A&P Learning Assignment 4&5
During the metabolism of glucose, carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced during the __________ reactions.
aerobic
Chemical reactions in which large molecules are built from small molecules are classified as __________ reactions. In contrast, __________ reactions involve breaking large molecules down into smaller ones.
anabolic; catabolic
Lactic acid is produced during the __________ reactions of cellular respiration.
anaerobic
Although the shapes of the cells may differ, all cells in the tissue have a ___ function.
common
The membrane that is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and dense connective tissue is called the ______, or skin.
cutaneous membrane
Glandular tissue is a type of _____tissue that secretes substances into _____or body fluids.
epithelial ,ducts
Glands that secrete their products into a duct that opens onto a free surface are called _____glands.
exocrine
Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands are all types of ______glands.
exocrine
Each mRNA molecule is used to produce one copy of a polypeptide molecule.
false
There are ____major types of tissues.
four
A(n) __________ in the concentration of reactants will result in a(n) __________ in the rate of the chemical reaction.
increase; increase
What occurs during the phase of protein synthesis called transcription?
mRNA is produced from a DNA template.
Thin sheetlike structures which cover all surfaces and line the cavities of the body are known as ______. Three major types of tissues are found in the body.
membranes
The term __________ refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
metabolism
Consisting of epithelium overlying areolar connective tissue, a ___ lines passageways of the body such as those of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
mucous membrane
The correct chemistry term for the process of "burning" glucose is the __________ of glucose.
oxidation
ATP molecules provide energy for cellular activities by __________.
releasing the terminal phosphate group and the energy associated with the bond
The epithelial membrane that lines a body cavity that lacks an opening to the outside is called a _____.
serous membrane
In all complex organisms, cells are organized into
tissues
Nervous tissue is composed mainly of ____ types of cells
two
Exocrine glands can be further classified into _____glands, which are composed of a single epithelial cell, and _____glands, that are composed of many cells.
unicellular, multicellular
The membranous layer that covers the surface of an organ in a body cavity is called the ____layer of the membrane. The layer that lines the wall of the body cavity is called the _____ layer.
visceral, parietal
Match the muscle tissue type with the example location of where it can be found.
wall of the heart- cardiac muscle walls of blood vessels- smooth muscle attached to bones in the arm- skeletal muscle wall of the stomach- smooth muscle attached to the ribs- skeletal muscle iris of the eye- smooth muscle
The substance between the cells of connective tissues is called the extracellular matrix. In addition to ground substance, what else makes up the matrix?
Protein fibers
What type of epithelial tissue is found lining the upper respiratory passageway and is able to move mucus?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect in elastin fibers. People with this syndrome would therefore exhibit what feature?
Hyperextensible joints
Match the DNA and RNA nucleotides with their complementary base.
In DNA and RNA, cytosine is complementary to guanine In DNA, adenine is complementary to thymine In RNA, adenine is complementary to uracil
Complete the following sentences describing the role of DNA in protein synthesis.
The specific order of amino acids in a protein is determined by the order of nitrogenous bases in a segment of DNA called a gene. Each amino acid is "coded for" by several possible sequences of three bases. The base sequence of DNA determines the base sequence in the molecule called mRNA, which carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In an mRNA molecule, each 3-base sequence is called a codon. Any one amino acid can be coded for by several of these 3-base sequences. For example, the base sequences CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG within the mRNA will all result in the amino acid leucine being placed within the protein molecule being built.
Complete the sentences that describe the coding sequences found in mRNA and the amino acids they are associated with.
Three-base sequences on mRNA, called codons, code for individual amino acids. With four possible bases forming each 3-base sequence, it is possible to form 64 combinations. Of all the possible 3-base sequences, three act as stop sequences, marking the end of the genetic information for that gene. This leaves 61 possible 3-base combinations to code for 20 amino acids. Due to having multiple possible codons for any one amino acid, a change in one base within a codon may or may not code for a different amino acid in the final protein.
What type of intercellular junction joins cells in sheet-like layers by fusing adjacent cells together?
Tight junctions
What is the process of synthesizing mRNA called?
Transcription
Match each type of nucleic acid with the process(es) it is involved in. Labels can be used more than once.
Transcription: DNA mRNA Translation mRNA tRNA rRNA
DNA replication results in two identical daughter molecules, each consisting of one old (original) DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand.
True
Complete the sentences describing the process of "burning" glucose.
Within the cytoplasm, glucose enters a series of anaerobic reactions called glycolysis, producing two 3-carbon compounds called pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid molecules then enter the mitochondria of the cell where they are converted to acetyl CoA by losing a carbon dioxide molecule. Acetyl CoA then binds with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, beginning a series of reactions called the citric acid cycle. During the citric acid cycle, the carbons that remain from the original glucose split off as carbon dioxide. During each cycle, one ATP is made. Throughout both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, hydrogen atoms and high-energy electrons are released. They are picked up by a carrier molecule. The carrier molecule delivers the hydrogen atoms and high-energy electrons to the series of enzymes called the electron transport chain. As the electrons pass along these enzymes, their energy is used to make ATP.
