A&P II Midterm
put the following in the correct order after the blood pressure increases
3,1,5,2,4
Assume that the left ventricle of a child's heart has an EDV=90mL, and ESV=60mL, and a cardiac output of 2,400 mL/min. His SV is __________ mL/beat and his HR is __________ bpm.
30; 80
a water soluble hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane. arrange the events that follow in correct sequence
5,2,3,4,1
If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure. glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg
50 mmHg
the normal pH for blood plasma is
7.35-7.45
By the time filtrate reaches the tip of the loop of Henle, _____ of the filtrate volume has been reabsorbed.
80%
how much O2 is generally transported in combination with hemoglobin in RBCs ?
98.5%
in renal compensation of acidoisis
H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases
the distribution of Cl and K+ between intracellular and extracellular compartments is
K+ mainly intracellular; Cl mainly extracellular
synthesis of progesterone in the ovary and testosterone in the testis is stimulated by
LH
Dr. Clark has developed a new treatment that stimulates the innate immunity to be more sensitive to cancer cells. Which of the following cells would most likely be stimulated by this new drug?
NK cells
the predominant extracellular anion is
Na+
in the sodium hydrogen antiport system
Na+ are transported into the cell; H+ are transported out of the cell.
When Na+ is actively transported from tubular cells to the interstitial fluid,
Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and tubule cell
which of the following is NOT a buffer system in the body
NaCl buffer system
Mike has blood type A. He needs blood, however blood type A is not available. The next best choice would be blood type _______.
O
action potentials pass from one cardiac muscle cells to another through areas of lower electrical resistance called
gap junctions
filtration site is the name given to the
gaps between the podocyte processes in the visceral layer of Bowman capsule
Chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone as a child would result in
gigantism
ginger has her blood analyzed and was informed that both anti-B and anti-D antibodies were present.
ginger has type A-blood and has been exposed to the D antigen at some time in her life
hemocytoblasts
give rise to all formed elements in the blood.
an obstruction in the afferent arteriole would reduce the flow of blood into the _________
glomerulus
choose the one that does not belong
glomerulus
the network of capillaries that is located in Bowman capsule is called
glomerulus
increased insulin secretion immediately following a meal will result in increased
glycogen synthesis
which of the following statements about teh endocrine system is NOT true?
both the nervous and endocrine systems respond quickly and are ative for a long time
arteriosclerosis
both the thickening of the tunica intima and loss of elasticity in the tunica
the internal jugular veins join the subclavain veins to form the ________
brachiocephalic veins
which of the following helps to keep blood nutrients at normal levels six to eight hours after a meal?
breakdown of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose
in which of the following clinical situations would you expect edema?
burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins)
how do hormones and target cells recognize one another?
by the presence of specific receptor molecules on or in the target cell
which of the following events occurs last?
calmodulin binds to the enzyme that phosphorylates myosin and cross-bridges form
compliment proteins
can form holes in the plasma membrane of target cells
the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of
capillaries
the movement of fluid into Bowman capsule is opposed by
capsular hydrostatic pressure
mean arterial pressure is
cardiac output times peripheral resistance
Oxytocin is responsible for
causing contractions of uterine smooth muscle during labor.
the most common cause for hyperkalemia is
cellular injury or death
the posterior pituitary secretes
chiasmatic hormones.
Sodium homeostasis leads to the homeostasis of ________________.
chloride
Which pattern of hormone secretion, exemplified by thyroid hormones, remains relatively constant over long periods of time?
chronic hormone secretion
which of the following is NOT a description of acromegaly?
chronic hypoglycemia
which type of gene expression occurs when a person has type AB blood ?
codominance
Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through?
collecting duct
which of the following is NOT a part of a nephron
collecting duct
all of the following are located in the renal cortex, except
collecting ducts
urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters from the bladder by
compression of the ureteral openings
the chordae tendineae
connect the cusps of teh AV valves to the papillary muscles
ADH is also called vasopressin because at high concentrations it causes
constriction of blood vessels
in the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation, what is the response to an increase in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole
constriction of the afferent arteriole
all of the following conditions may result in the release of adrenal medullary hormones except
consuming a large meal
distributing arteries
contain a thick tunica media.
mature erythrocytes
contain hemoglobin in their cytoplasm
what may be affected if the enzyme carbonic anhydrase was not made in the body?
conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ion
All cardiac veins empty into the _________, which then empties into the _______.
