A&P LearnSmart 12
the all or none law
"An action potential either happens or it doesnt" This statement could also be called _________
unconsciously
Sensory information from the visceral sensory division is ________ sensed
to the central nervous system
Sensory nerves carry information
nervous system
Serves as the body's primary communication and control system. It provides a rapid means of integrating and regulating body functions through electrical signals transmitted along specialized nervous tissue cells called neurons.
Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
Synapses Transmission Step Five
Calcium triggers exocytosis of vesicles
Synapses Transmission Step Four
action potential reaches synaptic knob
Synapses Transmission Step One
Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors
Synapses Transmission Step Six
Calcium enters the synaptic knob
Synapses Transmission Step Three
Voltage gated calcium channels open
Synapses Transmission Step Two
chemical synapses and electrical synapses
Synapses are classified as
gland cells, other neurons, muscle cells
Synapses occur where axons contact which of the following
false
True/False A neuromodulator is another name for a neurotransmitter
True
True/False The nervous system serve as the body's primary communication and control system
potential
Voltage is a measure of relative ___________ energy
somatic sensory and the visceral sensory
What are the two components are the we are consciously aware of the stimulus that is detected.
Shingles infects somatic sensory neurons extending from receptors in the skin, whereas polio (caused by the poliovirus; preferentially infects somatic motor neurons to skeletal muscle, which in some cases may result in muscle weakness and paralysis.
What certain diseases are associated with specific components of the nervous system
nervous system
What has two functional divisions: the sensory nervous system and the motor nervous system . Both have CNS and PNS components.
autonomic motor component
What has two further subdivisions—sympathetic and parasympathetic
- There must be a change in the number of open ion channels - There must be a change in ion flow across the membrane
What must happen in order for chemical signal to change the membrane potential of a neuron
skeletal muscle, glands, cardiac muscle
Which of the following are considered types of effectors
interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons
Which of the following are functional classes of neurons?
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
Which of the following are structural classification of neurons?
they create the myelin sheath in the PNS, they are also called Schwann cells
Which of the following are true of neurolemmcytes
Na+ and K+
Which of the following ions have leak channels on the plasma membrane?
The initial segment The conductive segment
Which of the following segments of a neuron contain large numbers of voltage-gated potassium channels and voltage -gated sodium channels?
spinal and cranial
Which terms are used for structural classification of nerves?
fasicle
Within the nerve many axons are bundled into a structure called
Nerotransmitters
_____ are chemical released from synaptic knobs and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membranes.
Reseptors
________ are specialized nervous system structures that monitor changes both the internal and external environment
voltage gated channels
_____________ are unique channels in that they have three states; resting. activation and inactivation
satellite cells
_____________ help regulate composition including the exchange of nutrients and waste in the nervous system
neuroglial cells
_____________ is considered a nerve glue
Sensory
_____________ nerves always relay information to the CNS
Hyperpolarization
_____________ occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential.
multipolar
______________ neurons are most common
pumps
__________________ Are membrane molecules that use the energy from ATP to move ions against a concentration gradient
ganglion
is a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system
myelin
oligodendrocytes create the ___________ sheath in the central nervous system
ganglion
A __________ results in a swelling or enlarged portion, along the length of the nerve, which often large enough to be observed with the naked eye.
ganglion
A ___________ is a cluster of neuron cell bodies with the peripheral nervous system
subthreshold value
A change in membrane potential insufficient to cause an action potential is know as a
ganglia
A cluster of neuron cell bodies found along a peripheral nerve is known as
axons
A fascicle is a bundle of
postsynaptic potential
A graded potential that occurs in a postsynaptic neuron is called
peripheral
A nerve is part of the _________ nervous system
has three successive connective tissue wrappings
A nerve is similar to skeletal muscle
cell body
A soma is another name for the
Process and evaluate information
After processing sensory information, the brain and spinal cord determine what response, if any, is required.
nerve
An organ composed of a cablelike bundle of axons connective tissue layers, and blood vessels, and it is a component of the peripheral nervous system.
endoneurium
Areolar connective tissue that surrounds each axon of a peripheral nerve. Is a delicate layer of areolar connective tissue that surrounds each axon. These more delicate coverings function to separate and electrically insulate each axon.
voltage gated calcium channel open, action potential reaches synaptic knob
Before a vesicle of neurotransmitter can be released which of the following must occur?
somatic motor
Component initiates and transmits motor output from the CNS to skeletal muscles. For example, you exert voluntary control over your leg muscles as you press on the accelerator of your car.
autonomic motor
Component innervates and regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands without our conscious control. We can neither voluntarily make our heart stop beating nor prevent our stomachs from growling
somatic sensory
Components detect stimuli that we can consciously perceive. Receptors of the somatic sensory nervous system include the receptors associated with the five senses (i.e., sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch) and proprioceptors (receptors in joints and muscles that detect body position).
