A&P Lecture Exam 2 Chapter 10

Which of the following cells do NOT have insulin receptors? hepatocytes epithelial cells of kidney tubules smooth muscle cells dense irregular connective tissue cells

epithelial cells of kidney tubules

When calcium ion concentrations __________ normal, the __________ cells of the parathyroid glands secrete PTH. fall below; chief rise above; parafollicular fall below; parafollicular rise above; chief

fall below; chief

Which of the following substances inactivates cyclic AMP? kinase enzymes adenylate cyclase phosphodiesterase (or PDE) guanosine triphosphate

phosphodiesterase (or PDE)

Many regulatory hormones are called ________ hormones because they "turn on" other endocrine glands or support the functions of other organs.

tropic

Branches of neurons making up which of the following sensory pathways enter the pineal gland and affect the rate of melatonin production? olfactory pathway visual pathway proprioceptive pathway auditory pathway

visual pathway

Which statement is FALSE? Hormonal secretion is controlled through negative feedback mechanisms. Hormones attached to special transport proteins remain in circulation longer than free hormones. Free hormones can be broken down by enzymes in the body fluids. All amino acid-derivative hormones are able to circulate freely within the blood.

All amino acid-derivative hormones are able to circulate freely within the blood

Increased melatonin secretion during darkness has been hypothesized as a primary cause of __________.

SAD (seasonal affective disorder)

The hypophyseal portal system is a network of blood vessels connecting __________. The pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus to the sella turcica. The hypothalamus to the thalamus. The pituitary gland to the thalamus.

The pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger is usually __________. a G-protein enzyme a plasma membrane a cyclic AMP molecule an ATP molecule

a G-protein enzyme

Which of the following statements describes a function of the endocrine system as it relates to the integumentary system? GnRH stimulates development of mammary glands. Adrenal hormones alter dermal blood flow. MSH inhibits melanocytes. Sex hormones inhibit sebaceous glands.

adrenal hormones alter dermal blood flow

Which of the following structures produce epinephrine and norepinephrine? hypothalamus adrenal medulla kidney adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

Glucocorticoid secretion results from stimulation by __________ and is regulated by negative feedback.

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following adrenal hormones is secreted in response to a drop in blood sodium content? cortisone androgens aldosterone cortisol

aldosterone

Melatonin and epinephrine are examples of which of the following hormone groups? eicosanoids amino acid derivatives steroid hormones peptide hormones

amino acid derivatives

In skeletal muscles, adrenal medullary secretions trigger a release of _______________ into the blood in order to "spare" glucose.

amino acids

Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary? antidiuretic hormone (ADH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

When is melatonin production at its highest level? at noon in the morning at night anytime during daylight

at night

The pancreatic cells that secrete insulin are __________ cells; notably, secretion of insulin causes blood glucose concentration to __________. alpha; increase alpha; decrease beta; decrease beta; increase

beta; decrease

In this histological view of the thyroid gland, which hormone is produced by the cell labeled "C"? calcitonin thyroid hormone extrogen AGH

calcitonin

Low __________ concentrations are dangerous because __________ permeabilities increase, and muscle cells and neurons become extremely excitable. iodine; sodium calcium; sodium sodium; calcium calcium; magnesium

calcium; sodium

The increased metabolic rate and oxygen consumption in cells due to thyroid hormones is called the _____________ .

calorigenic effect

Which of the following is not a major group of hormones? carbohydrate derivatives peptide hormones amino acid derivatives lipid derivatives

carbohydrate derivatives

To maintain homeostasis, every cell in the body must communicate with other cells and tissues, most often involving the release and receipt of ________.

chemical messages

Which cells produce PTH? follicular epithelial cells C-cells beta cells chief cells

chief cells

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce epinephrine corticosteroids insulin parathyroid hormone ADH

corticosteroids

Which of the following conditions results from thyroid insufficiency in infancy? cretinism (or congenital hypothyroidism) acromegaly Cushing disease Addison disease

cretinism (or congenital hypothyroidism)

At high calcium levels, sodium permeability __________, and membranes become __________ responsive. decreases; more decreases; less increases; more increases; less

decreases; less

Under stimulation from which of the following hormones do nurse cells secrete inhibin? oxytocin follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) gonadotropin luteinizing hormone (LH)

follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH)

Melatonin is a very effective antioxidant that may protect CNS neurons from _______________ , such as nitric oxide or hydrogen peroxide.