coronary sinus; right atrium
the kidney dialysis machine is an example of a mechanical ______ system
countercurrent
the mechanism for concentration of urine is called
countercurrent
which condition may be the cause of hyperglycemia, decreased immune system, and redistribution of adipose tissue from the limbs to the face, neck, and abdomen?
cushing syndrome
hypersecretion of inhibin would result in
decreased FSH secretion and disruption of normal reproductive cycles
which of the following would be expected to cause hypoatremia
decreased aldosterone production
which of the following is NOT an action of angiotensin II
decreased peripheral resistance
a 15% increase in blood pressure would result in which of the following changes in adh secretion
decreased secretion
hyposecretion of aldosterone would lead to
decreased secretion of H+
which of the following is an example of water conservation by the body
decreased urine volume
intense sympathetic stimulation of the kidney
decreases renal flow.
which of the following is NOT an action of parathyroid hormone?
decreases the release of phosphate from bone
a severely dehydrated patient begins to experience the formation of random blood clots. why is this happening?
dehydration leads to a concentration of clotting factors, which triggers the intrinsic mechanism of coagulation
which of the following would result from a reduced function of the Na+ channels in the SA node?
depolarization would be delayed, and the heart rate would decrease
Atherosclerosis is the
deposition of plaques in arterial walls
which muscle is responsible for contraction of the urinary bladderduring micturition
detrusor muscles
the ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called
diapedesis
aldosterone targets cells in the
distal convoluted tubule
the portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
distal convoluted tubule
tubular secretion occurs in which of the following structures
distal convoluted tubule
which of the following pairs of structures are the most similar in function
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
urine concentration and volume depend on water reabsorption in the
distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
Some lung cancers secrete large amounts of ADH. This causes increased water reabsorption in the
distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
according to poiseuille's law, a small decrease in the diameter of a vessels will
dramatically decrease blood flow
what role does oxytocin play in lactation
ejection of milk
glucose is usually completely reabsorbed from the filtrate by the time the filtrate has reached the
end of the proximal convoluted tubule
which of the following is NOT an example of an autocrine chemical messenger?
endorphins
which of the following events occurs last?
enzymes break down thyroglobulin to release T3 and T4
another name for the visceral pericardium is the
epicardium
the condition characterized by overproduction of erythrocytes is called
erythocytosis
skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the
external urinary sphincter
synovial fluid is a part of which of the following fluid compartments
extracellular
The cascade of events in the intrinsic pathway can be set into motion when _____ comes into contact with collagen.
factor XII
rupture of red blood cell is called hematopoisis
false
true or false: teh affinity of adult hemoglobin for oxygen is greater than the affinity of fetal hemoglobin for oxygen
false
true or false: the biconcave structure of an erythrocyte is shaped to better accommodate teh crystalline structure of hemogloblin
false
true or false: the filtration membrane prevents blood cells and protein cells from entering the Bowman capsule on the basis of size and protein type
false
true or false: valves in lymphatic vessels allow substances to enter the vessel but reduce the ability for the substances from exiting the vessel
false
true or false: aspirin affects coagulation by distributing the activity of thrombin
fasle
true or false: the composition of extracellular fluid has little affect on intracellular fluid amounts
fasle
true or false: the number of erythrocytes in a ml sample of blood is the same as the number of leukocytes in a ml sample of blood?
fasle
the plasma component that forms fibrin, the insoluble protein, in a blood clot is ________
fibrinogen
the spleen
filters damaged red blood cells from the blood
gonadotropin releasing hormone regulates the release of
follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Transplanted tissues and organs that contain _________ _________ are rejected by the body.
foreign antigens
the vein that ascends along the medial side of the lower limb to the femoral vein is the ______________ saphenous vein, and the vein that ascends along the posterior aspect of the leg into the popliteal vein is the _________ saphenous vein.
great; small
a person with type b blood
has anti-a antibodies
antibodies
have a variable region that binds to a specific antigen determinant
all of the following could be learned from a blood chemistry test except
heart rate and blood pressure
which of the following is NOT a method of CO2 transport in the blood?
held in the depression of the RBC
hormones are intercellular chemical signals that
help coordinate growth, development, and reproduction
which of the following is not a sign nor symptom of local inflammation?
hemorrhage
extracellular fluid has a
higher Cl content than intracellular fluid
John smith works outdoors in the winter at a ski resort. his thyroid hormone levels are
higher in the winter to increae body temperature
Secretion of one hormone by the action of another hormone is control by _______ stimuli.
hormonal
loss of water through diffusion and evaporation from the skin is called ______ and is important in __________ control
insensible perspiration; heat loss
high blood glucose levels cause an increased secretion of
insulin
When blood sugar levels decrease,
insulin secretion decreases; glucagon secretion increases.
which ofthe following is NOT endogenously produced analgesics?
interleukin-2
which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water
intracellular compartment
Which two substances are most useful for determining a patient's glomerular filtration rate?
inulin and creatine
atrial natriuretic hormone
is released in response to elevated atrial pressure.