visceral sensory
Components detect stimuli that we typically do not consciously perceive. Receptors include structures located within blood vessels and internal organs (e.g., heart, stomach, kidneys). Detect chemical composition of the blood or stretch of an organ wall, for example
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Composed of nerves and ganglia that are outside of the central nervous system. Includes nerves, which are bundles of axons of neurons and ganglia (ganglion swelling), which are clusters of neuron cell bodies located along nerves.
central nervous system (CNS)
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
mixed nerves
Contain both sensory and motor neurons. Most named nerves (including all spinal nerves and most cranial nerves) are mixed nerves. However, in mixed nerves, individual sensory or motor neurons still transmit only one type of information.
Sensory nerves
Contain only sensory neurons that relay information to the CNS
motor nerves
Contain primarily motor neurons that relay information from the CNS.
motor nervous system
Controls effectors (muscles and glands). This system is responsible for initiating and transmitting motor information from the CNS to the effectors. This information from the CNS to effectors is called motor output.
1. inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic chemically gated chloride channels. 2. Chloride moves from outside the cell to the inside 3. The inside of the postsynaptic cells becomes more negative 4. The local chloride current becomes weaker as it moves towards the axon hillock
Events of chloride-based IPSP in order from earliest to latest
spinal cord and brain
Identify all components of the central nervous system
neurotransmitter
In neurons most chemically gated ion channels open in response to the binding of a
sensory, motor
Interneurons facilitate communication between ____ neurons and ____ neurons
perineurium
Is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that wraps each fascicle. These tough, fibrous connective tissue sleeves also provide protection and support, but to each bundle of axons. This layer supports blood vessels
Epineurium
Is a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue that encloses the nerve. This fibrous tissue ensheathes the entire nerve to protect and support it like a tough leather sleeve.
sensory nervous system
Is responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors that detect stimuli and transmitting this information to the CNS. This information from the receptors to the CNS is called sensory input.
Extracellular chloride sodium Intracellular potassium organic anions
Match the location with the larger concentration or ions I
Unipolar
Most afferent neurons are classified functionally as
1. Action potential reaches synaptic knob 2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open 3. Calcium enters the synaptic knob 4. Calcium triggers exocytosis of vesicles 5. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 6. Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors.
Place the events in synaptic transmission from earliest to latest.
1. excitatory neurotransmitter binds to receptor Na+ channel 2. Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell 3. The inside of the cell becomes more positive 4. The local current of Na+ becomes weaker as it moves towards the axon hillock
Place the events of EPSP in order
inhibitory, negative
The I in IPSP stands for ___________, meaning the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more _________________
axon
The ________ is sometimes called the nerve fiber
central nervous system
The _________ is the structural division of the nervous system that contains the brain
visceral nervous system
The __________ functional division of the nervous system transmits information from the viscera to central nervous system
visceral nervous system
The _____________ division of the nervous system detects nerve impulses from blood vessels and internal organs
motor nervous system (efferent)
The ______________ consists of all axons that transmit a nerve impulse from the CNS to a muscle or gland
motor
The autonomic division of the nervous system is part of the _____________ nervous system
involuntary
The autonomic nervous system is _____________.
Initiate response to information.
The brain and spinal cord initiate a response as motor information is relayed along neurons to structures called effectors. Effectors include all three types of muscle tissue and glands. The effect may be either muscle contraction (or relaxation) or a change in gland secretion activity.
Ependymal
The choroid plexus is made from capillaries and
neuron
The component of nervous tissue that conducts electrical impulses is (are)
total length of axon
The conductive segment of a neuron is/are the ________
inside, outside
The electrochemical gradient in a resting neuron is such that the __________ of the cell is negative relative to the
areolar connective tissue
The endoneurium is made of
dense irregular tissue
The epineurium is made of _____________ connective tissue?
Assist neuronal development regulate the composition of interstitial fluid Help form blood-brain barrier
The function of astrocytes are to
work
The movement of charged particles can be harnessed to do
the axon
The myelin sheath covers
brain
The nervous system is composed of the ____, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
cranial
The peripheral nervous system is made of the spinal nerves, ganglion, ______________ nerves
Summation
The process by which postsynaptic potentials are added together at the initial segment know as
resting membrane potential
The relative difference in charge across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron is known as the _______________, _________________, _________________
input
The sensory division of the nervous system is responsible for _______________.
sensory
The somatic ________________ division of the nervous system receives information from the eyes and skin
consciously
The somatic sensory division detects stimuli that are _____________ detected
afferent
The term _________ means " to bring to"
