a&p mastering ch 18

Patients with extreme hypotension have reduced urine production because of

decreased blood flow through the kidneys and increased water retention due to ADH.

The appropriate baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is:

decreased cardiac output

Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance?

10% change in vessel diameter

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?

34 mm Hg

Which of the following hormones decreases heart rate, and thus cardiac output and blood pressure?

Acetylcholine

________ is(are) not one of the three main factors that influence blood pressure.

Blood reservoirs

Water in the blood exerts pressure on the walls of capillaries, generating ________.

blood hydrostatic pressure

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

blood pressure

The outward force that the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels is called __________.

blood pressure

Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________.

blood vessel diameter

There are two _________________ in comparison to the one __________.

brachiocephalic veins; brachiocephalic artery

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

capillary; interstitial fluid

The pulse that can be palpated on the side of the neck is the __________.

carotid pulse

Hepatic portal circulation

carries absorbed nutrients to the liver.

From superior to inferior, the major branches of the abdominal aorta are:

celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.

the root word tunica means

coat

The majority of the arterial supply to the head and neck comes from the __________.

common carotid arteries

A patient, whose foot has become numb from lack of circulation, may not have a _____ pulse.

dorsalis pedis

An excess amount of water in the interstitial fluid is known as ____.

edema

Which of the following vessels dilates to cause hyperemia in skeletal muscle?

feed arteries

Small solutes can pass through small pores in some capillaries known as ____

fenestrations

The superficial vein that is often used for bypass grafts is the:

great saphenous vein.

Abdominal circulation, where venous blood is drained from the stomach and the small and large intestines, first enters the liver through the:

hepatic portal system.

Which of the following does not drain into the hepatic portal vein?

hepatic vein

total peripheral resistance changes with

high altitude living, growth, smoking, increased sympathetic activity

Blood pressure is equivalent to __________.

hydrostatic pressure

Decreased cardiac output may lead to ____.

hypotension

decreases blood pressure

increase blood vessel diameter

increases blood pressure

increase blood viscosity, increase total peripheral resistance, increase blood vessel length, increase cardiac output, increase blood volume

Which of these would occur if you increased the levels of ADH in the body?

increase in blood volume

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

proteins in the blood

the superior mesenteric artery

provides blood to the small intestine and most of the large intestine.

The ____ is the only route in which arteries carry less oxygen than veins.

pulmonary circuit

the root word sphygmo means

pulse

The innermost layer of blood vessels, that is composed of endothelium, is known as ____.

tunica intima

Arteries have a much thicker _____ than veins, which signifies their role in controlling blood pressure.

tunica media

A surgeon who repairs damaged blood vessels is called a

vascular surgeon

If the chemoreceptors detect a decrease in blood oxygen concentration, they will trigger __________.

vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output

The baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is __________.

vasodilation and decreased cardiac output

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

venous

the root word vas means

vessel

What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta

____ carry blood away from the heart, whereas ___ carry blood toward the heart.

Arteries; veins

Which blood vessel type always transports blood away from the heart?

Artery

Which of the following pathways represents the systemic flow of most blood?

Artery, arteriole, capillary bed, venule, and vein

Which blood vessel type would you expect to have the thickest smooth muscle layer? Why?

Artery; because it needs to move blood and withstand the pressure from the heart pumping the blood

Many individuals suffer from atherosclerosis, an arterial disease that effects large to medium-sized muscular arteries. What does this disease do to the structure of an artery?

Atherosclerosis damages the endothelium by forming plaques, causing the artery to become very narrow, interfering with blood flow.

Which of the following hormones is released to decrease blood pressure?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Which blood vessel type is the site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange?

Capillary

Which pressure remains the same along the length of a capillary?

Colloid osmotic pressure

Which of the following factors does not contribute to venous blood return?

Contractions of the right ventricle of the heart

Which of the following effects is NOT associated with the hormone Angiotensin II?

Decreased cardiac output

Into what vein do the splenic, gastric, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric veins drain?

Hepatic portal vein

Which vessel supplies blood to the brain?