Erythropoietin
is secreted by the kidney
sensible perspiration
is secreted by the sweat glands.
plasma
is the liquid matrix of the blood
what is the importance of the delay in the action potential in the AV node?
it allows the action potential to reach teh left atrium so both atria contract together, before teh ventricles contract
Why is the external urinary sphincter under conscious control?
it is made of skeletal muscle
choose the term that does not belong with the others
juxtaglomerular apparatus
which of the following is a target tissue of PTH
kidney
A child is born with a congenital disease that results in total loss of B cells. Which of the following would be a consequence of this immunodeficiency?
lack of antibody formation
Body fluid pH will rise dramatically when
large amounts of bicarbonate are ingested.
obstruction of the _________ will cause a more severe myocardial infarction than the obstruction of any of the others
left coronary artery (LCA)
a sharp blow to the ______ could result in rupture of the spleen
left hypochondriac region
The chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressure is the
left ventricle
the only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are
leukocytes
which chemical class of hormone is more is more likely to need a binding protein for transport in the blood?
lipid soluble
which chemical type of hormone has a longer half life?
lipid soluble
all of the following are characteristics of the pituitary gland except
located superior to the hypothalamus
lymphocytes activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases
lymphocytes must recognize an antigen
which of the following cell types is incorrectly matched with its description?
lymphocytes- become macrophages
The smallest leukocytes are the _____ and the largest are the ______.
lymphocytes; monocytes
which of the following cytokines is mismatched?
lymphotoxin - costimulator of T cells
which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?
regulate skeletal muscle contraction strength
which function does the circulatory system share with the heart
regulates blood pressure
the hypothalamus
regulates the secretory activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
functions of plasma proteins include
regulation of osmotic pressure
If a blood buffer is absent, what function of the blood would be compromised?
regulation of pH
which of the following is not a function of the carbonic acid/ bicarbonate system
regulation of the pH changes of the intracellular environment
the auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure
relies on hearing Korotkoff sounds through the stethoscope
if the H+ concentration in the blood increases, bicarbonate ions act as the buffers by
removing excess H+ from the plasma
kidneys are supplied by the ____________ arteries
renal
decreased plasma clearance can indicate
renal failure
the ureter expands into substance of the kidney as the
renal pelvis
the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes
renin
a falling blood pH and a rising concentration of CO2 due to emphysema indicate
respiratory acidosis
Once alkalosis has occurred, which of the following would you expect to happen?
retention of H+ by the kidney
oxygen poor blood passes through the
right AV (tricuspid) and pulmonary valves
a woman has her right breast and axillary lymph nodes removed. Which of the following might occur?
right lymphatic duct drainage decreases causing edema in the right arm
NK cells
secrete enzymes that kill tumor or virus infected cells
helper T cells do NOT
secrete fever producing chemical
cytotoxic T cells are like NK cells because they both
secrete perforins
the endocrine system
secretes chemicals that reach their targets through the bloodstream
the active transport of substances into the filtrate is called tubular
secretion
the release of chemicals from an endocrine or exocrine gland is referred to as
secretion
all of the following describe ways that blood helps maintain homeostasis
secretion of neuropeptides
which of the following is not a shared characteristic of endocrine and exocrine glands?
secretions are released through ducts onto an epithelial surface
the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when
serum Ca2+ levels decrease
which of the following is NOT a consquence of sickle cell anemia?
sickle shaped red blood cells are less likely to rupture
which type of capillaries have large fenestrae and are found in endocrine glands?
sinusoidal capillaries
An increased amount of heparin in the blood might
slow down the clotting process.
in general, the response of target cells to endocrine stimulation is ________ than their response to nervous stimulation.
slower and more prolonged
members of which group of hormones are made from cholesterol
steroids
the glucocorticoids
stimulate gluconeogenesis
adrenal androgens
stimulate growth of pubic hair in femailes
which of the following is NOT a function of LH?
