A&P LearnSmart 12

the all or none law

"An action potential either happens or it doesnt" This statement could also be called _________

unconsciously

Sensory information from the visceral sensory division is ________ sensed

to the central nervous system

Sensory nerves carry information

nervous system

Serves as the body's primary communication and control system. It provides a rapid means of integrating and regulating body functions through electrical signals transmitted along specialized nervous tissue cells called neurons.

Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft

Synapses Transmission Step Five

Calcium triggers exocytosis of vesicles

Synapses Transmission Step Four

action potential reaches synaptic knob

Synapses Transmission Step One

Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors

Synapses Transmission Step Six

Calcium enters the synaptic knob

Synapses Transmission Step Three

Voltage gated calcium channels open

Synapses Transmission Step Two

chemical synapses and electrical synapses

Synapses are classified as

gland cells, other neurons, muscle cells

Synapses occur where axons contact which of the following

false

True/False A neuromodulator is another name for a neurotransmitter

True

True/False The nervous system serve as the body's primary communication and control system

potential

Voltage is a measure of relative ___________ energy

somatic sensory and the visceral sensory

What are the two components are the we are consciously aware of the stimulus that is detected.

Shingles infects somatic sensory neurons extending from receptors in the skin, whereas polio (caused by the poliovirus; preferentially infects somatic motor neurons to skeletal muscle, which in some cases may result in muscle weakness and paralysis.

What certain diseases are associated with specific components of the nervous system

nervous system

What has two functional divisions: the sensory nervous system and the motor nervous system . Both have CNS and PNS components.

autonomic motor component

What has two further subdivisions—sympathetic and parasympathetic

- There must be a change in the number of open ion channels - There must be a change in ion flow across the membrane

What must happen in order for chemical signal to change the membrane potential of a neuron

skeletal muscle, glands, cardiac muscle

Which of the following are considered types of effectors

interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons

Which of the following are functional classes of neurons?

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

Which of the following are structural classification of neurons?

they create the myelin sheath in the PNS, they are also called Schwann cells

Which of the following are true of neurolemmcytes

Na+ and K+

Which of the following ions have leak channels on the plasma membrane?

The initial segment The conductive segment

Which of the following segments of a neuron contain large numbers of voltage-gated potassium channels and voltage -gated sodium channels?

spinal and cranial

Which terms are used for structural classification of nerves?

fasicle

Within the nerve many axons are bundled into a structure called

Nerotransmitters

_____ are chemical released from synaptic knobs and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membranes.

Reseptors

________ are specialized nervous system structures that monitor changes both the internal and external environment

voltage gated channels

_____________ are unique channels in that they have three states; resting. activation and inactivation

satellite cells

_____________ help regulate composition including the exchange of nutrients and waste in the nervous system

neuroglial cells

_____________ is considered a nerve glue

Sensory

_____________ nerves always relay information to the CNS

Hyperpolarization

_____________ occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential.

multipolar

______________ neurons are most common

pumps

__________________ Are membrane molecules that use the energy from ATP to move ions against a concentration gradient

ganglion

is a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system

myelin

oligodendrocytes create the ___________ sheath in the central nervous system

ganglion

A __________ results in a swelling or enlarged portion, along the length of the nerve, which often large enough to be observed with the naked eye.

ganglion

A ___________ is a cluster of neuron cell bodies with the peripheral nervous system

subthreshold value

A change in membrane potential insufficient to cause an action potential is know as a

ganglia

A cluster of neuron cell bodies found along a peripheral nerve is known as

axons

A fascicle is a bundle of

postsynaptic potential

A graded potential that occurs in a postsynaptic neuron is called

peripheral

A nerve is part of the _________ nervous system

has three successive connective tissue wrappings

A nerve is similar to skeletal muscle

cell body

A soma is another name for the

Process and evaluate information

After processing sensory information, the brain and spinal cord determine what response, if any, is required.

nerve

An organ composed of a cablelike bundle of axons connective tissue layers, and blood vessels, and it is a component of the peripheral nervous system.

endoneurium

Areolar connective tissue that surrounds each axon of a peripheral nerve. Is a delicate layer of areolar connective tissue that surrounds each axon. These more delicate coverings function to separate and electrically insulate each axon.

voltage gated calcium channel open, action potential reaches synaptic knob

Before a vesicle of neurotransmitter can be released which of the following must occur?

somatic motor

Component initiates and transmits motor output from the CNS to skeletal muscles. For example, you exert voluntary control over your leg muscles as you press on the accelerator of your car.

autonomic motor

Component innervates and regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands without our conscious control. We can neither voluntarily make our heart stop beating nor prevent our stomachs from growling

somatic sensory

Components detect stimuli that we can consciously perceive. Receptors of the somatic sensory nervous system include the receptors associated with the five senses (i.e., sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch) and proprioceptors (receptors in joints and muscles that detect body position).