Internal carotid artery

Which vessel branches off from the aortic arch?

Left subclavian artery

Why does cigarette smoking put someone at risk for developing high blood pressure?

Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor which will increase peripheral resistance and blood pressure.

Which of the following factors is a cause of hypertension?

Renal artery stenosis

Which of the following arteries does not branch off the aortic arch?

Right subclavian artery

What type of capillaries have large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest?

Sinusoidal capillaries

Into which vein does blood in the external jugular vein drain?

Subclavian vein

What is edema?

Swelling

Which blood vessels handle the highest blood pressure?

Systemic arteries

Why does blood flow in only one direction through the blood vessels?

The pressure in the arteries is higher than in veins and blood will only flow down its pressure gradient.

Which of the following statements about capillaries is INCORRECT?

The velocity of blood flow increases as blood flows into capillaries.

Which trait is unique to arteries?

They transport blood away from the heart.

How will the hydrostatic pressure gradient and net filtration pressure be affected in a patient who is suffering from hypotension?

They will have a reduced hydrostatic pressure gradient, causing the net filtration pressure to favor absorption instead of filtration.

Why aren't capillaries made of thicker epithelium?

Thicker epithelium would decrease the diffusion of gases and nutrients between the blood and tissues.

Which blood vessel type always transports blood to the heart?

Vein

Which of the following vessels will have the lowest blood pressure?

Vein

Which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body?

Veins

In which direction will water move when hydrostatic pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end of a capillary?

Water is pushed out of the capillary by filtration.

All of the following pairs correctly match the mechanisms affecting blood pressure with its effect except:

aldosterone; decreased blood volume

Which of the following describes an anastomosis?

an artery empties directly into a vein without passing through a capillary bed

A negative feedback mechanism will cause _____ if blood pressure drops.

an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and vasoconstriction

Which of these would NOT increase pressure on the vessel walls?

an increase in the diameter of the vessels

Excessive vasodilation can lead to a condition known as ____.

anaphylactic shock

The left subclavian artery branches directly from the:

aortic arch

Tissue perfusion is largely controlled by ______ to ensure that blood flow meets the cells' needs.

autoregulation

the root word sub means

below

The most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is _____.

blood colloid osmotic pressure

blood volume changes with

blood donation excessive sweating

Which of these changes will result in increased blood pressure?

increased blood volume

Most veins below the diaphragm drain into the __________.

inferior vena cava

tunica intima

innermost coating of a blood vessel.

the root word enter means

intestine

A sphygmomanometer

is used to measure blood pressure and pulse rate.

the root word hepat means

liver

the subclavian arteries are

located below the clavicles

Which of the following does NOT drive venous return?

low compliance

Hypotension

lower than normal blood pressure.

the root word pulmo means

lung

Large vessels with all three tunics and a well-developed tunica media are called __________.

muscular arteries

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the:

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

net osmotic pressure

Water can move across capillary walls by __________.

osmosis

The force that pulls water into capillaries is called the __________.

osmotic pressure

The main local autoregulatory mechanism of cardiac muscle tissue is ____.

oxygen

All of the following arteries are located within the upper limb except the:

popliteal artery.

Blood movement is driven by a _____________ gradient.

pressure

the root word tension means

pressure

The leakiest capillaries, which allow large substances and cells to cross the capillary wall, are called ________________.

sinusoidal capillaries

One mechanism that increases the rate venous blood returns to the heart is by:

skeletal muscle pumps.

The small intestine receives its blood supply from the:

superior mesenteric artery.

The left and right brachiocephalic veins merge to form the __________.

superior vena cava

Tissue perfusion in the heart decreases during ventricular ____ and increases during ventricular ____.

systole; diastole

total peripheral resistance

the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels.

The thoracic organs are drained mainly by:

the azygos system.

blood pressure

the force of the blood against the vessel wall.

blood viscosity

the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other.

cardiac output

the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.

Compared to veins, arteries have __________.

thicker tunica media

Large, lipid-insoluble molecules cross capillary walls by ___.

transcytosis

The pulmonary circuit

transports blood to the lungs.