stimulates contraction of the uterus
the urinary bladder
stores urine until it is voided
end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume is equal to
stroke volume
the three major arteries of teh upper limb that form a continuum are the __________
subclavian, axillary, and brachial
which of the following statements best describes the actions of the thyroid hormones?
these hormones interact with intracellular receptors altering protein synthesis
what do the common left carotid, brachiocephalic artery, and left subclavian all have in common?
they all branch from the aortic arch
which statement about precapillary sphincters is CORRECT?
they can close off the capillary by contracting
all of the following are reasons why some hormones need assistance to travel in the blood except
they cannot dissolve in th blood because they are water soluble
agglutination of red blood cells means
they clump together
which of the following best describes the structure of lymphatic capillary walls?
thin-walled, with overlapping squamous cells
Why does nutrient-rich blood of the hepatic portal vein pass first through the liver before this blood is returned to the heart?
this allows the liver to store or modify the nutrients
in the extrinsic pathay, damaged tissues release
thromboplastin (tissue factor III)
which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ?
thymus gland
all of the following are water soluble except
thyroid hormone
hypersecretion of which of the following hormones causes increased metabolic rate, sensitivity to heat, weight loss, and exophthalamus
thyroid hormone
Why is body temperature sometimes reduced during heart surgery?
to decrease the heart rate
Emily is in labor with her first child. The amplitude-modulated system would show her oxytocin levels
to have a strong signal
the lymphatic system is involved in circulation, immunity, and nutrient absorption.
true
true or false: if the average female lost 10% of her blood volume, she would have lost around 0.5 L of blood?
true
true or false: normocytes are red blood cells with a diameter of approximately 7.5 micrometers
true
tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that
tubular secretion adds material to the filtrate: tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate
a person with type O blood should recieve a blood transfusion from a donor with
type O blood
which of the following would help maintain the medullary concentration gradient
urea movement from the collecting duct to medullary intestinal fluid
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
ureters
the visceral branches of the internal iliac arteries supply blood to the
urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs
a decrease in plasma osmolality would increase
urine production
which structural feature of the lymphatic vessels is responsible to forward movement of lymph?
valves
the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules
vary in permeability to water relative to the amounts of adh present
which structure removes excess water and solutes from the kidney's medullary intestinal fluid
vasa recta
the nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. this is known as _______
vascular spasm
Structurally, lymph vessels are most similar to
veins
which of the following acts as a storage area for blood?
veins
which type of vessel has the greatest compliance?
veins
in which type of blood vessels is the blood pressure the lowest?
venae cavae
What cardiac arrhythmia will have no QRS complex as a symptom?
ventricular fibrillation
the first and second sounds are most directly related to
vibrations that occur when the valves close
which protein forms a bridge between exposed vessel wall collagen and platelet surface receptors?
von Willebrand factor
in extracellular fluid osmolality is 385 mOsm/kg, teh kidney will increase reabsorption of
water
decreased adh levels results in a urine high in
water content
the chemoreceptor reflexes help maintain homeostasis
when Na+ levels increase
which of the following statements concerning k+ is false
when aldosterone levels are high, K+ secretion is low
which of the followings is the most abundant of the plasma proteins?
albumin
a patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He is complaining of back pain. x-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures.
albuminuria
which of the following hormones is most likely to bind to intracellular receptors?
aldosterone, a cholesterol based hormone
Calcium's role in the body include
all of the choices are correct
Once cytotoxic T cells are produced, which of the following is (are) consistent with their ability to attack intracellular viruses?
all of the choices are correct
a decrease in blood volume will result in
all of the choices are correct
the filtrate that drips from the renal papillae into the calyces
all of the choices are correct
which of the following is a function of the heart skeleton ?
all of the choices are functions of the heart skeleton
hormone receptor molecules may be _________ in order to change teh target cell's sensitivity to a given hormone
all the choices are correct
Most endocrine glands communicate with their target tissues using _____ signals.
amplitude modulated
lipid soluble hormones can be more easily excreted once they have water soluble molecules added to their structure in a process called
amplitude modulation
HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn) occurs when
an Rh negative woman is carrying a Rh positive fetus
When a person rises quickly from a lying position, there is
an increase in vasomotor sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction
renin converts
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
the target tissue for melatonin is the
anterior pituitary
the primary regulator of plasma Na + concentration is
antidiuretic hormone (adh)
Cells that process antigen and present antigens to other immune cells are called
antigen presenting
which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response ?
antigen recognition- antigen presentation- clonal selection- differentiation- attack
Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________.
