a&p mastering ch 18
Patients with extreme hypotension have reduced urine production because of
decreased blood flow through the kidneys and increased water retention due to ADH.
The appropriate baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is:
decreased cardiac output
Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance?
10% change in vessel diameter
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?
34 mm Hg
Which of the following hormones decreases heart rate, and thus cardiac output and blood pressure?
Acetylcholine
________ is(are) not one of the three main factors that influence blood pressure.
Blood reservoirs
Water in the blood exerts pressure on the walls of capillaries, generating ________.
blood hydrostatic pressure
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.
blood pressure
The outward force that the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels is called __________.
blood pressure
Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________.
blood vessel diameter
There are two _________________ in comparison to the one __________.
brachiocephalic veins; brachiocephalic artery
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.
capillary; interstitial fluid
The pulse that can be palpated on the side of the neck is the __________.
carotid pulse
Hepatic portal circulation
carries absorbed nutrients to the liver.
From superior to inferior, the major branches of the abdominal aorta are:
celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.
the root word tunica means
coat
The majority of the arterial supply to the head and neck comes from the __________.
common carotid arteries
A patient, whose foot has become numb from lack of circulation, may not have a _____ pulse.
dorsalis pedis
An excess amount of water in the interstitial fluid is known as ____.
edema
Which of the following vessels dilates to cause hyperemia in skeletal muscle?
feed arteries
Small solutes can pass through small pores in some capillaries known as ____
fenestrations
The superficial vein that is often used for bypass grafts is the:
great saphenous vein.
Abdominal circulation, where venous blood is drained from the stomach and the small and large intestines, first enters the liver through the:
hepatic portal system.
Which of the following does not drain into the hepatic portal vein?
hepatic vein
total peripheral resistance changes with
high altitude living, growth, smoking, increased sympathetic activity
Blood pressure is equivalent to __________.
hydrostatic pressure
Decreased cardiac output may lead to ____.
hypotension
decreases blood pressure
increase blood vessel diameter
increases blood pressure
increase blood viscosity, increase total peripheral resistance, increase blood vessel length, increase cardiac output, increase blood volume
Which of these would occur if you increased the levels of ADH in the body?
increase in blood volume
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.
proteins in the blood
the superior mesenteric artery
provides blood to the small intestine and most of the large intestine.
The ____ is the only route in which arteries carry less oxygen than veins.
pulmonary circuit
the root word sphygmo means
pulse
The innermost layer of blood vessels, that is composed of endothelium, is known as ____.
tunica intima
Arteries have a much thicker _____ than veins, which signifies their role in controlling blood pressure.
tunica media
A surgeon who repairs damaged blood vessels is called a
vascular surgeon
If the chemoreceptors detect a decrease in blood oxygen concentration, they will trigger __________.
vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output
The baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is __________.
vasodilation and decreased cardiac output
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?
venous
the root word vas means
vessel
What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
____ carry blood away from the heart, whereas ___ carry blood toward the heart.
Arteries; veins
Which blood vessel type always transports blood away from the heart?
Artery
Which of the following pathways represents the systemic flow of most blood?
Artery, arteriole, capillary bed, venule, and vein
Which blood vessel type would you expect to have the thickest smooth muscle layer? Why?
Artery; because it needs to move blood and withstand the pressure from the heart pumping the blood
Many individuals suffer from atherosclerosis, an arterial disease that effects large to medium-sized muscular arteries. What does this disease do to the structure of an artery?
Atherosclerosis damages the endothelium by forming plaques, causing the artery to become very narrow, interfering with blood flow.
Which of the following hormones is released to decrease blood pressure?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which blood vessel type is the site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange?
Capillary
Which pressure remains the same along the length of a capillary?
Colloid osmotic pressure
Which of the following factors does not contribute to venous blood return?
Contractions of the right ventricle of the heart
Which of the following effects is NOT associated with the hormone Angiotensin II?
Decreased cardiac output
Into what vein do the splenic, gastric, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric veins drain?
Hepatic portal vein
Which vessel supplies blood to the brain?