The role of an enzyme is to reduce the __________ of a reaction.
activation energy
The three-base sequences on mRNA that code for a particular amino acid are called ___ The complementary three-base sequences on tRNA are called ___
codons; anticodons
The largest membrane of the body, the _____, provides a protective barrier from environmental factors such as chemicals, water, microbes, and mechanical trauma.
cutaneous membrane
Glands that secrete their products into a small passageway that opens onto a surface are _____glands. An example of this type of gland is a ______
exocrine, sweat gland.
Each label describes one or more of three types of connective tissue cells. Drag each label to the correct image
fibroblast- fixed cell, large, star-shaped cell, produces fibers mast cell- large cells, usually located near blood vessels, secretes heparin, secretes histamine macrophage- wandering cell, phagocyte, clears foreign particles from tissues
A single cell, or a structure consisting of a group of cells, that makes and secretes a substance is called a(n) __________.
gland
The structure that lines a cavity or tube which opens to the external environment is called a ______. This membrane contains goblet cells that secrete ______ to help trap particles and protect the underlying cells.
mucous membrane, mucus
By definition, factors such as certain chemicals or radiation that induce a change in DNA base order are called __________.
mutagens
For some metabolic pathways, the product of the pathway inhibits the functioning of the first enzyme of the same pathway. This type of regulation is an example of __________.
negative feedback
The second cell type, the ______, support and bind the components of the nervous tissue.
neuroglia
In nervous tissue, the cell type that carries out the main function of the tissue is the __________.
neuron
On the cellular level, the first type of nervous cell, the ______, are responsible for carrying electrical signals throughout the body.
neurons
Due to these cells, the nervous tissue is able to coordinate, ______, and integrate many bodily functions.
regulate
Consisting of simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin layer of areolar connective tissue, a ___ lines some body cavities and produces a thin, watery secretion, called ___, that lubricates internal areas.
serous membrane, serous fluid
match the location with the appropriate connective tissue
skull-bone on the surface of the heart and around the kidneys- adipose covering the ends of bones- hyaline cartilage tendons and ligaments- dense connective tissue between muscles; beneath epithelial tissues- areolar tissue
Match each word root to the correct meaning.
co-with de- undoing ana- up cata- down
The electrons passed along the electron transport chain combine with __________ hydrogen ion(s) and an oxygen atom to form water.
2
List the end products of the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose.
6CO2, 6H2O, 32 ATP
What is the definition of a tissue?
A group of similar cells with a common function.
What is illustrated in this figure?
A metabolic pathway
What is a cofactor?
A nonprotein molecule that must combine with some enzymes in order for them to become active.
What occurs during the stage of protein synthesis called translation?
A polypeptide is built, based on mRNA base sequence.
Complete the sentences describing how metabolic reactions can be related.
A sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions is called a metabolic pathway In these reaction sequences, the product of one enzymatic reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction in the sequence. The pace at which the sequence of reactions progresses is determined by a type of enzyme called a regulatory enzyme. An enzyme occurring at the start of the sequence of reactions that acts as a rate-limiting enzyme controls the rate of reaction of the entire pathway.
Name the primary energy-carrying molecule in the cell.
ATP
Which of the following is a characteristic of skeletal muscle tissue?
Cells are striated.
Which type of tissue provides support, protection, and fills gaps between tissues?
Connective tissue
Protein synthesis involves DNA and the three types of RNA. Each becomes involved in the process at different times. Place them in the order that they are active in the process.
DNA acts as a template for RNA which binds to rRNA which, in turn, allows binding of tRNA.
What type of cartilage provides support and shock absorption?
Fibrocartilage
Match the tissue type with its characteristics.
Lacks blood vessels; readily divides; cells are tightly packed-Epithelial tissue The most abundant type of tissue; cells are far apart- connective tissue Able to contract in response to specific stimuli-muscle tissue cells communicate with each other and other body parts- nervous tissue
If one strand of DNA had a base sequence of A-T-T-G-C-A, what base order would be found on the complementary strand of DNA?
T-A-A-C-G-T
Complete the sentences describing energy and its use in metabolic reactions.
The definition of energy is the ability or capacity to do work. Nutrients that we consume have chemical energy stored within their chemical bonds. These nutrient molecules are our main source of energy for metabolism.
Complete the sentences describing the process by which DNA strands are copied. Then rearrange the sentences (starting with the reference to the figure), placing them in logical order.
The enzyme called DNA polymerase brings in DNA nucleotides that contain the base that is complementary to the exposed base. As the DNA uncoils, nitrogenous bases are exposed, providing a template for building new DNA strands. The result of this process is two new DNA double helices, each consisting of one original strand and one new strand. This figure shows the process of DNA replication that occurs prior to cell division.
The figure below illustrates a metabolic pathway catalyzed by a series of enzymes. Complete the sentences describing the role of enzymes in a metabolic pathway such as this.