appearance of that solute in the urine
what are the arteries which diverge from the interlobular arteries near the base of the renal pyramid
arcuate
anterior pituitary hormones
are all proteins or glycoproteins.
cardiac muscle cells
are maintained by an extensive capillary network.
chloride ions
are regulated with Na+.
blood from the posterior abdominal wall drains into the
ascending lumbar veins
the P wave of an electrocardiogram indicates
atrial depolarization
How do most water-soluble hormones travel in the bloodstream?
attached to proteins
which of the following chemical messenger stimulate the cell that originally secreted it ?
autocrine
Compounds released from cells that influence the same cell are called _____________.
autocrine chemical messengers
venous drainage from the posterior thoracic wall enters the superior vena cava via the _________ vein.
azygos
histamine and leukotrienes are released from
basophils and mast cells
Acetazolamide (Diamox) is a diuretic that functions by blocking the activity of carbonic anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. ..........
1,2,3,4
the mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia is located on chromosome ____
11
At the rate of 125 ml of filtrate/minute, estimate the amount of filtrate formed in 24 hours.
180 liters
given the following list of organic molecules, which includes hormones? 1) nucleic acid derivatives 2) polypeptides 3) steroids 4) proteins
2,3,4
which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart? 1) arterial dilation 2) valves in the veins 3) sympathetic stimulations 4) compression of veins by muscular movements
2,3,4
the adult heart averages __________ grams
250-300
The major thyroid hormone that interacts with target cells is
T3
Sully has lost his way while hiking. The temperature has dropped and he is beginning to feel a bit anxious. Which of the following hormone levels do you expect to increase under these conditions?
TRH
cells responsible for the secretion of calcitonin are located
between the follicles among the cells that make up the follice of the thyroid gland
When defective erythrocytes are broken down,
bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin
thyroid hormone interacts with its target tissue by
binding to receptor molecules in the nucleus
a force that attracts fluid into the capillary from the tissue spaces is
blood colloid osmotic pressure
which of the following is mismatched?
blood crossmatch-donor and recipient blood cells are mixed together
which of the following illustrates acute hormone secretion most acurately?
blood levels o hormone C are relatively constant but will increae dramatically under some stressful situations but not as much under other stressful situations
a force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is
blood pressure
angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced
blood supply to cardiac muscle
most of the Ca2+ in the body is in the
bones
which of the following is (are) associated with decreased hematopoiesis?
both
which of the following occurs when insulin molecules bind to their receptors on target cells?
both
ADH secretion will increase when
both "blood osmolality increases" and "blood pressure decreases" all are correct
which of the following formed elements do not have chromosomes?
both erythrocytes and reticulocytes
which of the following statements concerning the pancreas is true?
both glucagon and insulin are produced in the pancreatic islets
the juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of
both juxtaglomerular and macula densa cells
the hypothalamohypophysial tract connects the hypothalamus to the
posterior pituitary
which of the following are released by damaged tissues and functions as intercellular autocrine or paracrine signals?
postglandins
the thymus is where __________ mature and become functional immune cells.
pre-T cells
Small changes in _____________ will have a large impact on the heart's pumping effectiveness, while large changes in ___________ do not impact the effectiveness much.
preload; afterload
Blood is moved through the vascular system by
pressure gradients created by the heart
If GH (growth hormone) secretion is deficient in a newborn, the child will
probably experience reduced bone growth
up regulation
produces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone
up-regulation
produces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone
RBCs develop from
proerythrozytes
all of the following are examples of tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary except
prolactin, which stimulates milk production bybthe mammary glands
one difference between the plasma and intestinal fluid is that the plasma has simnifically more ____________ than intestinal fluid
protein
capillary walls serve as effective permeability barriers for
proteins
the secondary or memory response
provides better protection than the primary response.
Most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the
proximal convoluted tubule
glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the
proximal convoluted tubule
the renal corpuscle connects to the
proximal convoluted tubule
in the pulmonary circulation the ________ carry blood to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
from the right ventricle, blood flows directly into the
pulmonary trunk
which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the renal medulla
pyelonephritis
which of the following statements is true
reabsorption of water in the filtrate may be hormonally controlled
the function of the pericardial fluid is to
reduce friction between the pericardial membranes
all of the following are regulatory functions of the endocrine system except
thermoregulation
arrange the following events in proper sequence: 1 the activating hormone interacts with the membrane bound receptor 2 cyclic amp causes the cell to carry out a function characteristic for that specific hormone 3 adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the transformation of atp to cyclic amp 4 adenylyl cyclase is activated
3, 4, 2, 1
diabetes insipidus is the result of decreased ______ production
ADH
in the platelet release reaction
ADP and thromboxane stimulate other platelets to become activated
during isovolumetric contraction period of the cardiac cycle,
AV and semilunar valves are closed
MHC class II molecules are found on
B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
stimulus for the secretion of parathyroid hormone is a decrease in serum ________ levels
Ca2+
the long plateau in the action potential observed in cardiac muscle cells is probably related with _________ staying longer in the cytoplasm
Ca2+
which ion is necessary for the coagulation process?