Internal carotid artery
Which vessel branches off from the aortic arch?
Left subclavian artery
Why does cigarette smoking put someone at risk for developing high blood pressure?
Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor which will increase peripheral resistance and blood pressure.
Which of the following factors is a cause of hypertension?
Renal artery stenosis
Which of the following arteries does not branch off the aortic arch?
Right subclavian artery
What type of capillaries have large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest?
Sinusoidal capillaries
Into which vein does blood in the external jugular vein drain?
Subclavian vein
What is edema?
Swelling
Which blood vessels handle the highest blood pressure?
Systemic arteries
Why does blood flow in only one direction through the blood vessels?
The pressure in the arteries is higher than in veins and blood will only flow down its pressure gradient.
Which of the following statements about capillaries is INCORRECT?
The velocity of blood flow increases as blood flows into capillaries.
Which trait is unique to arteries?
They transport blood away from the heart.
How will the hydrostatic pressure gradient and net filtration pressure be affected in a patient who is suffering from hypotension?
They will have a reduced hydrostatic pressure gradient, causing the net filtration pressure to favor absorption instead of filtration.
Why aren't capillaries made of thicker epithelium?
Thicker epithelium would decrease the diffusion of gases and nutrients between the blood and tissues.
Which blood vessel type always transports blood to the heart?
Vein
Which of the following vessels will have the lowest blood pressure?
Vein
Which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body?
Veins
In which direction will water move when hydrostatic pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end of a capillary?
Water is pushed out of the capillary by filtration.
All of the following pairs correctly match the mechanisms affecting blood pressure with its effect except:
aldosterone; decreased blood volume
Which of the following describes an anastomosis?
an artery empties directly into a vein without passing through a capillary bed
A negative feedback mechanism will cause _____ if blood pressure drops.
an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and vasoconstriction
Which of these would NOT increase pressure on the vessel walls?
an increase in the diameter of the vessels
Excessive vasodilation can lead to a condition known as ____.
anaphylactic shock
The left subclavian artery branches directly from the:
aortic arch
Tissue perfusion is largely controlled by ______ to ensure that blood flow meets the cells' needs.
autoregulation
the root word sub means
below
The most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is _____.
blood colloid osmotic pressure
blood volume changes with
blood donation excessive sweating
Which of these changes will result in increased blood pressure?
increased blood volume
Most veins below the diaphragm drain into the __________.
inferior vena cava
tunica intima
innermost coating of a blood vessel.
the root word enter means
intestine
A sphygmomanometer
is used to measure blood pressure and pulse rate.
the root word hepat means
liver
the subclavian arteries are
located below the clavicles
Which of the following does NOT drive venous return?
low compliance
Hypotension
lower than normal blood pressure.
the root word pulmo means
lung
Large vessels with all three tunics and a well-developed tunica media are called __________.
muscular arteries
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the:
net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?
net osmotic pressure
Water can move across capillary walls by __________.
osmosis
The force that pulls water into capillaries is called the __________.
osmotic pressure
The main local autoregulatory mechanism of cardiac muscle tissue is ____.
oxygen
All of the following arteries are located within the upper limb except the:
popliteal artery.
Blood movement is driven by a _____________ gradient.
pressure
the root word tension means
pressure
The leakiest capillaries, which allow large substances and cells to cross the capillary wall, are called ________________.
sinusoidal capillaries
One mechanism that increases the rate venous blood returns to the heart is by:
skeletal muscle pumps.
The small intestine receives its blood supply from the:
superior mesenteric artery.
The left and right brachiocephalic veins merge to form the __________.
superior vena cava
Tissue perfusion in the heart decreases during ventricular ____ and increases during ventricular ____.
systole; diastole
total peripheral resistance
the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels.
The thoracic organs are drained mainly by:
the azygos system.
blood pressure
the force of the blood against the vessel wall.
blood viscosity
the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other.
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.
Compared to veins, arteries have __________.
thicker tunica media
Large, lipid-insoluble molecules cross capillary walls by ___.
transcytosis
The pulmonary circuit
transports blood to the lungs.