visceral sensory

Components detect stimuli that we typically do not consciously perceive. Receptors include structures located within blood vessels and internal organs (e.g., heart, stomach, kidneys). Detect chemical composition of the blood or stretch of an organ wall, for example

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Composed of nerves and ganglia that are outside of the central nervous system. Includes nerves, which are bundles of axons of neurons and ganglia (ganglion swelling), which are clusters of neuron cell bodies located along nerves.

central nervous system (CNS)

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

mixed nerves

Contain both sensory and motor neurons. Most named nerves (including all spinal nerves and most cranial nerves) are mixed nerves. However, in mixed nerves, individual sensory or motor neurons still transmit only one type of information.

Sensory nerves

Contain only sensory neurons that relay information to the CNS

motor nerves

Contain primarily motor neurons that relay information from the CNS.

motor nervous system

Controls effectors (muscles and glands). This system is responsible for initiating and transmitting motor information from the CNS to the effectors. This information from the CNS to effectors is called motor output.

1. inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic chemically gated chloride channels. 2. Chloride moves from outside the cell to the inside 3. The inside of the postsynaptic cells becomes more negative 4. The local chloride current becomes weaker as it moves towards the axon hillock

Events of chloride-based IPSP in order from earliest to latest

spinal cord and brain

Identify all components of the central nervous system

neurotransmitter

In neurons most chemically gated ion channels open in response to the binding of a

sensory, motor

Interneurons facilitate communication between ____ neurons and ____ neurons

perineurium

Is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that wraps each fascicle. These tough, fibrous connective tissue sleeves also provide protection and support, but to each bundle of axons. This layer supports blood vessels

Epineurium

Is a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue that encloses the nerve. This fibrous tissue ensheathes the entire nerve to protect and support it like a tough leather sleeve.

sensory nervous system

Is responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors that detect stimuli and transmitting this information to the CNS. This information from the receptors to the CNS is called sensory input.

Extracellular chloride sodium Intracellular potassium organic anions

Match the location with the larger concentration or ions I

Unipolar

Most afferent neurons are classified functionally as

1. Action potential reaches synaptic knob 2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open 3. Calcium enters the synaptic knob 4. Calcium triggers exocytosis of vesicles 5. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 6. Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors.

Place the events in synaptic transmission from earliest to latest.

1. excitatory neurotransmitter binds to receptor Na+ channel 2. Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell 3. The inside of the cell becomes more positive 4. The local current of Na+ becomes weaker as it moves towards the axon hillock

Place the events of EPSP in order

inhibitory, negative

The I in IPSP stands for ___________, meaning the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more _________________

axon

The ________ is sometimes called the nerve fiber

central nervous system

The _________ is the structural division of the nervous system that contains the brain

visceral nervous system

The __________ functional division of the nervous system transmits information from the viscera to central nervous system

visceral nervous system

The _____________ division of the nervous system detects nerve impulses from blood vessels and internal organs

motor nervous system (efferent)

The ______________ consists of all axons that transmit a nerve impulse from the CNS to a muscle or gland

motor

The autonomic division of the nervous system is part of the _____________ nervous system

involuntary

The autonomic nervous system is _____________.

Initiate response to information.

The brain and spinal cord initiate a response as motor information is relayed along neurons to structures called effectors. Effectors include all three types of muscle tissue and glands. The effect may be either muscle contraction (or relaxation) or a change in gland secretion activity.

Ependymal

The choroid plexus is made from capillaries and

neuron

The component of nervous tissue that conducts electrical impulses is (are)

total length of axon

The conductive segment of a neuron is/are the ________

inside, outside

The electrochemical gradient in a resting neuron is such that the __________ of the cell is negative relative to the

areolar connective tissue

The endoneurium is made of

dense irregular tissue

The epineurium is made of _____________ connective tissue?

Assist neuronal development regulate the composition of interstitial fluid Help form blood-brain barrier

The function of astrocytes are to

work

The movement of charged particles can be harnessed to do

the axon

The myelin sheath covers

brain

The nervous system is composed of the ____, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.

cranial

The peripheral nervous system is made of the spinal nerves, ganglion, ______________ nerves

Summation

The process by which postsynaptic potentials are added together at the initial segment know as

resting membrane potential

The relative difference in charge across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron is known as the _______________, _________________, _________________

input

The sensory division of the nervous system is responsible for _______________.

sensory

The somatic ________________ division of the nervous system receives information from the eyes and skin

consciously

The somatic sensory division detects stimuli that are _____________ detected

afferent

The term _________ means " to bring to"