Ca2+
which of the following will inhibit the secretion of growth hormone?
GHIH
which of the following ions is necessary for thyroid hormone production?
I-
During a race, a long-distance runner twisted his ankle. He finished the race without feeling any pain in his ankle. This lack of the perception of pain could be the result of an increase in
beta endorphins
which of the following events occurs last
Sodium ion reabsorption by the kidney tubules
the relationship between preload and stoke volume is known as
Starling Law of the heart
___________ are a part of cell mediated immunity while _______ are a part of antibody mediated immunity
T cells; B cells
What do all hormones have in common?
They bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cell.
which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
aiding in erythropoiesis of red blood cells
which vitamin is necessary to produce many clotting factors in the liver ?
Vitamin K
Edema can occur when there is
a blockage of the lymphatics
when a few intracellular mediator molecules activate several enzymes, and each of these activated enzymes activate still other enzymes, the hormone has initiated
a cascade effect
which of the following accurately describes thromboplastin?
a compound released by damaged tissue that iniates the extrinsic clotting pathway
how would a decrease in the number in the number of megakaryocytic affect blood composition ?
a decrease in megakaryocytes would decrease the number of platelets in the blood
If a young boy is diagnosed with hemophilia, he would have
a disorder of the clotting process
which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the kidneys
a marked decreae in the ability to maintain homeostasis
when blood pressure is greater than the blood colloid osmotic pressure, there is
a net movement of fluids out of the capillary
a person with an increased eosinophil count might be suffering from
a parasitic worm infection
insulin shock occurs when there is
a rapid fall in the blood sugar level
Wetting the oral mucosa and stretching the digestive tract will cause ____________ in thirst sensations.
a temporary interruption
Interferon production is stimulated by
a viral infection
which of the following would be an example of chemotaxis?
a white blood cell moves toward an injury site due to its release of certain chemicals by injured cells
Julie was diagnosed with an aggressive tumor of the thyroid. Surgery was performed to remove the thyroid. However, post-operatively, Julie's blood calcium levels began declining to life-threatening levels. This decline is most likely due to
accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery
when comparing cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells
action potentials are conducted from cell to cell only in cardiac muscle
hormones are released from the posterior pituitary when posterior pituitary cells are stimulated by
action potentials from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons
which of theh following occurs when a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor?
activation of mRNA synthesis
an individual develops a cold from a co-worker. this is an example of ___________ immunity
active natural
Adequate Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract depends on
adequate amounts of vitamin D
the kidney is protected from mechanical shock by
adipose tissue
which of the following is NOT a form of hemoglobin found in the developing human?
adolescent
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) are
aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucus membranes
Hormone A is a large protein composed of several polypeptides. Hormone B is a small fatty acid derivative. Which of the following statement correctly predicts the way these hormones interact with their target cells?
hormone a would bind to a membrane bound receptor, while b would bind to an intracellular receptor
all of the following are characteristics of hormones except
hormones interact with any cells in contact with the bloodstream
after a meal, blood glucose levels rise and stimulate the release of insulin. of which type of stimulation is this an example ?
humoral
parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium levels decrease. this is an example of control by _______ stimuli
humoral
blood chemistry changes are example of __________ stimuli, whereas sympathetic nervous system impulses are examples of ________ stimuli for hormone release
humoral; neural
the function of the plasmin is to
hydrolyze fibrin
Decreased extracellular potassium levels cause
hyperpolarization of cell membranes.