free radicals

The endocrine and nervous systems coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and systems to maintain __________. receptor availability homeostasis positive feedback loops integrity

homeostasis

Because target cells can be anywhere in the body, a single __________ can alter the metabolic activities of multiple tissues and organs simultaneously.

hormone

In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli. humoral neural hormonal cellular membrane

humoral

At the highest level of endocrine control, the _________ secretes regulatory hormones that control endocrine cell activity in the anterior pituitary gland.

hypothalamus

Which of the following structures acts as an endocrine organ by synthesizing or producing ADH and oxytocin? posterior pituitary hippocampus hypothalamus anterior pituitary

hypothalamus

Regulatory hormones produced by the __________ control the activities of the __________ pituitary. pineal gland; posterior hypothalamus; posterior hypothalamus; anterior pineal gland; anterior

hypothalamus; anterior

The thyroid gland stores thyroid hormones __________. in the C-cells within the alpha cells in the cuboidal epithelial cells of the follicle in the colloid of the follicles (or in the follicle cavities)

in the colloid of the follicles (or in the follicle cavities)

Which of the following events is a hormonal effect of PTH? increased energy utilization growth and development decreased calcium concentration in body fluids increased calcium concentration in body fluids

increased calcium concentration in body fluids

Which of the following organs release(s) erythropoietin (or EPO) in response to low oxygen levels? kidneys heart brain (hypothalamus) intestine

kidneys

Cyclic AMP often causes activation of steroids calcium ion channels myosin kinase phosphodiesterase kinase enzymes

kinase enzymes

Which of the following hormones is a pituitary hormone that induces ovulation? oxytocin luteinizing hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone

luteinizing hormone

Which of the following hormones is a very effective antioxidant? calcitonin growth hormone melatonin melanin

malatonin

Which adrenal region produces epinephrine and norepinephrine? middle zone of cortex outer zone of cortex inner zone of cortex medulla

medulla

Thyroid hormones cross plasma membranes and bind to receptor sites on ____________ and in the nucleus.

mitochondria

The bloodstream normally contains how much thyroid hormone? about 12 hours' supply a day's supply more than a week's supply about a month's supply

more than a week's supply

The endocrine system is regulated primarily by __________. positive feedback control mechanisms action potentials negative feedback control mechanisms neurotransmitters

negative feedback control mechanisms

Which of the following effects is caused by PTH? increased urinary excretion of calcium ions osteoclast inhibition osteoclast stimulation osteoblast stimulation

osteoclast stimulation

Which of the following hormones stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the uterine wall during labor and delivery? prolactin (PRL) oxytocin (OXT) luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

oxytocin (OXT)

Which of the following structures lies in the posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle? pituitary gland suprarenal gland thymus pineal gland

pineal gland

A _________ ensures that all of the blood entering portal vessels reach certain target cells before returning to the general circulation.

portal system

Two tiny pairs of parathyroid glands are embedded in the ____________ surfaces of the thyroid gland.

posterior

The pineal gland lies in the __________ portion of the roof of the __________. anterior; third ventricle posterior; fourth ventricle posterior; third ventricle lateral; fourth ventricle

posterior; third ventricle

Thyroid and steroid hormones cross the cell membrane before binding to ___________ inside the cell.

receptors

Hormones that control endocrine cell secretion by either stimulating or preventing the synthesis of anterior pituitary hormones are known as __________. regulatory hormones inhibiting hormones hypophyseal hormones releasing hormones

regulatory hormones

Conservation of salts and water, and loss of K+ and H+, are characteristics of which phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? resistance phase alarm phase terminal phase exhaustion phase

resistance phase

The effects of hormones may be __________ to appear, and they often persist for __________. fast; days fast; years slow; days slow; milliseconds

slow; days

In the regulation of growth hormone (GH) production, somatomedins __________ growth hormone-inhibitory hormone (GH-IH) and __________ growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH). stimulate; stimulate stimulate; inhibit inhibit; inhibit inhibit; stimulate

stimulate; inhibit

Aldosterone, the principal mineralocorticoid, __________ the conservation of sodium ions and the __________ of potassium ions. stimulates; elimination stimulates; conservation inhibits; elimination inhibits; conservation

stimulates; elimination

The reason that target cells respond to specific hormones is __________. the massive release of hormones the presence of specific receptors on the target cells the very limited anatomic area in which target cells exist that hormonal exposure is limited to target cells only

the presence of specific receptors on the target cells