The rate that a metabolic pathway (such as the one shown) proceeds depends upon the available amount of a particular enzyme in the pathway. This enzyme is called the rate-limiting enzyme. This enzyme is available in limited quantity, therefore it can become saturated as substrate concentration increases .Once this enzyme is saturated, the rate of function of this pathway reaches its maximum. The presence of a greater amount of substrate will not increase the reaction rate.
Match the description with the correct term associated with genetic information.
The sequence of nucleotide bases that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Genetic Code Segment of DNA that codes for a protein. Gene The complete set of genetic instructions for a cell/organism. Genome The portion of the entire DNA base sequence that actually codes for protein production. Exome
Identify the epithelial tissue illustrated. Then drag each label into the appropriate box, indicating whether each label's statement is true or false regarding the tissue shown.
True: located in the kidney tubules, comprised of simple cuboidal epithelial tissues, can easily secrete/absorb substances to/from the lumen false: comprised of stratified epithelium, forms the inner surface of blood vessels, is highly vascular, provides fast acting communication between body structures, well suited for resisting frictional forces.
Nervous tissue can be found mainly in the ______, spinal cord, and in the limbs as _________.
brain, peripheral nerves
Label the types of intercellular junctions.
cell membrane tight junction desmosome gap junction
Glands that secrete their products into the blood or tissue fluid are called _____glands.
endocrine
Glands that secrete their product into tissue fluid or blood are called ______glands. An example of this type of gland is the ______.
endocrine, thyroid gland
The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule is called __________.
phosphorylation
DNA __________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the base pairing during DNA replication.
polymerase
Determine whether each label describes serous membranes or mucous membranes. Then drag the labels to the appropriate location.
serous membrane- lines thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity secretes serous fluid lines cavities not exposed to the external environment Mucous membrane- lines digestive tract secretes mucus lines cavities exposed to the external environment usually contain goblet cells.
These tissues are composed of groups of ____cells.
similar
The mutlicellular glands can be structurally subdivided into ___glands, which do not branch prior to reaching the secretory portion, and _____glands that repeatedly branch before reaching the multiple secretory portions.
simple,compound
Energy is defined as __________.
the ability to do work
What nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
Decide whether each label describes anabolism or catabolism, then drop each into the correct box.
Anabolism: Dehydration synthesis Production of glycogen Requires energy Catabolism Hydrolysis Oxidation of glucose releases energy
The amino acids from proteins and the glycerol and fatty acids from fats can be "burned" to yield ATP using the cellular respiration pathways. However, these nutrient molecules do not go through glycolysis first. Indicate the various points along the cellular respiration pathway that these molecules can enter. (Check all that apply.)
As pyruvic acid As acetyl CoA As glucose
During cellular respiration reactions, NAD and FAD pick up hydrogens and high-energy electrons during which phases of the pathway? (Check all that apply.)
Glycosis Citric Acid Cycle Electron transport chain
For each descriptive item, match it with the correct cellular respiration pathway. Labels can be used more than once.
Glycosis: Pyruvic acid as product Glucose as substrate Uses 2 ATP; Produces 4 ATP Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl CoA enters pathway Produces NADH+H Electron Transport Chain: Requires Oxygen Uses NADH+H Produces 28 ATP
What is the definition of the term gene?
DNA sequence used to make a particular polypeptide.
Name the type of anabolic reaction by which large organic molecules such as glycogen and proteins are produced.
Dehydration synthesis
What type of connective tissue is comprised of many interwoven and randomly organized collagen fibers?
Dense irregular connective tissue
During cellular respiration, hydrogen and high-energy electrons are picked up by carriers. List these carriers. (Check all that apply.)
FAD NAD Lactic acid ATP
Place the names of the pathways of cellular respiration in the correct sequence.
First pathway: glycosis Second pathway: citric acid cycle Final Pathway: Electron transport chain
Consider the list of substrates, intermediates, and products of cellular respiration. Place them in their correct order as they occur during the pathways of cellular respiration.
Glucose Pyruvic acid Acetyl CoA Citric Acid Water
Three metabolic pathways are involved in the breakdown of glucose to CO2, H2O, and ATP. Of the three, which one occurs in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?
Order of nucleotide bases within a gene.
Associate each enzyme's name with the description of the reaction it would catalyze
Polymerase: Enzyme which assembles individual nucleotides into DNA or RNA molecules. Sucrase: Enzyme which breaks down table sugar (a disaccharide) into two monosaccharide units. ATPase: Enzyme that catalyzes conversion of energy-storage molecules by adding or removing a phosphate. Peptidase: Enzyme that catalyzes formation or breakdown of a bond between two amino acids.
Categorize each nitrogenous base.
Purines: Adenine Guanine Pyrimidines: Thymine Cytosine
What type of membrane lines body cavities that do not open to the external environment, such as the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity?
Serous membrane
Which tissue type is the most thin and delicate epithelial tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
What type of muscle tissue is found in the wall of blood vessels?
Smooth muscle
Match the following descriptions of epithelial cell shapes with the appropriate term.
thin flattened cells - squamous cube-like cells- cuboidal elongated cells-columnar
The "genetic code" determines the types of proteins made by a cell. The term "genetic code" refers to ___________.
three-base sequences in DNA that code for a particular amino acid