Decreased extracellular K+ levels cause
hyperpolarization of plasma membranes.
increased metabolic activity and weight loss are associated with
hyperthroidism
the hypothalamohypophysial portal system carries hormones from the
hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
which of the following statements regarding intrinsic regulation of the heart is true?
if cardiac muscle cells are slightly stretched, they have a stronger contraction force
the globins are important plasma proteins that function primarily in
immunity
One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that
immunity is directed against a particular pathogen
all of the following are changes due to age related decreases in endocrine secretions except
inability to regulate blood glucose levels
systematic circulation
includes the aorta and all its branches
adh increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts by
incorporating aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane
which of the following will the body begin to do in order to compensate for hyperkalemia
increase aldosterone secretion
releasing hormones
increase anterior pituitary secretion
an injection of epinephrine would
increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and decrease gastric tract motility
in glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the filtration membrane increases, allowing proteins to cross the membrane. which of the following would you expect to observe
increase in filtration volume
an increase in blood CO2 levels is followed by a/an ______ in H+ ions and a/an _________ in blood pH
increase; decrease
An increase in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid will trigger a(n) ___________ in the secretion of ADH and a(n) ____________ in thirst.
increase; increase
Randolf was suffering from severe hepatitis. His skin appeared to be jaundiced. That color change was due to
increased bilirubin in is circulatory system
which of the following would lead to increased erythropoiesis ?
increased erythropoietin
ADH is secreted in response to
increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids
an increase in parathyroid hormone levels results in
increased rate of bone resorption
decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles results in
increased renin secretion
During hemorrhagic shock in which blood pressure is decreased, which of the regulatory mechanisms is most important is increasing cardiac output to help maintain blood pressure?
increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart
If insulin secretion is too low or its receptors are insensitive, all of the following effects are seen, except
increased uptake of glucose to cells
increased secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone results in
increased urine output
stroke volume is increased by
increased venous return
growth hormone
increases amino acid uptake in cells
increased osmolality of the extracellular fluid
increases thirst
ADH
increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
aldosterone exerts its effect on the kidney tubules by
increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for Na+
the connecting stalk between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is the
infundibulum
in addition to testosterone and estrogen, reproductive prgans also produce the hormone______, which decreases the production of FSH
inhibin
Increased testosterone levels reduce the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary. This is an example of
inhibition of hormone release by hormonal stimuli
what is the function of the thymosin?
maturation of T cells
secretions of pineal gland
may inhibit reproductive functions
blood pressure is the
measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.
which of the following veins is NOT involved in draining blood from the arm?
medial cubital vein
the portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is called the
medulla
chemoreceptors sensitive to blood carbon dioxide levels are primarily located in the
medulla oblongata
in Alaska, the longest day of summer is over 20 hours. predict how this would affect melatonin secretion
melatonin secretion would decrease due to the extended length of time and individual is exposed to light
prolonged vomiting of stomach contents will result in
metabolic alkalosis
all of the following are major processes essential to urine production, except
micturition
lymphocytes
migrate to lymphatic tissue
renal papillae drain into
minor calyces
the renal papillae extend into the
minor calyces
which of the following is an agranulocyte?
monocyte
Macrophages are derived from
monocytes
in the blood
most T3 and T4 molecules are found bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
which of the following descriptions of a blood sample is most accurate?
most of the cells that can be identified are RBCs with fewer WBCs
in which of the following situations might Rh incompatibility develop?
mother is Rh negative; fetus is Rh positive
which of the following is NOT a principle sensor for thirst regulation
mouth mucosa
all of the following tissues are targeted by the PTH except
muscle
nuetrophils are derived from a population of intermediate cells called
myeloblasts
smooth muscle cells in the walls of afferent and efferent arterioles dilate or constrict as a needed response to changes in blood pressure. the process of autoregulation is called
myogenic mechanism
Most hormones are regulated by__________mechanisms
negative feedback
the embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary gland is
nervous tissues from the area of the hypothalamus
sympathetic neurons can serve as _________ stimuli for hormone release from certain endocrine organs
neural
hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by
neurohormones of the hypothalamus
the two functional portions of the pituitary gland are the
neurohypophysis and adenohypophsis
the hypothalamus tract carries
neurons from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
An intercellular chemical signal that is produced by neurons but functions like a hormone would be called a
neuropeptide
which type of chemical messenger is released from neurons to activate adjacent cell?
neurotransmitter
Which type of material is NOT transported by the blood?
neurotransmitters
consider the mechanisms of innate immunity, which of the following pairs is accurately matched?
neutrophils- increase in number in response to bacterial infections
the two major types of phagocytic cells are ________ and _____________
neutrophils; macrophages
Which gas, also carried by a hemoglobin, may help regulate blood pressure?
nitric oxide
an adult patient is brought into the emergency room of a local hospital. the EMTs report the patient lost about 300cc of blood. is this life threatening?
