A&P joints
How would you classify the knee joint based on movement?
Diathrosis
Ligaments: Question options: 1) hold a muscle and a bone together 2) hold bones together 3) are always present within a joint cavity 4) are always lined by synovial membrane
Hold bones together
The function of bursae is to: 1)increase the blood supply 2)increase range of movements 3)reduce friction 4)reinforce the joint
Reduce friction
Rotation
medial [internal rotation] if the front of the limb is towards the body and lateral [external rotation] if it is turned away
The acromioclavicular joint is prone to subluxate. By this you mean:
The joint is partially disrupted and while the bones are in contact the articulation of the bones is misaligned
movements along the vertical axis
medial rotation/lateral rotation
extension
movement that brings two ventral surfaces apart(unfolding)
Flexion
movement that brings two ventral surfaces together(folding)
Which joint allows motion in multiple planes [ flexion/extension; adduction/abduction and rotation?
multiaxial
The movement of a bone around its long axis or vertical axis is called
rotation
The primary movement permitted at pivot joints is...
rotation
Syndesmosis
seen in the inferior tibiofibular joint [distal tibiofibular joint] where the intervening fibrous tissue is the interosseus ligament. While primarily an immovable joint, it allows slight movement, such as when jumping from heights. The bones splay at the lower end to absorb the shock. The interosseus membranes between the bones of forearm and leg also form syndesmoses
Which joint allows motion in multiple planes [ flexion/extension; adduction/abduction and rotation? 1) elbow joint 2) shoulder joint 3) intercarpal joint 4) wrist joint
shoulder joint
Tendon sheaths
similar to bursae, but differ in shape. They look like sausage-shaped ballons that wrap around long tendons subjected to friction.
Eversion
sole faces outwards or laterally
Inversion
sole of the foot faces inwards or medially
movements along antero-posterior axis
abduction/adduction
types of fibrous joints
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
what movements are possible at the wrist joint which is a condyloid joint?
adduction/abduction/flexion/extension
A partially movable joint is referred to as....
amphiarthrosis
Gomphosis
are the joints between the teeth and the sockets, where a peg shaped process is inserted into a socket. Again allows v slight movement during chewing
hip joint
being more weight bearing has more stability and less mobility (ball and socket)
Fibrocartilaginous discs lie between the vertebrae in the vertebral column thus helping to form an intervertebral joint. How would you classify this joint? 1) fibrous joint 2) synovial joint 3) cartilaginous joint
cartilaginous
neck of the femur
clasped by the joint capsule to facilitate the stability.
The pectoral girdle consists of:
clavicle and scapula
Circumduction
combination of sequential movements, where the limbs describes a cone and is not a separate primary movement
Cartilaginous joints:
synchondrosis(primary), symphysis(secondary)
Sutures in babies
the bones are still membranous and there are gaps in the sutures filled by membranes called fontanelles which help in the growth of the skull to accommodate the growing brain.
Pronation
the forearm is rotated so that the palm faces backward
3 main types of joints
fibrous joints (the intervening substance is fibrous tissue) cartilaginous (the intervening substance is cartilage ) synovial (the intervening substance is synovial fluid)
Bursae
flattened fibrous sacs lined w/synovial membrane, contains synovial fluid; common where things rub together they serve to reduce friction.
Movements along transverse axis
flexion/extension
A biaxial joint such as the wrist allows which of the following movements? 1)flexion and extension 2)abduction and adduction 3)gliding movements 4)flexion/extension; abduction/adduction 5) flexion/extension; abduction/adduction ; medial and lateral rotation
flexion/extension; abduction/adduction
Plantarflexion
foot is turned so that the toes point downwards, as in standing on your toes.
Dorsiflexion
foot is turned so that the toes point upwards, as in standing on your heels.
Pronation and supination are movements that take place:
forearm
Supination
forearm is rotated so that the palm faces forward
Plane synovial joints
gliding movements along no particular axis e:g intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Shoulder joint
greater mobility but less stability, which is why it has a muscle cuff surrounding it as added protection (ball and socket)
Classification based on movement
immovable (usually fibrous joints, also called synarthroses) partially movable (usually cartilaginous joints, also called amphiarthroses) freely movable (usually synovial joints, also called diarthroses)
Sutures (synarthrosis)
in the skull where fibrous tissue connects the articulating bones
Biaxial
(movement along 2 axes) -condyloid joint, allows flexion / extension and abduction /adduction e:g metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist joint. - saddle joint, where the articular surfaces are convex on section in one direction and concave in the other. The movements allowed are flexion /extension accompanied by rotation, and abduction / adduction e:g carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (some classify these as multi-axial)
Polyaxial
(movement along all three axes) - ball and socket joint, freely movable joint allowing flexion / extension, adduction / abduction, and medial rotation / lateral rotation e:g shoulder and hip joints.
Uniaxial
(movement along one axis only) - hinge joint, (movement along transverse axis) allowing flexion and extension.e:g elbow joint, interphalangeal joints - pivot joint, (movement along vertical axis) allowing rotation, medial and lateral rotation e:g radioulnar joints,atlantoaxial joint of the neck which is used when you say 'no'
Conditions affecting joints:
-Sprains- when a ligament is stretched or torn -Dislocations- bones out of alignment with no contact at all -Subluxation- partial dislocation, with partial contact between bones -Arthritis- inflammation of joints -Gout- uric acid/ urate deposits in joints, especially the joints of the big toe.
Synchondrosis: or primary cartilaginous joints
-The intervening tissue is hyaline cartilage -which ossifies and there is no joint visible when this occurs -No movement is permitted at these joints and these develop to allow skeletal growth ex: joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis, separated by the epiphyseal disc.
Symphisis or secondary cartilaginous joints
-articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage -the intervening cartilage is fibrocartilage -Slight movement is permitted/joints are seen in the midline body Ex: joints between the vertebral bodies (with intervening intervertebral discs), pubic symphisis, and joints between the 3 parts of the sternum -cartilages rarely ossify.
Synovial joints:
-most joints -articulating surfaces are covered by hyaline articular cartilage, and are separated by a cavity lined by synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid -A fibrous capsule continuous with the periosteum connects the articulating bones and the synovial membrane lines the inside of this capsule, and the joint cavity except for the articular cartilage -The synovial fluid is a lubricant and sometimes the joint cavity is divided into compartments by an articular disc which increases the movements possible, such as in the knee joint
three factors determine the strength or stability of the synovial joint, and the range of movement permitted by it
1. The shape of the articular surfaces of the bones 2. The ligaments: strong bands of dense fibrous connective tissue which bind the adjacent bones together 3. Muscles which extend between the two bones comprising the joint.
An intervertebral joint has fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs present between the two vertebrae. How would you classify this joint? 1. diarthrosis- freely movable 2. amphiarthrosis- partially moveable 3. synarthrosis- immovable
2. amphiarthrosis- partially moveable
what is a joint?
A joint is formed where two or more bones articulate with each other. They are classified based on the material intervening between the articulating surfaces
An example of a secondary cartilaginous joint is:
Joints between the vertebrae
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body