptin
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin
E
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
lipids.
During starvation (a long-term situation):
little or no glycogen is stored in the liver
Urea is formed in the
liver.
During electron transport, the transfer of electrons through the cytochromes to oxygen:
makes more ATP than can be made directly from glycolysis.
Which of the following have the most similar functions?
niacin (NAD) and riboflavin (FAD)
Coenzyme A is derived from:
pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
The carbohydrates in an uneaten candy bar can best be described as:
potential energy.
Body temperature is regulated:
primarily by regulating heat loss
The mitochondria are often called the "powerhouses" of the cell because they:
produce most of the ATP (cell energy) generated from glucose
The process by which electrons are transferred from NAD through various cytochromes and finally to oxygen occurs to:
provide energy for ATP formation.
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
urea.
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of
vitamin A.
Pellagra, an epithelial and mucosal deterioration, results from a deficiency in
vitamin B3 (niacin).
Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy
C
Inadequate exposure to sunlight can result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.
D
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin
D
An adult weighing 130 lb. requires the same amount of energy to walk up a flight of stairs as does an adult weighing 280 lb.
False. It requires more energy for the larger adult because he/she has a higher BMI.
The "good" type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from tissues to liver is:
HDL
Which of the following carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver?
HDL
True or False: When ATP breaks down, the products can then be used to synthesize more ATP.
True
Lack of exercise and a caloric intake > basal metabolic rate plus external work for a prolonged period may result in:
Type II diabetes
Which of the following describes the role of NADH during cellular respiration? a) it produces the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration b) it transports glucose to the mitochondria for use in cellular respiration c) it carries hydrogen to the site of electron transport reactions d) it carries carbon dioxide to the mitochondria
c) it carries hydrogen to the site of electron transport reactions
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that: a) it occurs in the mitochondria. b) fatty acids break down into acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. c) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. d) it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. e) it ultimately yields large amounts of ATP.
c) lipids are converted to glycogen molecules
The largest lipoproteins, ________, are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.
chylomicrons
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the
chylomicrons.
________ contains all of the essential amino acids
complete protein
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring
respiration
The increase in body temperature during exercise
results from a greatly increased metabolism
Acetyl CoA is important in cellular metabolism because it:
serves as an intermediate in multiple energy pathways, for the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
Most nutrient absorption takes place in the
small intestine.
Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed
thermoregulation.
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid.
transferred to another molecule
Low-density lipoproteins function to:
transport cholesterol to cells for use in plasma membranes or hormone synthesis
During lipolysis,
triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
True or False: One of the major results of cellular respiration is heat.
true
Which of the following is an end product of the electron transport chain
water
An increased caloric intake without an increase in external expenditure would most likely lead to:
weight gain
The metabolic rate of an individual may be lower than the BMR:
while sleeping
A chemical reaction by which the -NH2 group is removed from an amino acid is known as:
deamination.
During cellular respiration, how much of the original energy in the glucose molecule is transferred into ATP and how much is instead converted into (lost as) heat
40% to ATP and 60% to heat.
A person decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe: a) elevated levels of glucocorticoids. b) ketone bodies in his urine. c) lowered blood pH. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.
d) All of the answers are correct.
Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues: a) They increase the conversion of amino acids to pyruvate. b) They increase gluconeogenesis. c) They increase glycogenolysis. d) All of the answers are correct.
d) All of the answers are correct.
Amino acids can be converted into: a) fatty acids b) other amino acids. c) glucose. d) all of the above
d) all of the above
The electron transport system: a) receives electrons from coenzymes. b) produces more the ATP than Glycolysis c) is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae). d) All of the answers are correct.
d) all of the answers are correct
Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons: a) structural maintenance b) growth and repair c) production of secretions d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.
d) all the answers are correct
Which of the following hormones increase the blood glucose level
glucagon and epinephrine
All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that: a)glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver. b) levels of blood glucose are elevated. c) ketone bodies may be formed. d) lipid mobilization may occur.
levels of blood glucose are elevated
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
the citric acid cycle.