no, most adults have 4-6 liters of blood, so 300 cc would not be life threatening
Nancy is 8 months pregnant. Her physician mentioned that the placental LH-like hormone levels had decreased. Should Nancy be concerned?
no, the secretion of LH like substance by the placenta is important in the first trimester, and Nancy's pregnacy is beyond the first trimester
which of the following induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume
norepinephrine
which of the following blood cells function primarily as phagocytic cells?
not monocytes....... or basophils........
all of the following are potential locations for hematopoiesis in the embryo and fetus except
not spleen or lymph nodes
oxytocin release is stimulated by
nursing a baby
Filtrate reabsorption, which occurs regardless of the concentration and volume of urine produced, is referred to as
obligatory
a person working outside in the hot sun can perspire a great deal. this increase in perspiration results in increased water loss from the body. increased water loss causes the blood osmolality to increase. this increased osmolality is "sensed" by the __________
osmoreceptors
parathyroid hormone increased the activity of the _______ in bone and increase the rate of Ca2 __________ in the kidney tubules
osteoclast; reabsorption
when large quantites of blood are lost, erythrocytes must be replaced to restore
oxygen carrying capacity
which of the following is NOT a long term regulator of blood pressure?
oxygen tension response
the oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called
oxyhemoglobin
which of the following does not belong with the others
pH increases
which of the following glands is both an endocrine gland and exocrine gland?
pancreas
___________ chemical signals are released by cells and affect other cell types locally without being transported in blood
paracrine
which type of chemical messenger will act locally on nearby cells?
paracrine
which endocrine gland secretions do not appear to decrease as one ages?
parathyroid hormone
a substance used to calculate plasma clearance must
pass freely through the filtration membranes of the renal corpuscle
which of the following terms is mismatched with its description?
pectinate muscles- muscles that close valves
which statement correctly identifies teh phase of the cardiac cycle that occurs when the pressure in the ventricles is lower than the pressure in the great arteries but greater than the pressure in the atria?
period of isovolumetric contraction
Urine flows through the ureters to the bladder as the result of
peristaltic contractions
the kidneys are located behind the ______ membrane on the posterior side of the ________ wall
peritoneal; abdominal
which gland is located in the sella turcica?
pituitary (hypophysis)
For a person whose hematocrit is 45%, in which choice below are the components of blood correctly ranked in order of decreasing percent volume?
plasma, RBCs, WBCs
During platelet plug formation,
platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels.
which blood component is NOT correctly matched with its function?
platelets- phagocytize bacteria
the adrenal medulla
plays a role in the adaption of the body for physical activity
what type of veins connect two primary capillary networks?
portal veins
in ________, a cell increases the number of hormone receptors and becomes more sensitive to the hormone
positive feedback
a mutation occurs in a gene that is important to the production of MHC Class II molecules. which of the following statements accurately describes the ramification of such a mutation?
such a mutation will hinder antibody production due to the lack of interactions between B lymphocytes and helper T cells
Veins that return blood directly to the heart include the
superior vena cava
after entering the right atrium, the furthest a red blood cell can travel is the ____________.
superior vena cava
positive selection of lymphocytes refers to the
survival of pre-B and pre-T cells that are capable of an immune response
select the statement that best describes the pulmonary circulation?
system of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart
the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body is accomplished through the __________ circulation
systemic
Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular
systole
what abnormal rhythm could be caused by an elevated body temperature, excessive sympathetic stimulation, or toxic conditions?
tachycardia
hormones act on specific tissues called ________ tissues
target
the hematocrit is
teh percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood
the main hormone of the male reproductive system is
testosterone
the right atrium receives blood from
the body and the heart
when a person is transfused with the wrong blood type
the erythrocytes agglutinate
When the tubular maximum for a substance is exceeded,
the excess remains in the urine
Ezra is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When Ezra asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in
the inner lining of the heart
An increase in ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will cause
the kidney tubules to retain more water
which of the following is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
the loop of Henle
Depolarization of the cardiac muscle cell occurs as the result of
the opening of voltage gated Na+ channels and voltage gated Ca2+ channels
insulin is necessary for the satiety center to detect the presence of glucose in extracellular fluid. when insulin levels are low
the person is intensely hungry
the amount of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland is regulated by
the photoperiod (the daily amount of sunlight)
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
the posterolateral surface
what is it about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for a hormone
the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone
the half life of a hormone allows one to determine
the rate at which hormones are eliminated from the body.
the primary stimulus for release of adrenal medullary hormones comes from
the sympathetic nervous system
during the cardiac cycle,
the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract.